The Hellenic Emergency Laparotomy Study (HELAS): A Prospective Multicentre Study on the Outcomes of Emergency Laparotomy in Greece.

BACKGROUND: Emergency laparotomy (EL) is accompanied by high post-operative morbidity and mortality which varies significantly between countries and populations. The aim of this study is to report outcomes of emergency laparotomy in Greece and to compare them with the results of the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA). METHODS: This is a multicentre prospective cohort study undertaken between 01.2019 and 05.2020 including consecutive patients subjected to EL in 11 Greek hospitals. EL was defined according to NELA criteria. Demographics, clinical variables, and post-operative outcomes were prospectively registered in an online database. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of post-operative mortality. RESULTS: There were 633 patients, 53.9% males, ASA class III/IV 43.6%, older than 65 years 58.6%. The most common operations were small bowel resection (20.5%), peptic ulcer repair (12.0%), adhesiolysis (11.8%) and Hartmann's procedure (11.5%). 30-day post-operative mortality reached 16.3% and serious complications occurred in 10.9%. Factors associated with post-operative mortality were increasing age and ASA class, dependent functional status, ascites, severe sepsis, septic shock, and diabetes. HELAS cohort showed similarities with NELA patients in terms of demographics and preoperative risk. Post-operative utilisation of ICU was significantly lower in the Greek cohort (25.8% vs 56.8%) whereas 30-day post-operative mortality was significantly higher (16.3% vs 8.7%). CONCLUSION: In this study, Greek patients experienced markedly worse mortality after emergency laparotomy compared with their British counterparts. This can be at least partly explained by underutilisation of critical care by surgical patients who are at high risk for death.

Effect of integrin AV and B8 gene polymorphisms in patients with traumatic brain injury.

Background: Α few genetic variants are associated with the outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Integrins are glycoprotein receptors that play an important role in the integrity of microvasculature of the brain. Objective: To examine the role of integrin-AV (ITGAV) and integrin-B8 (ITGB8) tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the outcome of patients with TBI. Methods: 363 participants were included and genotyped for 11 SNPs for ITGAV and 11 for ITGB8 gene. SNPs were tested for associations with the 6-month outcome after TBI, the presence of a hemorrhagic event after TBI, and the initial TBI severity after adjustment for TBI's main predictors. Results: The ITGAV rs3911239 CC and rs7596996 GG genotypes were associated with an unfavorable outcome after TBI, compared to the TT and AA genotypes, respectively. The ITGB8 rs10239099 CC and rs3757727 CC genotypes were associated with increased risk of any cerebral hemorrhagic event after TBI compared to GG and TT respectively. The ITGAV rs7589470 and rs7565633 were associated with the TBI's initial severity. Conclusions: ITGAV gene SNPs may be implicated in the outcome after TBI, as well as in the initial TBI severity, and also of ITGB8 gene SNPs in the risk of hemorrhagic event after a TBI.

Variants of the elastin (ELN) gene and susceptibility to intracranial aneurysm: a synthesis of genetic association studies using a genetic model-free approach.

BACKGROUND: The presence of an intracranial aneurysm (IA) is thought to have a genetic origin. The genetic association studies (GAS) that investigated the association between IA and elastin gene (ELN) variants have produced contradictory or inconclusive results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to decrease the uncertainty of estimated genetic risk effects, a meta-analysis of published GAS-related variants in the ELN gene (ELN INT20 1315T > C, EX20 1264G > A, INT23 1501 + 24T > C and INT4 196 + 71G > A) with susceptibility to IA was conducted using a genetic model-free approach. The risk effects were estimated using the generalized odds ratio (ORG) metric. RESULTS: The analysis showed significant association for the INT20 1315T > C variant [ORG = 0.66 (0.45-0.95)], indicating a protection effect. For the variants EX20 1264G > A, INT23 1501 + 24T > C and INT4 196 + 71G > A, no statistically significant association with IAs was found. CONCLUSION: There is evidence that the ELN variant INT20 1315T > C is implicated in the development of IA; however, the results should be interpreted with caution since the number of published studies is limited.

