The relationship between coronary artery calcium and layer-specific global longitudinal strain in patients with suspected coronary artery disease.

PURPOSE: Layer-specific global longitudinal strain (GLS) may provide important insights in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). We aimed to investigate the association between layer-specific GLS and coronary artery calcium score (CACS) in patients suspected of CAD. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of patients suspected of CAD who underwent both an echocardiogram and cardiac computed tomography (median 42 days between). Layer-specific (endocardial-, whole-layer-, and epicardial-) GLS was measured using speckle tracking echocardiography. We assessed the continuous association between layer-specific GLS and CACS by negative binomial regression, and the association with high CACS (≥400) using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 496 patients included (mean age 59 years, 56% male), 64 (13%) had a high CACS. Those with high CACS had reduced GLS in all layers compared to those with CACS < 400 (endocardial GLS: -20.5 vs. -22.7%, whole-layer GLS: -17.7 vs. -19.4%, epicardial GLS: -15.3 vs. -16.9%, p < .001 for all). Negative binomial regression revealed a significant continuous association showing increasing CACS with worsening GLS in all layers, which remained significant after multivariable adjustment including SCORE chart risk factors. All layers of GLS were associated with high CACS in univariable analyses, which was consistent after multivariable adjustment (endocardial GLS: OR = 1.11 (1.03-1.20); whole-layer GLS: OR = 1.14 (1.04-1.24); epicardial GLS: OR = 1.16 (1.05-1.29), per 1% absolute decrease). CONCLUSION: In this study population with patients suspected of CAD and normal systolic function, impaired layer-specific GLS was continuously associated with increasing CACS, and decreasing GLS in all layers were associated with presence of high CACS.

Left atrial functional measurements' utility in predicting long-term risk of atrial fibrillation after isolated CABG.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We hypothesized that measures of left atrial (LA) function would be useful in predicting AF in patients undergoing CABG. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the study, 611 patients were included after CABG. All patients had echocardiograms performed preoperatively and LA functional measurements were assessed. These measurements were LA maximum volume index (LAVmax), LA minimum volume index (LAVmin) and LA emptying fraction (LAEF). The endpoint was AF occurring >14 days after surgery. During the follow-up period of a median of 3.7 years, 52 (9%) developed AF. The mean age was 67 years, 84% were male and the average left ventricle ejection fraction was 50%. Patients who developed AF had a lower CCS class and lower LAEF (40 vs. 45%), otherwise no clinical differences were observed between outcome groups. No functional LA measurements were significant predictors of AF in the whole CABG population. However, in patients with normal-sized LA (n = 532, events: 49), both LAEF and LAVmin were univariable predictors of AF. When the functional measurements were adjusted for the CHADS2 score, both LAVmin (HR = 1.07 [1.01-1.13], p = .014) and LAEF (HR: 1.02 [1.00-1.03], p = .023), remained significant predictors. CONCLUSION: No echocardiographic measurements were significant predictors of AF after CABG. In patients with a normal LA size, LAVmin as well as LAEF were significant predictors of AF.

Associations Between Albuminuria, Estimated GFR and Cardiac Phenotype in a Cohort with Chronic Kidney Disease: The CPH-CKD ECHO Study.

OBJECTIVE: Echocardiographic findings in chronic kidney disease (CKD) vary. We sought to estimate the prevalence of abnormal cardiac structure and function in patients with CKD and their association to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR). METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 825 outpatients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD, mean age 58± 13 yrs, and 175 matched healthy controls, mean age 60±12 yrs. Echocardiography included assessment of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, LV ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal strain (GLS) and diastolic dysfunction according to ASE/EACVI guidelines. RESULTS: LV hypertrophy was found in 9% of patients vs. 1.7% of controls (p=0.005) was independently associated with UACR (p=0.002). Median LVEF was 59.4% (IQR 55.2, 62.8) in patients vs. 60.8% (57.7, 64.1) in controls (p=0.002). GLS was decreased in patients with eGFR <60ml/min/1.73m² (-17.6%±3.1%) vs. patients with higher eGFR (19.0%±2.2%, p<0.001), who were similar to controls. Diastolic dysfunction was detected in 55% of patients and in 34% of controls. LIMITATIONS: Non-random sampling, cross-sectional analysis. CONCLUSIONS: We report lower prevalence of hypertrophy than previous studies, but similar measurements of systolic and diastolic function. Cardiac remodeling in CKD may be influenced by treatment modalities, demographics, comorbidities and renal pathology.

