Right putamen and age are the most discriminant features to diagnose Parkinson's disease by using 123I-FP-CIT brain SPET data by using an artificial neural network classifier, a classification tree (ClT).

OBJECTIVE: The differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other conditions, such as essential tremor and drug-induced parkinsonian syndrome or normal aging brain, represents a diagnostic challenge. 123I-FP-CIT brain SPET is able to contribute to the differential diagnosis. Semiquantitative analysis of radiopharmaceutical uptake in basal ganglia (caudate nuclei and putamina) is very useful to support the diagnostic process. An artificial neural network classifier using 123I-FP-CIT brain SPET data, a classification tree (CIT), was applied. CIT is an automatic classifier composed of a set of logical rules, organized as a decision tree to produce an optimised threshold based classification of data to provide discriminative cut-off values. We applied a CIT to 123I-FP-CIT brain SPET semiquantitave data, to obtain cut-off values of radiopharmaceutical uptake ratios in caudate nuclei and putamina with the aim to diagnose PD versus other conditions. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We retrospectively investigated 187 patients undergoing 123I-FP-CIT brain SPET (Millenium VG, G.E.M.S.) with semiquantitative analysis performed with Basal Ganglia (BasGan) V2 software according to EANM guidelines; among them 113 resulted affected by PD (PD group) and 74 (N group) by other non parkinsonian conditions, such as Essential Tremor and drug-induced PD. PD group included 113 subjects (60M and 53F of age: 60-81yrs) having Hoehn and Yahr score (HY): 0.5-1.5; Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score: 6-38; N group included 74 subjects (36M and 38 F range of age 60-80 yrs). All subjects were clinically followed for at least 6-18 months to confirm the diagnosis. To examinate data obtained by using CIT, for each of the 1,000 experiments carried out, 10% of patients were randomly selected as the CIT training set, while the remaining 90% validated the trained CIT, and the percentage of the validation data correctly classified in the two groups of patients was computed. The expected performance of an "average performance CIT" was evaluated. RESULTS: For CIT, the probability of correct classification in patients with PD was 84.19±11.67% (mean±SD) and in N patients 93.48±6.95%. For CIT, the first decision rule provided a value for the right putamen of 2.32±0.16. This means that patients with right putamen values <2.32 were classified as having PD. Patients with putamen values ≥2.32 underwent further analysis. They were classified as N if the right putamen uptake value was ≥3.02 or if the value for the right putamen was <3.02 and the age was ≥67.5 years. Otherwise the patients were classified as having PD. Other similar rules on the values of both caudate nuclei and left putamen could be used to refine the classification, but in our data analysis of these data did not significantly contribute to the differential diagnosis. This could be due to an increased number of more severe patients with initial prevalence of left clinical symptoms having a worsening in right putamen uptake distribution. CONCLUSION: These results show that CIT was able to accurately classify PD and non-PD patients by means of 123I-FP-CIT brain SPET data and provided also cut-off values able to differentially diagnose these groups of patients. Right putamen uptake values resulted as the most discriminant to correctly classify our patients, probably due to a certain number of subjects with initial prevalence of left clinical symptoms. Finally, the selective evaluation of the group of subjects having putamen values ≥2.32 disclosed that age was a further important feature to classify patients for certain right putamen values.

Natriuretic peptides levels are related to HDL-cholesterol with no influence on endothelium dependent vasodilatation.

