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1.
Rev Med Suisse ; 20(859): 252-254, 2024 Jan 31.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38299956

RESUMO

Highlights for 2023 include the confirmation of hypertension as a cardiovascular risk factor and the standard procedure for measuring blood pressure. Transdermal oestrogens do not appear to be associated with an increased risk of hypertension unlike oestrogen given orally. The usefulness of blood pressure measured in hospital in elderly patients and the risks of intensive treatment are reviewed. A new study suggests that we are not all equal when it comes to recommended treatments. Finally, RNA interference technology has enabled the synthesis of a new antihypertensive treatment administered every 6 months that inhibits the production of hepatic angiotensinogen with a good effect on blood pressure.


Le survol de l'année 2023 met l'accent sur l'hypertension artérielle (HTA) comme facteur de risque cardiovasculaire et sur les conditions de mesure de la pression artérielle. Du côté hormonal, les œstrogènes en application transdermique ne semblent pas être associés à un risque augmenté d'HTA, contrairement à ceux administrés par voie orale. L'utilité de la pression artérielle mesurée en milieu hospitalier chez des patients âgés et les risques de son traitement intensif sont également discutés. Une nouvelle étude suggère que nous ne sommes pas tous égaux face aux traitements recommandés. Enfin, la technologie des ARN interférents a permis la synthèse d'un nouveau traitement antihypertenseur administré aux 6 mois inhibant la production d'angiotensinogène hépatique avec un bon effet sur la pression artérielle.


Assuntos
Hipertensão , Idoso , Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Pressão Sanguínea , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Hospitais , Tecnologia
2.
J Ren Nutr ; 33(3): 450-455, 2023 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36738948

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Several nonconsecutive 24-h urinary collections are considered the gold standard for estimating dietary salt intake. As those samples are logistically demanding, we aimed to describe the variability of 24-h sodium urinary excretion over consecutive days and report its adequacy with sodium intake. METHODS: We enrolled 16 healthy male volunteers in a prospective controlled study. All participants randomly received a low salt diet (LSD) (3 g/day of NaCl), a normal salt diet (NSD) (6 g/day of NaCl), and a high salt diet (HSD) (15 g/day of NaCl) for 7 days in a crossover design without wash-out period. RESULTS: On day 6, median sodium urinary excretion was 258 (216-338), 10 (8-18), and 87 (69-121) mmol/day for HSD, LSD, and NSD, respectively (P < .001). When considering days 4-6, sodium urinary excretion was in steady state as models with and without interaction term "diet type X sample day" were not significantly different (P = .163). On day 6, area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic for urinary sodium excretion to detect HSD was 1.0 (1.0-1.0) and a cut-point of 175 mmol/day was 100% sensitive and specific to detect HSD. On day 6, receiver operating characteristic AUC to detect LSD was 0.993 (0.978-1.0) and a cut-point of 53 mmol/day was 96.4% sensitive and 100% specific to detect LSD. CONCLUSION: A steady state of sodium balance, where sodium intake is proportional to its excretion, is reached within a few days under a constant diet in the real-life setting. Categorization of salt consumption into low (3 g/day), normal (6 g/day), or high (15 g/day) based on a single 24-h urine collection is nearly perfect. Based on these results, repeated nonconsecutive urine collection might prove unnecessary to estimate sodium intake in daily clinical practice provided that diet is rather constant over time.


Assuntos
Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta , Sódio na Dieta , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Sódio/urina , Cloreto de Sódio , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/urina , Coleta de Urina
3.
Rev Med Suisse ; 19(841): 1642-1646, 2023 Sep 13.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37702465

RESUMO

Detecting, treating and controlling hypertension remains a primary goal in health policy. New recommendations in the management of hypertension were published in 2023 to withhold its global pandemic. The first step is to initiate dual antihypertensive therapy in most of the cases by combining 2 molecules from different classes in a single tablet. Subsequent steps involve ensuring blood pressure control and, if indicated, combining other drug classes, again as a single pill combination (SPC). These polypills make it possible to reduce blood pressure more effectively, to offer earlier cardioprotection and to increase patient's compliance while simplifying their treatment and eliminating adverse effects. In this article, we will focus on the combination of antihypertensive classes as a revolutionary paradigm.