Intradural extramedullary Ewing's sarcoma: A case report and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Extra-skeletal Ewing's sarcomas are very rare lesions to the spine surgeon, with the intradural, extramedullary lesions being even rarer. Herein we present a patient with an intradural, extramedullary form of Ewing's sarcoma and review the relevant literature. The medical records, operative reports, radiographical studies and histological examinations of a single patient are retrospectively reviewed. CASE REPORT: A 31-year old male presented with back-pain, right-leg progressive paraparesis, and inability to walk. Both motor and sensory disturbances were revealed on the right leg at the clinical examination. Lumbar MRI showed two lesions. The first one was an intradural, extramedullary lesion at the L2-L3 level, while the second was smaller, located at the bottom of the dural sac. The patient underwent gross total resection of the L2-L3 lesion after a bilateral laminectomy. Histological examination was compatible with Ewing's sarcoma, and was verified by molecular analysis. No other extra-skeletal or skeletal lesion was found. A chemotherapy scheme was tailored to the patients' histological diagnosis. The patient presented with local recurrence and bone metastasis 2 years after his initial diagnosis. A second operation was performed and the follow up of the patient showed no disease progression 18 months after revision surgery. CONCLUSION: The spine surgeon should be aware of the existence of such rare entities, in order to timely fulfill the staging process and institute the proper therapy. The management of patients with extra-skeletal Ewing's sarcomas involves professionals as members of a multidisciplinary team, all of which should co-operate for the patient's optimal outcome.

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a review study.

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is a hydrodynamic disorder whose etiology remains unclear. The diagnosis is mainly clinical and the traditional treatment is cerebrospinal fluid shunt diversion. With the introduction of modern management strategies, endoscopic third ventriculostomy has become a viable alternative to shunting and constitutes a well-established method of treatment for obstructive hydrocephalus. The new hydrodynamic concept of hydrocephalus suggests that endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) may be an effective treatment for communicative hydrocephalus. In our current review, the authors focus on the up-to-date knowledge regarding the consideration of endoscopic third ventriculostomy as a safe surgical option in the management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme tag single nucleotide polymorphisms on the outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Genetic variants appear to influence, at least to some degree, the extent of brain injury and the clinical outcome of patients who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc metallopeptidase that is implicated in the regulation of blood pressure and cerebral circulation. ACE gene polymorphisms were found to regulate serum ACE enzyme activity. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate possible influence of ACE gene region variants on patients' outcome after TBI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In total, 363 TBI patients prospectively enrolled in the study were genotyped for five tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the ACE gene. Using logistic regression analyses, tag SNPs and their constructed haplotypes were tested for associations with 6-month Glasgow Outcome Scale scores, after adjustment for age, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale scores at admission, and the presence of a hemorrhagic event in the initial computed tomography scan. RESULTS: Significant effects on TBI outcome were found for three neighboring tag SNPs in the codominant (genotypic) model of inheritance [rs4461142: odds ratio (OR) 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12-0.57, P = 0.0001; rs7221780: OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.25-5.72, P = 0.0003; and rs8066276: OR 3.82, 95% CI 1.80-8.13, P = 0.0002; for the heterozygous variants compared with the common alleles]. None of the constructed common tag SNPs haplotypes was associated with TBI outcome. CONCLUSION: The present study provides evidence of the possible influence of genetic variations in a specific region of the ACE gene on the outcome of TBI patients. This association may have pharmacogenetic implications in identifying those TBI patients who may benefit from ACE inhibition.

The FGA Thr312Ala polymorphism and risk of intracerebral haemorrhage in Polish and Greek populations.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the most fatal form of stroke with the highest morbidity and disability rate of all stroke types. Recent data suggest that the genetic background has a sizeable and mostly undiscovered effect on the brain haemorrhage risk. Since the coagulation system is crucial to ICH pathology, we studied the significance of the FGA Thr312Ala polymorphism in two European populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We genotyped 550 and 224 controls as well as 261 and 242 stroke patients in Polish and Greek populations, respectively. The ICH diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomography. The FGA Thr312Ala polymorphism was analysed using real-time polymorphism chain reaction. RESULTS: Both crude and multivariable regression analyses showed that the studied polymorphism is a protective factor in the Polish population under the dominant and additive models of inheritance. Those results did not replicate in the Greek population. The meta-analysis of results from the Polish and the Greek populations proved that FGA Thr312Ala polymorphism affects the risk of ICH in the dominant model of inheritance. CONCLUSIONS: The FGA Thr312Ala polymorphism affects a risk for ICH in the Polish but not in the Greek population. An advanced meta-analysis of well-designed studies with a significant number of cases might provide useful information of novel polymorphisms, including the FGA Thr312Ala polymorphism, and their role in ICH pathology.