BACKGROUND: The natriuretic peptides, Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP), are mediators of cardiovascular homeostasis. The impairment of arterial ability to vasodilate, also known as endothelial dysfunction, represents the first stage of atherosclerotic damage and may be assessed as brachial flow mediated vasodilation (FMV) in human. Generally an altered brachial FMV is documented in association to several cardiovascular risk factors as hypercholesterolemia. Aim of the study was to evaluate the behaviour of BNP and CNP in hyperlipemia and the potential relationship to FMV. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-four hyperlipemic patients (LDL-cholesterol > 130 mg/dl and/or triglycerides > 150, age 35-60 y) of both genders and 20 normolipemic patients, matched for age and sex were investigated. RESULTS: Patients had lower values of brachial FMV in comparison to controls (3.9 +/- 3.5 vs 7.5 +/- 0.5%, p < 0.005), no differences were observed in BNP (4.6 +/- 4.6 vs 5.9 +/- 3.4 ng/mL, p = n.s) and CNP (4.1 +/- 5.8 vs 5.7 +/- 3.3 ng/mL, p = n.s). Univariate analysis showed a positive correlation between BNP and HDL-cholesterol values (r = 0.36, p = 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, LDL-cholesterol (beta = -0.57), HDL-cholesterol (beta = 0.26) and brachial artery diameter (beta = -0.33) were predictors of brachial FMV. The only predictive variable for CNP was HDL-cholesterol (beta = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggested that natriuretic peptides, BNP and CNP, are not altered in patients affected by hypercholesterolemia. Nevertheless, the levels of HDL-cholesterol are strictly related to the values of CNP. This observation, in humans, adds another mechanism to the vascular control exerted by HDL.

Psychological aspects of orthognathic treatment.

AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the psychological state of 30 patients subjected to corrective orthognathic surgery and their expectations, as well as the influence of an in-depth psychological evaluation on the success of the operation. METHODS: The study was performed by giving 30 patients (12 men, 18 women), affected by dental-skeletal facial abnormalities and treated with orthognathic surgery, a questionnaire with 19 questions aimed at examining their preoperative emotional state (desired esthetic and functional improvements) and postoperative emotional state (expectations after surgery and associated psychological state of anxiety and depression). RESULTS: All patients (100%) expressed a clearly positive reaction to their experience. Approximately 70% of the patients observed an improvement in their masticatory function following surgery and 96.6% an improvement in esthetic appearance. Almost none of the patients (96.6%) experienced difficulty in adapting to a change in appearance, while as a result of the surgery 66.6% experienced an increase in self-esteem and confidence. In addition, the opinion of relatives and friends of the patients was favorable in most cases (76.6%). CONCLUSIONS: In order to enable the patients to face their therapeutic program with greater confidence, a team of orthodontists, surgeons and psychologist observe the patients from the beginning of treatment, having them interact with other patients who have already experienced the same situation and by showing them pre- and postoperative pictures of other patients subjected to orthognathic surgery.

Brain natriuretic peptide as a cardiac marker of transient radiotherapy-related damage in left-sided breast cancer patients: A prospective study.

PURPOSE: Our study evaluated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) changes over time after adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) in women with left-sided breast cancer investigating its correlation with heart dosimetric parameters. METHODS: Forty-three patients underwent clinical cardiac examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography and BNP measurement before RT (T0) and 1 (T1), 6 (T6) and 12 months (T12) after. After T12 cardiac assessment was performed annually in each patient. Mean values and standard deviation (SD) of BNP, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), V20, V25, V30, V45 and mean dose were calculated. Normalized BNP (BNPn) was calculated as follows: BNPnT1 = BNPT1/BNPT0, BNPnT6 = BNPT6/BNPT0, BNPnT12 = BNPT12/BNPT0. Absolute BNP and BNPn values were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Median follow-up from the end of RT to the last check-up was 87 months (range 37-120 months). Minimum follow-up was 74 months except for two patients, who died at respectively 37 and 47 months after RT. In all patients LVEF did not change significantly (p = 0.22) after RT. BNP increased significantly (p < 0.001), particularly 1 and 6 months after RT. It slightly decreased after 12 months. BNP did not correlate with V20, V25, V30, V45, mean dose and MHD. All BNPn correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with V20, V25, V30, V45, mean dose and MHD. Four patients had a cardiac event; in the only subject who developed myocardial infarction, V20, V25, V30 and V45 were the highest and BNP increased from T1 and persisted high even at T12. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm that BNP could be a useful minimally invasive marker of early RT related cardiac impairment.

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy can differentiate Alzheimer's disease from normal aging.