Myocardial performance index is associated with cardiac computed tomography findings in patients with suspected coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest cardiac time intervals to be associated with cardiac ischemia. A novel method to assess cardiac time intervals by tissue Doppler echocardiography has been proposed. Cardiac time intervals can assess the myocardial performance index (MPI), which quantifies the proportion of time spent contributing effective myocardial work. We hypothesized that MPI associates with coronary artery lesions detected by cardiac computed tomography (CT) in patients suspected of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: We investigated patients referred for cardiac CT under suspicion of CAD who had an echocardiogram performed. Curved m-mode tissue Doppler imaging was used to measure cardiac time intervals and MPI. The outcome was coronary artery lesions, defined as a calcium score > 400 and/or coronary artery stenosis (>70% luminal narrowing). Logistic regression was applied with multivariable models including: (a) SCORE chart risk factors and (b) SCORE chart risk factors, body mass index, dyslipidemia, familial history of CAD, diabetes mellitus, LVEF, and left ventricular mass index. RESULTS: Of 404 patients, 41 (10%) had a coronary artery lesion. Overall, 42% were male, mean age was 58 years, and LVEF was 58%. Patients with coronary artery lesions exhibited higher MPI than those without (0.52 vs. 0.44, P < .001). MPI associated with coronary artery lesions in unadjusted analyses (OR = 1.69 [1.30-2.19], per 0.1 increase), and this association persisted when adjusted for SCORE chart risk factors (OR = 1.55 [1.16-2.07], P = .003, per 0.1 increase), and additional risk factors (OR = 1.64 [1.11-2.41], P = .013, per 0.1 increase). CONCLUSION: Curved m-mode-derived MPI is associated with coronary artery lesions detected by cardiac CT in suspected CAD patients.

Left axis deviation in patients with left bundle branch block is a marker of myocardial disease associated with poor response to cardiac resynchronization therapy.

AIMS: Patients with left axis deviation (LAD) and left bundle branch block (LBBB) show less benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) compared to other LBBB-patients. This study investigates the reasons for this. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients eligible for CRT were included. Patients were divided into groups according to QRS-axis; normal axis (NA), left axis deviation (LAD) and right axis deviation (RAD). Before CRT implantation CMR imaging was performed to evaluate scar tissue. Echocardiography was performed before and after implantation. The electrical substrate was assessed by measuring interlead electrical delays. Response was evaluated after 8 months by left ventricular (LV) remodelling and clinical response. RESULTS: Forty-four (65%) patients were responders in terms of LV remodelling. The presence of LAD was found to be independently associated with a poor LV remodelling non-response OR 0.21 [95% CI 0.06-0.77] (p = 0.02). Patients with axis deviation had more myocardial scar tissue (1.3 ±â€¯0.6 vs. 0.9 ±â€¯0.6, P = 0.04), more severe LV hypertrophy (14 (64%) and 6 (60%) vs. 7 (29%), P = 0.05) and tended to have a shorter interlead electrical delay than patients with NA (79 ±â€¯40 ms vs. 92 ±â€¯48 ms, P = 0.07). A high scar tissue burden was more pronounced in non-responders (1.4 ±â€¯0.6 vs. 1.0 ±â€¯0.5, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: LAD in the presence of LBBB is a predictor of poor outcome after CRT. Patients with LBBB and LAD have more scar tissue, hypertrophy and less activation delay.