Comparison of surgical outcomes between primary and secondary brain abscess.

Brain abscess (BA) constitutes 1-8% of intra-cerebral tumors, and thus the present study aimed to compare the surgical outcomes of patients with primary and secondary BA. The present retrospective study examined 32 of cases BA who underwent surgery in a local institution between February, 2013 and December, 2023. All patients received intravenous antibiotic therapy according to the antibiogram for antimicrobial susceptibility. In total, 32 patients were separated into two groups as follows: Group A (16 patients, 50%) with primary abscess and group B (16 patients, 50%) with secondary abscess. Of the 32 patients included in the study, 23 (71.8%) were males, and the median age was 55.3 years. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that a multidisciplinary approach involving a combination of often multiple surgical procedures and prolonged antibiotic medication may improve the functional outcome if the underlying pathology allows for a functional outcome.

Efficacy of decompressive craniectomy: A retrospective case series study with 321 patients and an update on controversies.

Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is considered a cornerstone in the management of refractory intracranial hypertension. For decades, DC was known as an occasionally lifesaving procedure; however, it was associated with numerous severe complications. The present study is a single-center retrospective case series study on with 321 patients who underwent DC between January, 2010 and December, 2020. All patients were divided into four groups as follows: Group A included patients who suffered from a space-occupying middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic event; group B included individuals who developed intracerebral hemorrhage; group C included patients admitted for traumatic brain injury; and group D included patients with other neurosurgical entities that underwent DC, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, tumors, brain abscess and cerebral ventricular sinus thrombosis events. The present study enrolled a total of 321 patients who underwent DC. Group A included 52 out of the 321 (16.1%) patients, group B included 51 (15.8%) patients, group C included 164 (51.0%) patients, and group D included 54 (16.8%) patients. Of the 321 patients, 235 (73.2%) were males, and the median age was 53.7 years. Multivariate analysis revealed that only the group A parameter was an independent factor associated with a Glasgow outcome scale score >2 during follow-up (P<0.05). On the whole, the results of the present study suggest that among patients who underwent DC with different neurological entities, those who had experienced MCA events had more favorable outcomes.

Development and internal validation of a clinical prediction model for serious complications after emergency laparotomy.

PURPOSE: Emergency laparotomy (EL) is a common operation with high risk for postoperative complications, thereby requiring accurate risk stratification to manage vulnerable patients optimally. We developed and internally validated a predictive model of serious complications after EL. METHODS: Data for eleven carefully selected candidate predictors of 30-day postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade > = 3) were extracted from the HELAS cohort of EL patients in 11 centres in Greece and Cyprus. Logistic regression with Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) was applied for model development. Discrimination and calibration measures were estimated and clinical utility was explored with decision curve analysis (DCA). Reproducibility and heterogeneity were examined with Bootstrap-based internal validation and Internal-External Cross-Validation. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program's (ACS-NSQIP) model was applied to the same cohort to establish a benchmark for the new model. RESULTS: From data on 633 eligible patients (175 complication events), the SErious complications After Laparotomy (SEAL) model was developed with 6 predictors (preoperative albumin, blood urea nitrogen, American Society of Anaesthesiology score, sepsis or septic shock, dependent functional status, and ascites). SEAL had good discriminative ability (optimism-corrected c-statistic: 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-0.81), calibration (optimism-corrected calibration slope: 1.01, 95% CI 0.99-1.03) and overall fit (scaled Brier score: 25.1%, 95% CI 24.1-26.1%). SEAL compared favourably with ACS-NSQIP in all metrics, including DCA across multiple risk thresholds. CONCLUSION: SEAL is a simple and promising model for individualized risk predictions of serious complications after EL. Future external validations should appraise SEAL's transportability across diverse settings.

The nurse's role in managing gout in the modern era: A systematic review of the literature.

