[MEDICAL STUDIES IN EXTREME SITUATION: THE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE IN WARSAW GHETTO].

INTRODUCTION: MEDICAL STUDIES IN EXTREME SITUATION: THE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE IN WARSAW GHETTO.

[HE GAVE EVERYTHING HE HAD: DR. SHLOMO GURFINKEL - A LAST DESCENDANT].

INTRODUCTION: Holocaust survivors gave a significant contribution to Israel's fighting forces and to the victory in the War of Independence. Many of them lost their lives in the battlefields. Many doctors who were survivors took an active part in the war, and afterwards in the building of the base of public medicine in the country. The "Last Descendants" were those Holocaust survivors who remained the last remnant of their nuclear family (parents, brothers, sisters, sons and daughters), who immigrated to Israel, joined the army and fell in battle, thus ending forever their family legacy. One of them was Dr. Shlomo Gurfinkel. During World War II he was a member of the Jewish underground and served as a doctor in Vilna's ghetto and in the ranks of the partisans. In the War of Independence, he was a doctor in a "Haganah" battalion and lost his life in the battles in Jerusalem. By telling his personal story, we intend to throw light on the heroic actions of those Holocaust survivors, amongst them medical personnel, who came to Israel and joined the fighting forces, including those who were "last descendants".

[Post-Covid Syndrome, Sick Building Syndrome, Silicone Breast Syndrome, Choric Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia -Autoimmunity to the Autonomic Nervous System].

INTRODUCTION: Post-Covid Syndrome, Sick Building Syndrome, Silicone Breast Syndrome, Choric Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia -Autoimmunity to the Autonomic Nervous System.

[ON THE TREATMENT OF HOSTAGES AND PRISONERS OF WAR].

INTRODUCTION: ON THE TREATMENT OF HOSTAGES AND PRISONERS OF WAR.

["AN UNFINISHED SYMPHONY": MEDICINE DURING THE WARSAW GHETTO UPRISING].

INTRODUCTION: This year marks the anniversary of the 80th year of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943 -2023), a very important and significant turning point in the history of the Holocaust. The Uprising is not the only demonstration of courage and strength, in rebelling against the brutal Nazi oppressor: there was another form of intellectual and spiritual resistance in the ghetto - medical resistance. Physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals resisted. Not only did they provide very diverse and dedicated medical assistance to the ghetto residents, but they went beyond their professional duties in initiating research on Hunger Diseases and in founding a clandestine medical school. The medical work in the Warsaw Ghetto is a symbol of the victory of the human spirit.

Hunger Disease in Southern France Internment Camps during World War II: The Pioneering Studies of Dr. Joseph Weill.

BACKGROUND: Dr. Joseph Weill was a French Jewish doctor who made significant contributions to the knowledge of hunger disease in the refugee camps in southern France during World War II. He was involved with the clandestine network of escape routes for Jewish children from Nazi-occupied France to Switzerland. Take home messages • During the Holocaust, in the ghettoes and death camps, a few research projects, mainly on hunger and infectious diseases, were performed by Jewish physicians and scientists • Jewish and non-Jewish prisoners were incarcerated within the notorious system of internment camps in southern France • Dr. Joseph Weill (1902-1988), a French Jewish physician and a distinguished member of the Résistance managed to enter the internment camps and medically assist the inmates in addition to performing systematic research and follow-up of those who presented with hunger disease.

[ON PHYSICIAN -ASSISTANT AND OTHER ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONS].

INTRODUCTION: During the late 19th century and the 20th century, many allied health and technical professions, joined physicians and nurses in their formal medical and surgical comprehensive work. The professionalization process of the various medical and surgical fields demanded true incorporation of allied health professions into the medical infrastructure. Non-academic professions such as the "feldsher ", barber-surgeon, bone-setters and the midwife, transferred into realms of the academic medical and the health professions fields.

[ABOUT ZONDA, PENROSE, STENT AND HEBREW AS A BONDWOMAN: SHOULD WE SEASON OUR LANGUAGE OR RATHER IMMERSE INTO IT?]

INTRODUCTION: The Israeli everyday medical slang includes foreign names. Some of these terms had already been translated to Hebrew, but are rarely in use. Terms such as "staung, schpadel, penrose, pinzette, tourniquet, gauze pad, PEG or retractor" are most frequently in use in foreign languages, as well as nouns like pasteurization, mesmerizing (hypnotizing) which originated from their historical developer. The authors believe that we will also continue to use these original foreign terms and eponyms in the future.

Elton Mayo and Thomas Henry Reeve Mathewson: the forgotten Australian pioneers of the treatment of patients with shell shock, neurasthenia and nervous breakdown.