Ratio of transmitral early filling velocity to early diastolic strain rate predicts long-term risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population.

Aims: It has previously been demonstrated that the ratio of early mitral inflow velocity to global diastolic strain rate (E/e'sr) is a significant predictor of cardiac events in specific patient populations. The utility of this measurement to predict cardiovascular events in a general population has not been evaluated. Methods and results: A total of 1238 participants in a general population study underwent a health examination including echocardiography where global longitudinal strain (GLS) and E/e'sr were determined. The primary endpoint was the composite of incident heart failure (HF), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or cardiovascular death (CVD). During follow-up (median 11 years), 140 (11.3%) participants reached the composite endpoint. E/e'sr was associated with adverse outcome [HR 1.17 95% CI (1.13-1.21); P < 0.001, per 10 cm increase]. After multivariable adjustment for echocardiographic and clinical parameters, E/e'sr remained an independent predictor of the composite endpoint [HR 1.08, 95% CI (1.02-1.13); P = 0.003] as opposed to E/e' [HR 1.03, 95% CI (0.99-1.06); P = 0.11 per 1 unit increase]. Global longitudinal strain modified the relationship between E/e'sr and outcome (P for interaction = 0.015). E/e'sr was a stronger predictor in participants with good systolic function as determined by GLS (GLS > 18%) after multivariable adjustment, when compared to participants with reduced systolic function (GLS < 18%) [HR 1.28 95% CI (1.06-1.54); P = 0.011, and HR 1.08 95% CI (1.02-1.14); P = 0.012, respectively). E/e'sr provided incremental information [Harrell's C-index: 0.839 (0.81-0.87) vs. 0.844 (0.82-0.87); P = 0.045] beyond the SCORE risk chart. Conclusion: In the general population, E/e'sr provides independent and incremental prognostic information regarding cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Additionally, E/e'sr is a stronger predictor of cardiac events than E/e'.

Ratio of Transmitral Early Filling Velocity to Early Diastolic Strain Rate Predicts All-Cause Mortality in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction.

AIMS: The ratio of early mitral inflow velocity to global diastolic strain rate (E/e'sr) has recently emerged as a novel measure of left ventricular (LV) filling pressure. This new measure has demonstrated to have prognostic value superior to E/e'. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of E/e'sr in a large cohort of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in relation to all-cause mortality. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 897 HFrEF (mean age 66 ± 12 years, 73% male, 59% ischemic cardiomyopathy) patients who underwent speckle tracking echocardiography where E/e'sr along with novel and conventional echocardiographic parameters were obtained. The primary endpoint was defined as all-cause mortality. RESULTS: During follow-up (median: 40 months IQR: 22-57), 137 (15.3%) patients died. Both E/e'sr and E/e' were significantly associated with mortality (E/e'sr: HR 1.03 95%CI [1.02-1.04], p<0.001, per 0.10m increase) and (E/e': HR 1.04 95%CI [1.02-1.06], p = 0.001, per 1unit increase). E/e'sr remained an independent predictor in a multivariable model after adjusting for age, gender, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, BMI, total cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, ischemic cardiomyopathy, LVEF, LVIDd, LVMI, LAVI, TAPSE and LV-GLS (HR 1.02 95%CI [1.01-1.03], p = 0.007) whereas E/e' did not (HR 1.01 95%CI [0.98-1.04], p = 0.57). Furthermore, E/e'sr provided incremental prognostic information beyond a model including known risk factors: age, gender, total cholesterol, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, BMI, smoking status and E/e' (Harrell's C-statistics: 0.72 (0.68-0.77) vs 0.70 (0.66-0.75), p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: In HFrEF patients, E/e'sr provides independent and incremental prognostic information regarding all-cause mortality superior to E/e'.