In order to evaluate the pattern of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in the gray and white matter of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy controls, a cross-sectional study was carried out on 13 consecutive AD patients and 7 healthy older subjects who were referred to the Day-Hospital for diagnostic assessment. All examinations were performed on a 1.5 Tesla whole-body scanner. Volumes of interest were selected in both the gray (temporal region) and the white (frontal region) matter. N-acetyl group, total creatine, total choline and myo-inositol were quantified referring the metabolite peak area to the unsuppressed water peak area acquired under the same conditions, and the ratio was expressed in arbitrary units. A significant decrease in N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) in both gray and white matter and an increase in myo-inositol (mI) in gray matter of AD patients were observed. The gray matter NAA/mI ratio clearly separated the two groups. White matter mI was significantly associated with severity and duration of dementia. No association with age was documented. It can be concluded that in vivo 1H-MRS can contribute to the knowledge of pathophysiology of AD, giving neurochemical details of both gray and white matter. In particular, the gray matter NAA/ml ratio seems to be able to differentiate normal cerebral aging from Alzheimer's disease.

Serum anti-GFAP and anti-S100 autoantibodies in brain aging, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.

Autoantibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100 protein were measured in sera of patients suffering from vascular dementia (VD), presenile Alzheimer's disease (AD), senile Alzheimer's disease (SDAT) and aged healthy controls by means of ELISA test. VD and SDAT showed the highest levels of both autoantibodies, AD the lowest. From these results a relationship between autoantibody titers and aging seems possible. Dosage of anti-GFAP and anti-S100 autoantibodies does not appear useful for diagnostic purpose because of the overlap observed among groups. Rather, the presence of these antibodies seems to reflect an alteration of the blood-brain barrier that promotes the access of central nervous system antigens to immunocompetent cells.

1H-MRS, MRI-based hippocampal volumetry, and 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT in normal aging, age-associated memory impairment, and probable Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVE: To better understand how to differentiate the "in vivo" normal aging brain from pathological conditions, namely dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), to show neuroanatomical, perfusional and neurochemical details, respectively. DESIGN: 1H-MRS, MRI-based hippocampal volumetry and 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT were performed in healthy older subjects as well as patients suffering from age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) and dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT). SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Eighteen subjects were selected from those referred to an outpatient clinic for diagnostic evaluation of cognitive impairment entered the study. Six patients fulfilled NINCDS-ADRDA diagnostic criteria for DAT, six subjects were affected by AAMI, and six cognitively healthy subjects, selected from among relatives of the patients, were defined as controls. METHODS: The 1H-MRS and MRI studies were performed on a 1.5 Tesla NMR-imaging system equipped with a spectroscopy research package. SPECT scans were performed on a Gamma 11 computer system. FINDINGS: 1H-MRS showed significantly lower N-acetylasparatate concentration in DAT and AAMI compared with controls. Conversely, mean inositol concentration was significantly higher in DAT than in controls, whereas AAMI subjects registered intermediate values. MRI measurements showed significantly reduced volumes of hippocampal formations in DAT and AAMI groups compared with controls. Finally, 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT showed a significant frontal, temporo-parietal, and occipital hypoperfusion in DAT patients only. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the hypothesis of a continuum among the three conditions studied, or at least between AAMI and DAT, where AAMI seems to be an early, monosymptomatic stage of Alzheimer disease. Accepting this view, it would be questionable to maintain the term "age-associated memory impairment" as a discrete entity.

Postprandial lipemia and associated metabolic disturbances in healthy and hyperlipemic postmenopausal women.

