Assessing possible visitor-use impacts on water quality in Yosemite National Park, California.

There is concern that visitor-use associated activities, such as bathing, dish washing, wastewater production, and stock animal use near lakes and streams, could cause degradation of water quality in Yosemite National Park. A study was conducted during 2004-2007 to assess patterns in nutrient and Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentrations in the Merced and Tuolumne Rivers and characterize natural background concentrations of nutrients in the park. Results indicated that nutrient and E. coli concentrations were low, even compared to other undeveloped sites in the United States. A multiple linear regression approach was used to model natural background concentrations of nutrients, with basin characteristics as explanatory variables. Modeled nitrogen concentrations increased with elevation, and modeled phosphorus concentrations increased with basin size. Observed concentrations (±uncertainty) were compared to modeled concentrations (±uncertainty) to identify sites that might be impacted by point sources of nutrients, as indicated by large model residuals. Statistically significant differences in observed and modeled concentrations were observed at only a few locations, indicating that most sites were representative of natural background conditions. The empirical modeling approach used in this study can be used to estimate natural background conditions at any point along a study reach in areas minimally impacted by development, and may be useful for setting water-quality standards in many national parks.

Real-Time Visualization of an Acoustically Active Injection Catheter With Ultrasound Imaging: Algorithm and In Vivo Validation in a Swine Model.

OBJECTIVE: To independently visualize a catheter and needle during minimally invasive surgery in order to aid in precisely guiding them to their intended location. METHODS: Symmetric frequency detection allows for the visualization of the acoustically active catheter tip as a unique color in live imaging. This study extends the algorithm to identify two different crystals by unique colors, validating the algorithm with in vivo pig experiments while simulating the human condition using different attenuation pads. RESULTS: The catheter and needle tip were identified with unique colors, differentiable from common Doppler colors, with a frame rate varying between 8 and 10 Hz. Both were visible at graded levels of attenuation induced by interposed polymer pads. Reducing ensemble length increased the frame rate and decreased the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), though not significantly. At the highest in-path attenuation of 12 dB at 5 MHz, the catheter spot marker was visible whereas the needle was not. The SNR of the catheter signal varied between 12.50 and 18.24 dB and the size of the spot marker varied between 149 and 1015 mm2. The SNR of the needle signal varied between 6.37 and 16.3 dB and the size of the spot marker between 59 and 169 mm2. A reliability index greater than 50% was achieved for all cases except for the needle crystal at the highest attenuation setting. CONCLUSION: Modified symmetric frequency detection algorithm can uniquely visualize both catheter and needle in real time with in-path attenuation. SIGNIFICANCE: Unambiguous and distinct visualization of separate locations on the catheter facilitates real-time tracking of minimally invasive procedures.