Prognostic Value of Left Atrial Functional Measures in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic value of LA functional measures in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the prognostic value of left atrial (LA) functional measures such as the left atrial emptying fraction (LAEF) and the minimal LA volume compared with left atrial volume index (LAVI) in HFrEF patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 818 HFrEF patients with left ventricular ejection fractions <45% underwent echocardiography. LA volumes were determined by the area-length method from the apical 2-chamber and apical 4-chamber views. LAEF, minimal LA volume indexed to body surface area (MinLAVI), and LAVI were calculated. The end point was all-cause mortality. During a median follow-up of 3.3 years (interquartile range 1.8-4.6 years), 121 patients died (14.8%). Follow-up was 100%. In a final multivariable model adjusting for clinical and echocardiographic parameters, LAEF, but not MinLAVI or LAVI, was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in HFrEF patients: LAEF: hazard ratio (HR) 1.11 (P = .033) per 5% decrease; MinLAVI: HR 1.03 (P = .57) per 5 mL/m2 increase; LAVI: HR 1.06 (P = .16) per 5 mL/m2 increase. CONCLUSIONS: LAEF is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in HFrEF patients after multivariable adjustment. LAEF provides incremental prognostic value over LAVI in risk stratification of HFrEF patients.

Interlead electrical delays and scar tissue: Response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: The importance of interlead electrical delays (IEDs) in the presence of scar tissue for response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy is poorly described. METHODS: Sixty-eight CRT patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and left bundle branch block were included. IEDs, the time between sensing of native impulse at the RV lead and LV lead, were measured at implantation and after 8 months. Magnetic resonance imaging was used for assessment of scar tissue. Echocardiographic response was defined as ≥ 15% decrease in left ventricular end-systolic volume. New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, and 6-minute walk-test were used to assess clinical response. RESULTS: A total of 44 patients (65 %) were responders to CRT. At implantation, IEDs were significantly longer among responders compared to nonresponders (RV-LV-IED: 87 ms ± 33 ms vs 65 ms ± 47 ms, P < 0.05), most evident in patients with QRS < 150 ms. Responders had less myocardial scar tissue than nonresponders (1 ± 0.5 vs 1.4 ± 0.6, P = 0.01). However, in the multivariate model including QRS duration and scar tissue, IEDs were independently associated with LV remodeling after CRT: odds ratio 3.99 [95% confidence interval 1.02-15.7] (P = 0.04). During the course of treatment, no changes were observed in IEDs among echocardiographic responders. CONCLUSION: RV-LV-IED was an independent marker of response in CRT patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy even in the presence of scar tissue and may be particularly useful in patients with QRS < 150 ms. CRT did not influence this measurement over time.

Malignant ventricular tachycardia and cardiac arrest induced by a micra™ leadless pacemaker.

Leadless pacemaker implantation represents an important advancement in the treatment of bradycardia, and occupy an increasing part in the clinic. Major adverse effects associated with leadless pacemaker implantation are rare, with a serious complication being pericardial effusion. We present a case of a patient who had a leadless pacemaker implanted, which induced ventricular tachycardia and cardiac arrest during hospitalization.

Predicting Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Cerebrovascular Ischemia Using Tissue Doppler Imaging and Speckle Tracking Echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: Often the underlying cause of cerebral ischemia (CI) cannot be found during a routine diagnostic investigation, but paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) could be the culprit. AIM: The objective of the study is to investigate whether advanced echocardiography improves the diagnostic approach for PAF in CI. METHODS: The study included 286 CI patients with an echocardiogram in sinus rhythm. Patients were divided by PAF occurrence (PAF: n = 86, non-PAF: n = 200). PAF was defined as 1 or more reported episodes of atrial fibrillation. Echocardiograms consisted of conventional measures, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), and speckle tracking. TDI was performed to acquire myocardial peak velocities during systole/ventricular contraction (global s'), early diastole/ventricular filling (global e'), and late diastole/atrial contraction (global a'). Speckle tracking was performed for myocardial strain analysis, thereby retrieving global longitudinal strain and global strain rate (s, e, a) values. RESULTS: Patients with PAF exhibited significantly impaired atrial contractile measures: global a' (-7.0 cm/second versus -5.7 cm/second, P < .001) and global strain rate a (.97 second(-1) versus .81 second(-1), P < .001). Both were univariable markers of PAF, and along with age remained the only independent significant determinants of PAF after multivariable logistic regression. Area under the curve (AUC) for age, global a', and global strain rate a significantly exceeded AUC for age alone (.79 versus .76, P = .032). Cutoff values with the highest sensitivity and specificity for these 3 parameters improved the diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity = 97%, specificity = 32%, negative predictive value = 95%, and positive predictive value = 38%). CONCLUSIONS: Atrial contractile measures by advanced echocardiography are significant determinants of PAF in CI. However, there is no discriminatory power to make them clinically useful at the current moment.