The increased risk for coronary artery disease observed in postmenopausal women is partly explained by a more atherogenic fasting lipoprotein profile. Moreover, natural menopause has been associated with an altered postprandial lipid profile. To better characterize the interaction between fasting and postprandial lipid profile after menopause, we examined postprandial changes in several lipid parameters in three age-matched groups of postmenopausal women (16 affected by mixed hyperlipemia, 17 by common hypercholesterolemia, and 17 normolipemic), who underwent a standardized oral fat-loading test. The magnitude of postprandial lipemia, expressed as 8-hour triglyceride incremental area under the curve, was greater in women with mixed hyperlipemia (1,326 +/- 372 mg x dL(-1) x h(-1)) than in normal (484 +/- 384 mg x dL(-1) x h(-1)) and hypercholesterolemic (473 +/- 223 mg x dL(-1) x h(-1); both P <.0001) women, and the differences held after adjustment for body mass index and fasting insulin. Women with mixed hyperlipemia showed a significant postprandial decrease in high-density lipoprotein 2 (HDL(2)) cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size. Both hypercholesterolemic and normolipemic women showed a significant postprandial decrease in HDL cholesterol and lipoprotein (a) levels but not in LDL size. In a multiple linear regression analysis, fasting triglyceride levels, insulin level, and waist-hip ratio were all independent predictors of the magnitude of postprandial lipemia. In conclusion, postmenopausal women with mixed hyperlipemia show a greater postprandial triglyceride increase and a more pronounced reduction in HDL cholesterol level and LDL size than hypercholesterolemic and normolipemic subjects. The presence of the features of insulin resistance syndrome could contribute to the deterioration of postprandial lipemic response in these subjects.

Pharmacokinetic profile and endocrine effects of posatirelin treatment in healthy elderly subjects.

The pharmacokinetics and endocrine effects of a therapeutic dose (10 mg/day) of posatirelin (L-pyro-2-aminoadipyl-L-leucyl-L-prolinamide) were investigated in healthy elderly subjects. Posatirelin was given once daily by intramuscular injection for 7 days. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a model-independent approach. The plasma concentrations of free triiodotyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and the circadian rhythms of prolactin and cortisol were considered as indicator variables of endocrine response to posatirelin administration. Posatirelin was well tolerated and no significant adverse effects were observed during the study. Peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time of peak plasma concentration (tmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-infinity), elimination half-life (t1/2), and total clearance (CI/F) were measured after single-dose intramuscular injection (day 1) and after multiple-dose administration (day 7). There were no significant changes in these parameters after multiple-dose administration (day 7). Posatirelin induced a progressive reduction in basal TSH levels and maximum response. There were no significant changes during treatment in the time at which basal levels of FT3 and FT4 occurred, and these levels remained within the normal range throughout the study. The circadian rhythms of cortisol and prolactin were not influenced by posatirelin treatment. The pharmacokinetics of posatirelin were not time dependent, and the drug did not accumulate after multiple-dose administration. Short-term treatment with posatirelin did not induce clinically relevant endocrine consequences in healthy elderly subjects.

Effect of giving up cigarette smoking and restarting in patients with clinically manifested atherosclerosis.

Cigarette smoking, a key risk factor for the development of vascular disease, is associated with an increased 8-epi-prostaglandin (PG) F(2alpha). Elevated 8-epi-PGF(2alpha) has been found in vascular tissue, blood and urine as well. We examined the influence of quitting cigarette smoking in 71 patients (38 males, 33 females; aged 32-67 a) with clinically manifested atherosclerosis and various risk factors. In addition, in eight patients with hypercholesterolemia without clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis quitting smoking was monitored as well. Twenty-six of the patients with manifested atherosclerosis and five with hypercholesterolemia restarted and the isoprostanes in plasma, serum and urine were monitored in these patients as well. Quitting cigarette smoking induces an immediate decline becoming significant after 1 or 2 weeks. Restarting smoking results in an increase in 8-epi-PGF(2alpha) reaching prevalues within almost 1 week. These findings indicate that the in vivo oxidation injury associated with cigarette smoking quickly decreases after quitting but increases soon after restarting immediately.

Increase of isoprostane 8-epi-PGF(2alpha)after restarting smoking.

Isoprostanes are known as reliable markers of in vivo oxidation injury. Cigarette smoking has been shown to be associated with a significant increase in 8-epi-PGF(2alpha), a major member of this family of compounds. Quitting smoking reduces 8-epi-PGF(2alpha) values to normal within a couple of weeks only. In this follow-up we checked the 8-epi-PGF(2alpha), values in plasma, serum and urine in 28 people who restarted smoking after a quitting attempt of various duration. 8-epi-PGF(2alpha)shows a certain increase after restarting smoking reaching a maximum after already 1 week. Continuation of smoking does not significantly further increase 8-epi-PGF(2alpha). These data indicate a fast response of restarting as on quitting smoking on in vivo oxidation injury. The oxidation injury reflected by 8-epi-PGF(2alpha)may be a key pathogenetic mechanism in smoking-induced vascular injury.