The current treatment of gout is largely suboptimal, with up to 89% of hospitalizations being preventable due to inadequate care. The present study performed a systematic review in an aim to identify barriers to optimal gout treatment (Q1), understand how frequently nurses are involved in the management of gout (Q2), and examine the role of the nurse in the management of gout (Q3). A systematic review was performed, focusing on studies reporting on the nurse's role in the management of gout and the quality of the gathered items was appraised based on the risk of bias. In total, 15 records fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were used in the present systematic review. The main barriers were attributed to the patient's experiences with gout and lay beliefs, which affected seeking advice and adherence to treatment (Q1). Recently, however, several advances in patient care, including nurse-led clinics, have expanded the nurse's role, accounting for as much as 26% of the annual visits (Q2). Nurse-led interventions, such as education and lifestyle counseling, increased adherence to treatment (Q3). On the whole, nurses are key players in multidisciplinary teams and should be capable of engaging in shared decision-making processes, goal setting, providing patients with education and information, and making appropriate referrals.

Lower respiratory tract infections due to multi­drug resistant pathogens in central nervous system injuries (Review).

Pneumonia is one of the most prevalent infections in the intensive care unit (ICU), where pneumonia may occur during hospitalization in the ICU as a complication. ICU patients with central nervous system (CNS) injuries are not an exception, and they may even be more susceptible to infections such as pneumonia due to issues such as swallowing difficulties, the requirement for mechanical ventilation, and extended hospital stay. Numerous common CNS injuries, such as ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intracerebral hemorrhage, can prolong hospital stay and increase the risk of pneumonia. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms are a common and significant concern, with increased mortality in nosocomial pneumonia. However, research on pneumonia due to MDR pathogens in patients with CNS injuries is limited. The aim of the present review was to provide the current evidence regarding pneumonia due to MDR pathogens in patients with CNS injuries. The prevalence of pneumonia due to MDR pathogens in CNS injuries differs among different settings, types of CNS injuries, geographical areas, and time periods in which the studies were performed. Specific risk factors for the emergence of pneumonia due to MDR pathogens have been identified in ICUs and neurological rehabilitation units. Antimicrobial resistance is currently a global issue, although using preventive measures, early diagnosis, and close monitoring of MDR strains may lessen its impact. Since there is a lack of information on these topics, more multicenter prospective studies are required to offer insights into the clinical features and outcomes of these patients.

Effect of circulating miR­126 levels on intracranial aneurysms and their predictive value for the rupture of aneurysms: A systematic review and meta­analysis.

Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a common cerebrovascular disease with a high risk of rupture. At present, the mechanisms underlying the formation and rupture of IAs is not clinically clear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are involved in the development of IAs. The present study aimed to determine the efficacy of circulating miRNA-126 (miR-126) levels as potential biomarkers for predicting aneurysmal ruptures. The present study searched comparative articles involving circulating miR-126 levels and intracranial aneurysms through electronic databases from 1980 to February, 2023. Collected variables included the first author's name, covered study period, publication year, total number of patients and age, and number of males. We collected information about the expression levels of circulating miR-126 in serum. Three articles met the eligibility criteria. The total number of patients was 379 [226 with IA rupture and 153 with non-rupture or/+ controls (healthy)]. The circulating miR-126 can be used as a biomarker for predicting aneurysmal rupture. Interestingly, an aneurysmal size >10 mm was associated with an IA rupture.

Carotid artery stenting and endarterectomy surgery techniques: A 30­year time­lapse.

Carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stenting (CAS), are the most important axes in carotid artery interventional management. A bibliometric analysis permits an easier access to the current literature trends and information to design future studies. The aim of the present study was to identify the knowledge routes on CAS and examine the research front on the topic. The search was interpreted in Scopus, from 1994 to 2023, and included only original articles and reviews. The BibTex format was used to download all citation and bibliographic data. The present analysis was conducted in two parts, a descriptive one and a network extraction process. Between 1994 and 2023, 34,503 references and 7,758 authors were recorded. The annual growth rate was 21.64%. The CAVATAS trial was the most cited article. As regards word trends, since 2017, trans-carotid stenting, risk factors and plaque characteristics are highlighted. CAS remains an area of high interest with a publication growth rate of >20% per year. As numerous questions remain to be answered, the need to determine the role of CAS may drive further research.