Ischemic stroke and the emerging role of left atrial function.

INTRODUCTION: Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that left atrial (LA) dysfunction could play a role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, as a possible contributor and as a predictive biomarker. AREAS COVERED: This narrative review details the intricate relationship between LA function, atrial fibrillation (AF), and ischemic stroke. We discuss imaging techniques used to assess LA function, the mechanisms by which impaired LA function may contribute to stroke, and its potential as a prognostic marker of stroke. EXPERT OPINION: There is a lack of evidence-based treatments of LA dysfunction in both primary and secondary stroke prevention. This is partly due to the lack of a practical clinical definition and unanswered questions concerning the clinical implications of LA dysfunction in patients without AF. Until such questions are resolved, addressing well-known cardiovascular risk factors, like hypertension and obesity, should be prioritized for preventing AF and ischemic stroke. These risk factors are closely tied to atrial remodeling, emphasizing the importance of targeting primary modifiable factors for preventing future morbidity and mortality.

Right Ventricular Function in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: Potential Value of Strain Echocardiography.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is an inherited cardiomyopathy, characterized by abnormal cell adhesions, disrupted intercellular signaling, and fibrofatty replacement of the myocardium. These changes serve as a substrate for ventricular arrhythmias, placing patients at risk of sudden cardiac death, even in the early stages of the disease. Current echocardiographic criteria for diagnosing arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy lack sensitivity, but novel markers of cardiac deformation are not subject to the same technical limitations as current guideline-recommended measures. Measuring cardiac deformation using speckle tracking allows for meticulous quantification of global systolic function, regional function, and dyssynchronous contraction. Consequently, speckle tracking to quantify myocardial strain could potentially be useful in the diagnostic process for the determination of disease progression and to assist risk stratification for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. This narrative review provides an overview of the potential use of different myocardial right ventricular strain measures for characterizing right ventricular dysfunction in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and its utility in assessing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias.

Left atrial strain is associated with long-term mortality in acute coronary syndrome patients.

To investigate the long-term prognostic value of the left atrial (LA) strain indices - peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS), peak conduit strain (PCS), and peak atrial contractile strain (PACS) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients in relation to all-cause mortality. This retrospective study included ACS patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and examined with echocardiography. Exclusion criteria were non-sinus rhythm during echocardiography, missing images, and inadequate image quality for 2D speckle tracking analysis of the LA. The endpoint was all-cause death. Multivariable Cox regression which included relevant clinical and echocardiographic measures was utilized to assess the relationship between LA strain parameters and all-cause mortality. A total of 371 were included. Mean age was 64 years and 76% were male. Median time to echocardiography was 2 days following PCI. During a median follow-up of 5.7 years, 83 (22.4%) patients died. Following multivariable analysis, PALS (HR 1.04, 1.01-1.06, p = 0.002, per 1% decrease) and PCS (HR 1.05, 1.01-1.09, p = 0.006, per 1% decrease) remained significantly associated with all-cause mortality. PALS and PCS showed a linear relationship with the outcome whereas PACS was associated with the outcome in a non-linear fashion such that the risk of death increased when PACS < 18.22%. All LA strain parameters remained associated with worse survival rate when restricting analysis to patients with left atrial volume index < 34 ml/m2. Reduced LA function as assessed by PALS, PCS, and PACS were associated with an increased risk of long-term mortality in patients with ACS.