Cerebrospinal fluid neuron-specific enolase in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.

Levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a glycolytic enzyme localized in neurons, were measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with early-onset (e-AD) and late-onset (l-AD) Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia (VD) and controls. Mean CSF NSE levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease did not significantly differ from those in controls, although in the AD group a correlation was found between NSE levels and severity of cognitive deficits. In VD patients, CSF NSE was lower than in controls or in AD patients. These findings are of physiopathological interest but suggest that CSF NSE is not a useful biological marker in dementia disorders.

Apolipoprotein-E genotype in normal aging, age-associated memory impairment, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia patients.

Apolipoprotein-E (Apo-E) genotype and allele frequencies were evaluated in patients with late-onset probable Alzheimer's disease (LOAD; n = 64), early-onset probable Alzheimer's disease (EOAD; n = 32), possible Alzheimer's disease (pAD; n = 44), vascular dementia (VD; n = 12), age-associated memory impairment (AAMI; n = 15) and 40 healthy age-matched controls. APO-E was performed by polymerase chain reaction products digested by the restriction enzyme HhaI. A statistically significant increase of epsilon4 frequency was found in LOAD as compared to the other groups, and in pAD with respect to controls, while VD and AAMI groups did not disclose any difference as regards to control subjects. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association of epsilon4 with female gender. Our results confirm the increased frequency of epsilon4 in both probable and possible LOAD, failing to show a similar trend in VD and AAMI.

Angiotensin converting enzyme deletion allele in different kinds of dementia disorders.

In order to verify the association of Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene with different kinds of dementia, as well as its association with APO-E (genotype), we performed ACE genotyping in subjects with late-onset probable Alzheimer's disease (LOAD, n = 64), early-onset probable Alzheimer's disease (EOAD, n = 32), possible Alzheimer's disease (pAD, n = 44), vascular dementia (VD, n = 12), age-associated memory impairment (AAMI, n = 15) and 40 healthy age-matched controls, who were previously characterized for APO-E. After the principal component analysis ACE D and Apo-Eepsilon4 alleles disclosed the highest prevalence in the cognitively impaired groups of subjects, Apo-Eepsilon4 being more specific for LOAD and pAD. ACE D allele seems to be an unspecific susceptibility factor for mental decline.

Increased cerebrospinal fluid pyruvate levels in Alzheimer's disease.

Impaired energy metabolism is an early, predominant feature in Alzheimer's disease. In order to find out simple, reliable 'in vivo' markers for the clinical-biological typization of the disorder, we measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose, lactate and pyruvate levels in patients suffering from dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT) and in healthy elderly controls. DAT group showed remarkably higher levels of pyruvate (P = 0.01), with no overlap with the values obtained in controls. CSF pyruvate levels were also significantly associated with the severity of dementia. Therefore, CSF pyruvate levels neatly separate DAT patients from controls, having also pathogenetic value.

Quitting cigarette smoking results in a fast improvement of in vivo oxidation injury (determined via plasma, serum and urinary isoprostane).

Isoprostanes (IP) have been identified as reliable markers of in vivo oxidation injury. Recently, in vascular tissue and blood as well as urine of cigarette smokers, increased IP values have been discovered. We examined 47 adults (26 males, 21 females; aged 30-66 years), admitted to a cardiovascular unit on an outpatient basis, with various risk factors but without any sign of manifestation of atherosclerosis. Refraining from cigarette smoking for a few days resulted in a significant drop of plasma, serum, and urinary 8-epi-PGF(2alpha). Thereafter, a further continuous decrease was monitored, reaching a steady state after about 4 weeks after quitting cigarette smoking. Prevalues of 8-epi-PGF(2alpha) were higher, depending on the type and number of risk factors; the decrease after quitting, however, was comparable. These results indicate that exsmokers may rapidly recover from their enhanced in vivo oxidation.