The contributions of Australians on shell shock are absent from the literature. However, two Australians were pioneers in the treatment of shell shock: George Elton Mayo (1880-1949) and Dr Thomas Henry Reeve Mathewson (1881-1975). They used psychoanalytic approaches to treat psychiatric patients and introduced the psychoanalytic treatment of people who suffered from shell shock. Their 'talking cure' was highly successful and challenged the view that shell shock only occurred in men who were malingering and/or lacking in fortitude. Their work demonstrated that people experiencing mental illness could be treated in the community at a time when they were routinely treated as inpatients. It also exemplified the substantial benefits of combining science with clinical knowledge and skill in psychology and psychiatry.

Echoes from the past: adjustment of aging former prisoners of war to the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine whether exposure to previous traumatic events is a risk factor for stress reactions during this pandemic. Capitalizing on a 29-year longitudinal study of Israeli ex-prisoners of war (ex-POWs) and combat veterans, we examined whether captivity is a risk factor for fear of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and COVID-19-induced acute stress disorder (COVID-19 ASD) beyond the effects of combat exposure and other stressful life events. In addition, we examined the contribution of captivity experiences (severity of captivity, experience of solitary confinement, and suffering during captivity) and veterans' appraisal of the impact of their war-related experiences on adjustment to the current quarantine and isolation to fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 ASD. METHODS: One-hundred-and-twenty Israeli ex-POWs from 1973 Yom Kippur War and 65 matched controls (combat veterans from the same war) filled out self-report questionnaires 18 (T1), 35 (T2), 42 (T3), and 47 (T4) years after the war. RESULTS: Findings revealed that although ex-POWs and controls did not differ in their level of exposure to COVID-19, ex-POWS reported higher levels of fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 ASD than controls. Suffering during captivity, measured at 1991, and participants' appraisal of the extent to which their war-related experiences affected adjustment to COVID-19 were significantly associated with fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 ASD. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study demonstrate the long-term effects of exposure to traumatic experiences (captivity) during young adulthood on adjustment to an unrelated collective stress, such as COVID-19, 40 years later.

[A FORGOTTEN PHYSICAL SIGN IN MELANCHOLY: THE VERAGUTH SKIN FOLD].

INTRODUCTION: The Swiss neurologist Otto Veraguth (1870-1944), described a (forgotten) physical sign, which is pathognomonic to chronic depression and melancholia: an omega-shaped skin fold in between the eye-lids. This description followed electro-physiologist experiments on the electrical properties of the skin in various mental and emotional situations.

[ON THE BED AND BESIDE IT].

INTRODUCTION: Hospital beds are essential equipment for any hospital and clinical work. Various types of beds are in regular use in different medical branches. We survey historical points regarding the development of different types of beds, and medical eponyms, which connected to hospital beds. We must pay attention to the complications of prolonged confinement to bed.

[RESEARCH ON STARVATION UNDER THE SWASTIKA: THE GENERAL AND JEWISH ASPECTS].

INTRODUCTION: War is usually accompanied by devastating consequences such as famine, diseases, social and economic destruction and more. Research projects or accounts on hunger were rarely made during the war itself. This review describes these attempts with an emphasis on the heroic "Hunger Disease " research that was carried out within the Warsaw ghetto.

[SPINAL CORD INJURIES DUE TO VIRAL INFECTIONS].

INTRODUCTION: Spinal cord injury (SCI) etiology can be either traumatic or non-traumatic. Non-traumatic SCI is of growing importance, with studies indicating increased incidence, partly because of population aging. Approximately 9% of these injuries are secondary to an infectious cause. SCI has significant implications on the patient's quality of life. A successful rehabilitation process focuses on maximizing independence and setting achievable goals according to the patient's needs and desires. The medical staff should be familiar with the natural history of such injuries while taking into consideration the existing support systems available to the patient and minimizing the damage to life cycles as best possible with the aid of a transdisciplinary team approach. In this article, we will review the main viral causes of SCI injury. We will discuss the epidemiology, clinical aspects and the unique meanings of this subgroup in the rehabilitation process.

[SHOULD WE DELETE AND CHANGE MEDICAL EPONYMS NAMED AFTER NAZI DOCTORS].

INTRODUCTION: The Nuremberg Nazi doctors' trial, established ethical standards for human experimentation. Pre-Nazi Germany was well advanced in all sciences. The murderous Nazi ideology used eugenics and "scientific racism" to eliminate those whom they regarded as inferiors. Scores of medical eponyms named after Nazi doctors are still in use. We must always mention these physicians' contributions to the "white murderers" atrocities during the Nazi rule.