Normal age- and sex-based values of right ventricular free wall and four-chamber longitudinal strain by speckle-tracking echocardiography: from the Copenhagen City heart study.

AIM: To promote the implementation of right ventricular (RV) longitudinal strain in clinical practice, we sought to propose normal values for RV free wall (RVFWLS) and four-chamber longitudinal strain (RV4CLS) and investigate the association with clinical and echocardiographic parameters in participants from the general population. METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants from the 5th Copenhagen City Heart Study (2011-2015)-a prospective cohort study-with available RV longitudinal strain measurements were included. RVFWLS and RV4CLS were assessed using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. In total, 2951 participants were included. Amongst 1297 participants without cardiovascular disease or risk factors (median age 44, 63% female), mean values of RVFWLS and RV4CLS were - 26.7% ± 5.2 (95% prediction interval (PI) - 36.9, - 16.5) and - 21.7% ± 3.4 (95%PI - 28.4, - 15.0), respectively. Women had significantly higher absolute values of RVFWLS and RV4CLS than men (mean - 27.5 ± 5.5 vs. - 25.4 ± 4.5, p < 0.001 and - 22.3 ± 3.5 vs. - 20.6 ± 3.0, p < 0.001, respectively). Absolute values of RVFWLS but not RV4CLS decreased significantly with increasing age in unadjusted linear regression. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, RV s' and left ventricular global longitudinal strain were the most influential parameters associated with both RVFWLS and RV4CLS in multiple linear regression. Participants with cardiovascular disease (n = 1531) had a higher proportion of abnormal values of RVFWLS and RV4CLS compared to the healthy population (8% vs. 4%, p < 0.001 and 8% vs. 3%, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study proposed normal age- and sex-based values of RVFWLS and RV4CLS in a healthy population sample and showed significant sex differences in both measurements across ages.

Ratio of early transmitral inflow velocity to early diastolic strain rate predicts atrial fibrillation following acute myocardial infarction.

The ratio of early transmitral filling velocity to early diastolic strain rate (E/SRe) has been proposed as a new non-invasive measurement of left ventricular filling pressure. We aimed to investigate the ability of E/SRe to predict atrial fibrillation (AF) after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This was a prospective cohort study of patients (n = 369) with STEMI. Patients underwent an echocardiographic examination a median of two days after pPCI. By echocardiography, transmitral early filling velocity (E) was measured by pulsed-wave Doppler, and early diastolic strain rate (SRe) was measured by speckle tracking of the left ventricle. E was indexed to SRe and the early myocardial relaxation velocity (e') to obtain the E/SRe and E/e', respectively. The endpoint was new-onset AF. During follow-up (median 5.6 years, IQR: 5.0-6.1 years), 23 (6%) of the 369 patients developed AF. In unadjusted analyses, both E/SRe and E/e' were significantly associated with AF [E/SRe: HR = 1.06; (1.03-1.10); p < 0.001, per 10 increase] and [E/e': HR = 1.11 (1.05-1.17); p < 0.001, per 1 increase] and had equal Harrell's C-statistic of 0.71. However, only E/SRe remained an independent predictor after multivariable adjustments for clinical and echocardiographic parameters [E/SRe: HR = 1.06 (1.00-1.11); p = 0.044, per 10 increase]. E/SRe was further significantly associated with AF in patients with E/e' < 14 HR = 1.09 (1.01-1.17); p = 0.030, per 10 increase), also after multivariable adjustments. E/SRe is an independent predictor of AF in STEMI patients, even in subjects with seemingly normal filling pressure.

The role of aetiology in cardiac manifestations of chronic kidney disease: the CPH-CKD ECHO study.