Prospective multicenter external validation of postoperative mortality prediction tools in patients undergoing emergency laparotomy.

BACKGROUND: Accurate preoperative risk assessment in emergency laparotomy (EL) is valuable for informed decision making and rational use of resources. Available risk prediction tools have not been validated adequately across diverse health care settings. Herein, we report a comparative external validation of four widely cited prognostic models. METHODS: A multicenter cohort was prospectively composed of consecutive patients undergoing EL in 11 Greek hospitals from January 2020 to May 2021 using the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA) inclusion criteria. Thirty-day mortality risk predictions were calculated using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP), NELA, Portsmouth Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the Enumeration of Mortality and Morbidity (P-POSSUM), and Predictive Optimal Trees in Emergency Surgery Risk tools. Surgeons' assessment of postoperative mortality using predefined cutoffs was recorded, and a surgeon-adjusted ACS-NSQIP prediction was calculated when the original model's prediction was relatively low. Predictive performances were compared using scaled Brier scores, discrimination and calibration measures and plots, and decision curve analysis. Heterogeneity across hospitals was assessed by random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 631 patients were included, and 30-day mortality was 16.3%. The ACS-NSQIP and its surgeon-adjusted version had the highest scaled Brier scores. All models presented high discriminative ability, with concordance statistics ranging from 0.79 for P-POSSUM to 0.85 for NELA. However, except the surgeon-adjusted ACS-NSQIP (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, p = 0.742), all other models were poorly calibrated ( p < 0.001). Decision curve analysis revealed superior clinical utility of the ACS-NSQIP. Following recalibrations, predictive accuracy improved for all models, but ACS-NSQIP retained the lead. Between-hospital heterogeneity was minimum for the ACS-NSQIP model and maximum for P-POSSUM. CONCLUSION: The ACS-NSQIP tool was most accurate for mortality predictions after EL in a broad external validation cohort, demonstrating utility for facilitating preoperative risk management in the Greek health care system. Subjective surgeon assessments of patient prognosis may optimize ACS-NSQIP predictions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Test/Criteria; Level II.

Ten years of clinical experience in the use of fixed-pressure versus programmable valves: a retrospective study of 159 patients.

AIM: The aim of this study was to present our 10-year experience with the use of fixed-pressure and programmable valves in the treatment of adult patients requiring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients (n = 159; 89 male and 70 female) suffering from hydrocephalus of various causes underwent CSF shunt implantation. Forty fixed-pressure and 119 programmable valves were initially implanted. RESULTS: The observed revision rate was 40% in patients with fixed-pressure valves. In 20% of these patients, a revision due to valve mechanism malfunction was undertaken, and the initial valve was replaced with a programmable one. The revision rate in the adjustable-pressure valve subgroup was 20%. The infection rate for the fixed-pressure and programmable valve subgroups were 3%, and 1.7%, respectively. Similarly, subdural fluid collections were noticed in 17% and 4% of patients with fixed-pressure valves and programmable valves, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The revision and over-drainage rates were significantly lower when using programmable valves, and thus, this type of valve is preferred whenever CSF has to be diverted.

Role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in treatment of selected patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the results of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in the management of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH). METHODS: Our prospective study included seven patients (five men and two women; ages ranging between 68 and 78 years) with two or more typical NPH symptoms of short duration (<6 months), with no other morbidity factors, with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥18, aqueductal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) stroke volume ≥42 µL, and positive lumbar drain test. The etiology of NPH was idiopathic in all of these cases. Their preoperative work-up included brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cine-MR, MMSE test, and CSF lumbar drain test, in all cases. The clinical status of all participants was graded using the Japanese intractable hydrocephalus system. An ETV was performed in all participants. Follow-up included periodic clinical evaluations, MMSE, and MRI with cine-MR studies. The follow-up time range was 12-72 months. RESULTS: The mean postoperative clinical grade was 3.1, while the preoperative was 6.1. Gait disturbance and urinary incontinence were the most responsive symptoms. The mean postoperative MMSE score was 23.6, while the preoperative score was 20.3. The mean postoperative aqueductal CSF stroke volume, 6 months after the procedure, was 31.6 µL, while the preoperative volume was 48.8 µL. CONCLUSIONS: ETV may be a safe alternative surgical option for a limited number of carefully selected INPH patients.