Dépister, traiter et contrôler l'HTA reste un objectif primordial de politique de santé. De nouvelles recommandations ont été publiées en 2023 afin d'endiguer cette pandémie mondiale. La première étape, pour la majorité des cas, consiste à instaurer une bithérapie en combinant 2 molécules de différentes classes en un seul comprimé (single pill combination (SPC)). Il faut ensuite s'assurer du bon contrôle tensionnel et, si indiqué, associer d'autres classes médicamenteuses, toujours sous forme de SPC. Ces polypill permettent d'être plus efficace pour réduire la TA, offrent une cardioprotection précoce et augmentent l'adhésion thérapeutique des patients tout en simplifiant leur traitement et en limitant les effets indésirables. Dans cet article, l'accent est mis sur l'association des classes d'antihypertenseurs, comme paradigme révolutionnaire.


Assuntos
Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos , Hipertensão , Humanos , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Pressão Sanguínea , Política de Saúde
4.
Rev Med Suisse ; 19(841): 1656-1659, 2023 Sep 13.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37702468

RESUMO

In both industrialized and developing countries, the prevalence of hypertension is increasing. The classical pathophysiology of this major cardiovascular risk factor has recently been enriched by new concepts involving the inflammation and the immune system as potential players. Indeed in certain immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid polyarthritis or lupus erythematosus, but also degenerative arthritis, periodontitis, arterial hypertension is found more frequently than in the general population, often underdiagnosed and poorly controlled, and the cardiovascular (CV) risk is more important. The aim of this article is to review the state of knowledge on this subject, and to draw out any implications for clinical practice.


La prévalence de l'hypertension artérielle est en constante augmentation tant dans les pays industrialisés que dans ceux à bas revenus. La physiopathologie classique de ce facteur de risque cardiovasculaire (CV) majeur s'est récemment enrichie de nouveaux concepts mettant en jeu l'inflammation et le système immunitaire comme acteurs potentiels. En effet, dans certaines maladies auto-immunes ou inflammatoires à médiation immunitaire, comme le psoriasis, la polyarthrite rhumatoïde ou le lupus érythémateux disséminé, mais aussi les arthropathies dégénératives, la parodontite, on retrouve plus fréquemment une hypertension artérielle qu'au sein de la population générale, souvent sous-diagnostiquée et mal contrôlée, et le risque CV y est plus important. Le but de cet article est de faire le point sur l'état des connaissances à ce sujet, et d'en tirer d'éventuelles implications pour la clinique.


Assuntos
Artrite , Hipertensão , Humanos , Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/etiologia , Inflamação , Conhecimento
5.
Rev Med Suisse ; 19(812): 221-224, 2023 Feb 01.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36723652

RESUMO

Our article summarizing the most important studies of the past year emphasizes the difficulty of controlling blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. In addition, it discusses factors such as temperature and sodium that may influence BP, proposes new targets in pregnant hypertensive patients, and challenges the usefulness of taking an antihypertensive drug nightly. Finally, a strategy targeting endothelin blockade in resistant hypertension is presented.


Notre article résumant les études marquantes de l'année écoulée met l'accent sur la difficulté à contrôler la pression artérielle (PA) chez les hypertendus. De plus, il aborde certains facteurs comme la température et le sodium pouvant influencer la PA, les cibles chez les patientes hypertendues enceintes et l'utilité d'une prise vespérale d'un antihypertenseur. Finalement, une stratégie visant le blocage de l'endothéline est présentée dans l'hypertension résistante.


Assuntos
Hipertensão , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Pressão Sanguínea , Sódio
6.
Nephrol Dial Transplant ; 37(3): 548-557, 2022 02 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33492394

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The effects of sodium (Na+) intakes on renal handling of potassium (K+) are insufficiently studied. METHODS: We assessed the effect of Na+ on renal K+ handling in 16 healthy males assigned to three 7-day periods on low salt diet [LSD, 3 g sodium chloride (NaCl)/day], normal salt diet (NSD, 6 g NaCl/day) and high salt diet (HSD, 15 g NaCl/day), with constant K+ intake. Contributions of distal NaCl co-transporter and epithelial Na+ channel in the collecting system on K+ and Na+ handling were assessed at steady state by acute response to 100 mg oral hydrochlorothiazide and with addition of 10 mg of amiloride to hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. RESULTS: Diurnal blood pressure slightly increased from 119.30 ± 7.95 mmHg under LSD to 123.00 ± 7.50 mmHg (P = 0.02) under HSD, while estimated glomerular filtration rate increased from 133.20 ± 34.68 mL/min under LSD to 187.00 ± 49.10 under HSD (P = 0.005). The 24-h K+ excretion remained stable on all Na+ intakes (66.28 ± 19.12 mmol/24 h under LSD; 55.91 ± 21.17 mmol/24 h under NSD; and 66.81 ± 20.72 under HSD, P = 0.9). The hydrochlorothiazide-induced natriuresis was the highest under HSD (30.22 ± 12.53 mmol/h) and the lowest under LSD (15.38 ± 8.94 mmol/h, P = 0.02). Hydrochlorothiazide increased kaliuresis and amiloride decreased kaliuresis similarly on all three diets. CONCLUSIONS: Neither spontaneous nor diuretic-induced K+ excretion was influenced by Na+ intake in healthy male subjects. However, the respective contribution of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct to renal Na+ handling was dependent on dietary Na+ intake.


Assuntos
Potássio , Sódio na Dieta , Pressão Sanguínea , Humanos , Túbulos Renais Distais , Masculino , Natriurese , Potássio na Dieta/farmacologia , Sódio , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta , Sódio na Dieta/farmacologia
7.
Rev Med Suisse ; 18(795): 1689-1692, 2022 Sep 14.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36103118

RESUMO

Women are less frequently affected by arterial hypertension than men during their reproductive life, but their risk catches up and exceeds men's after the menopause. There is a knowledge gap about the specificity of arterial hypertension in women, due to an under inclusion of women in clinical trials. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a recognized ulterior cardiovascular risk factor, and obstetrical history must be part of the evaluation of hypertensive women. In certain cases, we propose to lower the doses of antihypertensive medications in women, due to increased efficiency and increased risk of secondary effects, most notably for thiazide diuretics and calcium channel blockers.


Les femmes sont moins touchées par l'hypertension artérielle (HTA) que les hommes durant leur vie reproductive, mais leur tension artérielle et leur risque cardiovasculaire s'élèvent et dépassent ceux des hommes après la ménopause. Il existe un déficit de connaissances sur les spécificités de l'HTA féminine en raison d'une sous-inclusion des femmes dans les études cliniques. Les pathologies hypertensives de la grossesse sont un facteur de risque cardiovasculaire ultérieur reconnu et l'anamnèse obstétricale doit faire partie de l'évaluation des femmes hypertendues. Dans certains cas, une diminution de la posologie des traitements antihypertenseurs chez les femmes est à considérer en raison d'une efficacité augmentée et d'un risque accru d'effets secondaires chez elles, notamment pour les diurétiques thiazidiques et les anticalciques.


Assuntos
Hipertensão , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Gravidez
8.
Rev Med Suisse ; 18(767): 169-172, 2022 Feb 02.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35107891

RESUMO

The past year has been particularly rich in the field of arterial hypertension. Our annual review covers the latest epidemiological studies which show that more than 1.2 billion people have high blood pressure, half of them are unaware of it and that only a quarter of treated patients reach the recommended targets. The impact of poor adherence in young hypertensive patients on cardiovascular events and the effects of intensive treatment in patients over 60 years of age will be discussed. Finally, the adjustment of anti hypertensive treatment in pregnant women with a history of pre-eclampsia according to hemodynamic parameters measured during pregnancy and the effects of potassium supplementation in table salt on cardiovascular events will be presented.


L'année écoulée a été particulièrement riche dans le domaine de l'hypertension artérielle (HTA). Notre revue annuelle couvre les dernières études épidémiologiques qui montrent que plus de 1,2 milliard de personnes sont atteintes d'HTA, que la moitié d'entre elles l'ignore et finalement qu'un quart des patient·e·s atteignent les cibles recommandées. L'impact d'une mauvaise adhésion chez des jeunes patients hypertendus sur les événements cardiovasculaires ainsi que les effets d'un traitement intensif chez des patients de plus de 60 ans seront abordés. Finalement, l'ajustement d'un traitement antihypertenseur chez des femmes enceintes avec antécédents de prééclampsie en fonction des paramètres hémodynamiques mesurés en cours de grossesse et les effets d'une supplémentation de potassium dans le sel de table sur les événements cardiovasculaires seront présentés.


Assuntos
Hipertensão , Pré-Eclâmpsia , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez
9.
Rev Med Suisse ; 18(795): 1717-1720, 2022 Sep 14.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36103123

RESUMO

Hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor in our population. This condition is widely recognized as an exacerbating factor for several physiopathological mechanisms, especially under an intense physical effort. In this article we focus on the link between high blood pressure and risk factors in scuba diving. In particular, we illustrate how a hypertensive diver is exposed to an increased risk of acute immersion pulmonary edema, as well as cardiac death.


L'hypertension artérielle est un facteur de risque cardiovasculaire prépondérant dans notre population. Elle est reconnue comme pouvant exacerber de nombreux mécanismes physiopathologiques lors de conditions d'efforts. Dans cet article, nous nous focalisons sur le lien entre l'hypertension artérielle et le risque qu'elle pourrait représenter lors de la pratique de la plongée sous-marine. En particulier, nous illustrerons comment un plongeur hypertendu peut être exposé à un risque augmenté d'œdème pulmonaire aigu d'immersion, ainsi qu'à la mort subite d'origine cardiaque.


Assuntos
Mergulho , Hipertensão , Edema Pulmonar , Mergulho/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Hipertensão/etiologia , Edema Pulmonar/etiologia , Fatores de Risco
10.
BMC Nephrol ; 22(1): 325, 2021 09 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34592938

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Hypertension (HT) is associated with adverse outcomes in kidney transplant (KTX) recipients. Blunting of physiological decrease in nighttime compared to daytime blood pressure (non-dipping status) is frequent in this setting. However, weather non-dipping is independently associated with renal function decline in KTX patients is unknown. METHODS: We retrospectively screened KTX outpatients attending for a routine ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) (T1) at a single tertiary hospital. Patients had two successive follow-up visits, 1 (T2) and 2 (T3) years later respectively. Routine clinical and laboratory data were collected at each visit. Mixed linear regression models were used with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as the dependent variable. RESULTS: A total of 123 patients were included with a mean follow-up of 2.12 ± 0.45 years after ABPM. Mean age and eGFR at T1 were 56.0 ± 15.1 and 54.9 ± 20.0 mL/min/1.73m2 respectively. 61 patients (50.4%) had sustained HT and 81 (65.8%) were non-dippers. In multivariate analysis, systolic dipping status was positively associated with eGFR (p = 0.009) and compared to non-dippers, dippers had a 10.4 mL/min/1.73m2 higher eGFR. HT was negatively associated with eGFR (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: We confirm a high prevalence of non-dippers in KTX recipients. We suggest that preserved systolic dipping is associated with improved renal function in this setting independently of potential confounders, including HT and proteinuria. Whether modification of dipping status by chronotherapy would preserve renal function remains to be tested in clinical trials.


Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Transplante de Rim , