In vivo imaging of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase with a novel activatable near-infrared fluorescence probe.

Membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a protease activating MMP-2 that mediates cleavage of extracellular matrix components and plays pivotal roles in tumor migration, invasion and metastasis. Because in vivo noninvasive imaging of MT1-MMP would be useful for tumor diagnosis, we developed a novel near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence probe that can be activated following interaction with MT1-MMP in vivo. MT1-hIC7L is an activatable fluorescence probe comprised of anti-MT1-MMP monoclonal antibodies conjugated to self-assembling polymer micelles that encapsulate NIR dyes (IC7-1, λem : 858 nm) at concentrations sufficient to cause fluorescence self-quenching. In aqueous buffer, MT1-hIC7L fluorescence was suppressed to background levels and increased approximately 35.5-fold in the presence of detergent. Cellular uptake experiments revealed that in MT1-MMP positive C6 glioma cells, MT1-hIC7L showed significantly higher fluorescence that increased with time as compared to hIC7L, a negative control probe lacking the anti-MT1-MMP monoclonal antibody. In MT1-MMP negative MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells, both MT1-hIC7L and hIC7L showed no obvious fluorescence. In addition, the fluorescence intensity of C6 cells treated with MT1-hIC7L was suppressed by pre-treatment with an MT1-MMP endocytosis inhibitor (P < 0.05). In vivo optical imaging using probes intravenously administered to tumor-bearing mice showed that MT1-hIC7L specifically visualized C6 tumors (tumor-to-background ratios: 3.8 ± 0.3 [MT1-hIC7L] vs 3.1 ± 0.2 [hIC7L] 48 h after administration, P < 0.05), while the probes showed similarly low fluorescence in MCF-7 tumors. Together, these results show that MT1-hIC7L would be a potential activatable NIR probe for specifically detecting MT1-MMP-expressing tumors.

Micelle-based activatable probe for in vivo near-infrared optical imaging of cancer biomolecules.

Near-infrared (NIR: 800-1000 nm) fluorescent probes, which activate their fluorescence following interaction with functional biomolecules, are desirable for noninvasive and sensitive tumor diagnosis due to minimal tissue interference. Focusing on bioavailability and applicability, we developed a probe with a self-assembling polymer micelle, a lactosome, encapsulating various quantities of NIR dye (IC7-1). We also conjugated anti-HER2 single chain antibodies to the lactosome surface and examined the probe's capacity to detect HER2 in cells and in vivo. Micelles encapsulating 20mol% IC7-1 (hIC7L) showed 30-fold higher fluorescence (λem: 858 nm) after micelle denaturation compared to aqueous buffer. Furthermore, antibody modification allowed specific activation of the probe (HER2-hIC7L) following internalization by HER2-positive cells, with the probe concentrating in lysosomes. HER2-hIC7L intravenously administered to mice clearly and specifically visualized HER2-positive tumors by in vivo optical imaging. These results indicate that HER2-hIC7L is a potential activatable NIR probe for sensitive tumor diagnosis. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: Near-infrared probes that activate their fluorescence following interaction with specific biomolecules are desirable for noninvasive and sensitive tumor detection due to minimal tissue interference. This team of authors developed a probe termed hIC7L and demonstrate its potential in HER2 tumor diagnosis.

Development of novel nanocarrier-based near-infrared optical probes for in vivo tumor imaging.

Optical imaging with near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes is a useful diagnostic technology for in vivo tumor detection. Our plan was to develop novel NIR fluorophore-micelle complex probes. IC7-1 and IC7-2 were synthesized as novel lipophilic NIR fluorophores, which were encapsulated in an amphiphilic polydepsipeptide micelle "lactosome". The fluorophore-micelle complexes IC7-1 lactosome and IC7-2 lactosome were evaluated as NIR fluorescent probes for in vivo tumor imaging. IC7-1 and IC7-2 were synthesized and then encapsulated in lactosomes. The optical properties of IC7-1, IC7-2, IC7-1 lactosome and IC7-2 lactosome were measured. IC7-1 lactosome and IC7-2 lactosome were administered to tumor-bearing mice, and fluorescence images were acquired for 48 h. IC7-1 and IC7-2 were successfully synthesized in 12% and 6.3% overall yield, and maximum emission wavelengths in chloroform were observed at 858 nm and 897 nm, respectively. Aqueous buffered solutions of IC7-1 lactosome and IC7-2 lactosome showed similar fluorescence spectra in chloroform and higher or comparable quantum yields and higher photostability compared with ICG. Both lactosome probes specifically visualized tumor tissue 6 h post-administration. IC7-1 lactosome and IC7-2 lactosome could be promising NIR probes for in vivo tumor imaging.