Valve-controlled chronic subdural hematoma drainage: A feasibility study.

Introduction: Pneumocephalus after chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) evacuation is a potential predictor of hematoma recurrence. Research question: To study the feasibility and safety of a novel CSDH evacuation technique using a valve-controlled method to avoid pneumocephalus. Material and methods: In a retrospective case series, we evacuated CSDH using very low-pressure valve-controlled drains and recorded the neurological, radiological, and functional outcomes. Patients with primary CSDH, without previous neurosurgical intervention, and who did not receive antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy the week prior to the index surgery, were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were the evacuation with other treatment techniques and incomplete data files. Patients were assessed according to the Bender grading system to record the neurological status. The hematoma volume was estimated using the formula for ellipsoid volumes. Results: Thirty-six patients with a mean age of 73 years (±9 years) fulfilled our eligibility criteria. Our technique was effective since it decreased the CSDH volume from 141 â€‹ml (IQR 97 â€‹ml) to 20.6 â€‹ml (IQR 26.59 â€‹ml; p â€‹< â€‹0.001) and improved the neurological status according to the Bender grading system from two (IQR 0.25) to 1 (IQR 0). However, pneumocephalus and hematoma recurrence occurred in one case each (2.8%). At six months, all patients returned to their previous status, except for two patients (5.6%) who died due to irrelevant pathologies. Conclusions: Valve-controlled CSDH evacuation aiming to decrease the postoperative pneumocephalus and hematoma recurrence constitutes an effective and safe alternative. However, larger randomized controlled studies are required to establish its role in CSDH management.

Posterior Fossa Intra-Axial Lesion: There Are Pathologies Beyond Metastases.

Cerebellar metastases represent the most common lesion requiring surgical treatment in the daily neurosurgical praxis. We report a rare case with Lhermitte-Duclos disease presenting to the neurosurgical outpatient department and describe our diagnostic and treatment challenges. A 57-year-old man presented with transient cerebellar manifestations, including walking difficulties, dizziness, and a persistent occipital headache. The magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a high-intensity lesion in the right cerebellar hemisphere on T2-weighted images. We initially considered surgery to establish a histopathological diagnosis. However, the magnetic resonance spectroscopy was compatible with a dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum. Therefore, we preferred a more conservative approach. Posterior fossa contrast-enhancing lesions are much more than metastases. The role of advanced magnetic resonance in avoiding unnecessary surgical interventions is priceless.

EEG in Neurorehabilitation: A Bibliometric Analysis and Content Review.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest in the role of EEG in neurorehabilitation. We primarily aimed to identify the knowledge base through highly influential studies. Our secondary aims were to imprint the relevant thematic hotspots, research trends, and social networks within the scientific community. METHODS: We performed an electronic search in Scopus, looking for studies reporting on rehabilitation in patients with neurological disabilities. We used the most influential papers to outline the knowledge base and carried out a word co-occurrence analysis to identify the research hotspots. We also used depicted collaboration networks between universities, authors, and countries after analyzing the cocitations. The results were presented in summary tables, plots, and maps. Finally, a content review based on the top-20 most cited articles completed our study. RESULTS: Our current bibliometric study was based on 874 records from 420 sources. There was vivid research interest in EEG use for neurorehabilitation, with an annual growth rate as high as 14.3%. The most influential paper was the study titled "Brain-computer interfaces, a review" by L.F. Nicolas-Alfonso and J. Gomez-Gill, with 997 citations, followed by "Brain-computer interfaces in neurological rehabilitation" by J. Daly and J.R. Wolpaw (708 citations). The US, Italy, and Germany were among the most productive countries. The research hotspots shifted with time from the use of functional magnetic imaging to EEG-based brain-machine interface, motor imagery, and deep learning. CONCLUSIONS: EEG constitutes the most significant input in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and can be successfully used in the neurorehabilitation of patients with stroke symptoms, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and traumatic brain and spinal injuries. EEG-based BCI facilitates the training, communication, and control of wheelchair and exoskeletons. However, research is limited to specific scientific groups from developed countries. Evidence is expected to change with the broader availability of BCI and improvement in EEG-filtering algorithms.