PURPOSE: We investigated the associations between cardiac parameters and aetiologies of CKD in an exploratory study. METHODS: The study population consisted of 883 participants, 174 controls and 709 patients with aetiologies of CKD including diabetic nephropathy/renovascular KD in diabetes mellitus, hypertensive/renovascular nephropathy, tubulointerstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis/vasculitis, polycystic KD (PKD), and CKD of unknown origin. Echocardiographic measures included left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, global longitudinal, area, and radial strain, E/e' ratio, and LV mass index. These were compared between each aetiological group and controls in unadjusted and adjusted analysis. RESULTS: In unadjusted analysis, patients with diabetic nephropathy/renovascular KD in diabetes mellitus, had impaired LV ejection fraction (Median [IQR]: 56% [49.9,60.69] vs. 60.8% [57.7,64.1]), global longitudinal (mean ± SD: 13.1 ± 3.5% vs. 15.5 ± 2.6%), area (24.1 ± 5.8% vs. 28.5 ± 4.2%), and radial strain (36.2 ± 11.2% vs. 44.1 ± 9.7%), and increased LV mass index (89.1 g/m2 [71.8,104.9] vs. 69,0 g/m2 [57.9,80.8]) and E/e' ratio (10.6 [8.5,12.6] vs. 7 [5.8,8.3], p < 0.001 for all) compared with controls. Associations were similar for CKD of unknown origin. Patients with hypertensive/renovascular nephropathy had impaired global longitudinal and area strain, and higher E/e' ratio. Patients with glomerulonephritis/vasculitis had higher LV mass index, while patients with PKD had better global longitudinal strain than controls. All findings remained significant in adjusted analysis, except for the impaired global longitudinal strain in hypertensive/renovascular nephropathy. CONCLUSION: Glomerulonephritis/vasculitis, hypertensive/renovascular nephropathy, CKD of unknown origin, and diabetic nephropathy/renovascular KD in diabetes mellitus were increasingly associated with adverse cardiac findings, while PKD and tubulointerstitial nephritis were not. Aetiology might play a role regarding the cardiac manifestations of CKD.

Normal values for left atrial strain, volume, and function derived from 3D echocardiography: the Copenhagen City Heart Study.

AIMS: 3D echocardiographic (3DE) assessment of the left atrium (LA) is a new modality of potential clinical value. Age- and sex-based normative values are needed to benchmark these parameters for clinical use. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of 4466 participants in the 5th Copenhagen City Heart Study, a prospective longitudinal cohort study on the general population, 2082 participants underwent 3DE of the LA. Healthy participants were included to establish normative values for LA strain, volume, and function by 3DE. The effects of age and sex were also evaluated. After excluding participants with comorbidities, 979 healthy participants (median age 44 years, 39.6% males) remained. The median and limits of normality (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles) for functional and volumetric measures were as follows: LA reservoir strain (LASr) 30.8% (18.4-44.2%), LA conduit strain (LAScd) 19.1% (6.8-32.0%), LA contractile strain 11.7% (4.3-22.2%), total LA emptying fraction (LAEF) 61.4% (47.8-71.0%), passive LAEF 37.7% (17.4-53.9%), active LAEF 37.4% (22.2-52.5%), LA minimum volume index (LAVimin) 10.2 (5.9-18.5) mL/m2, and LA maximum volume index (LAVimax) 26.8 (16.5-40.1) mL/m2. All parameters changed significantly with increasing age (P value for all <0.001). Significant sex-specific differences were observed for all parameters except active LAEF and LAVimax. Sex significantly modified the association between age and LASr (P for interaction < 0.001), LAScd (P for interaction < 0.001), LAVimin (P for interaction = 0.037), and total LAEF (P for interaction = 0.034) such that these parameters deteriorated faster with age in females than males. CONCLUSION: We present age- and sex-specific reference material including limits of normality for LA strain, volume, and function by 3DE.