Statin induced myopathy does not show up in MIBI scintigraphy.

Statin induced myopathy is the most commonly seen side effect in users of this family of drugs. Their different forms present with either creatine phosphokinase (CK) elevation or not, signs of in vivo oxidation injury or not or a combination of both. The pathogenetic background, however, still remains obscure. As MIBI, beside myocardial and tumour scintigraphy, is useful in detecting muscle metabolic abnormalities, an increased uptake of MIBI in the diseased muscular segments could be expected. We investigated seven patients (five males, two females; aged 36-56 years) with statin induced myopathy with either elevated CK, isoprostanes or muscle pains at varying combinations. MIBI whole-body imaging was done immediately, the patients still being on the respective statin. Sixteen patients (six males, 10 females) suffering from lung or breast cancer and being on statins served as controls. No uptake abnormalities in any muscular segment either in the patients or the control group were seen. Thus, MIBI scintigraphy is not useful, apparently, in diagnosing and eventually localizing statin induced myopathy. These findings indicate that MIBI scintigraphy is of no help for diagnosis and gaining further insight into statin induced myopathy.

Dexamethasone suppression test in elderly patients with dementia of Alzheimer type, vascular dementia and stroke: a re-evaluation of its applicability.

In order to evaluate the prevalence of non-suppression after dexamethasone in psychogeriatrics and to further verify the reliability of the neurobiological information obtained, dexamethasone suppression test was carried out in a geriatric population composed of patients with dementia of Alzheimer type, vascular dementia, stroke and age and sex-matched controls. Basal cortisol levels did not differ among groups and was positively correlated to age. Prevalence of non-suppression, defined according to Carroll's criterion was high in the pathological groups studied, and relatively high in controls, showing no diagnostic value. Unlikely suppressors, the time course of mean plasma corticol levels of non-suppressors was highly heterogeneous in each group considered, especially in the pathological groups. More restrictive criteria for the definition of non-suppressors are proposed, in order to increase the specificity of the test when applied to psychogeriatrics.

Prostaglandin E1-therapy reduces circulating adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, E-selectin, VCAM-1) in peripheral vascular disease.

BACKGROUND: It has been postulated that adhesion molecules (AM) may be involved in development and progression of human atherosclerosis. We examined whether prostaglandin (PG) E1 affects circulating levels of the AM (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin) in peripheral vascular disease (PVD) patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: AM are significantly (p < 0.01) increased in PVD (n = 65) as compared to controls (n = 31). There was no influence of risk factors. 26 PVD-patients received 2 different schemes of PGE1-therapy (group A [n = 17]; 5 ng PGE1/kg/min x 6 h x 5 d x 4 wk; group B [n = 9]; 60 micrograms PGE1/2 h x 5 d x 2 wk). PGE1 decreases all the AM significantly (p < 0.01) using both therapeutic schemes. Stopping PGE1-therapy reverses values within about 4 weeks. Details on therapeutic regimens (dose, duration, route, etc.) and individual response still need to be assessed. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that PGE1-treatment of PVD is associated with a significant benefit on circulating AM. These findings are in line with the described anti-inflammatory actions of PGE1 and may represent a further contributing factor to the great variety of beneficial actions of PGE1 on human atherosclerosis.

Isoprostanes quickly normalize after quitting cigarette smoking in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND: Isoprostanes and in particular 8-epi-PGF2 alpha have been claimed as a useful measure for invivo oxidation injury. While smokers show elevated 8-epi-PGF2 alpha the behaviour during quitting smoking is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We determined 8-epi-PGF2 alpha in 7 healthy adults ready to quit smoking in plasma, serum and urine by means of an enzyme immunoassay after extraction and purification before quitting smoking and during a follow-up period of 4 weeks. After quitting smoking, 8-epi-PGF2 alpha shows a rapid decline within a few days almost completely normalizing within 4 weeks. CONCLUSION: The cigarette-smoking associated invivo oxidation injury almost completely disappears within 4 weeks of quitting smoking.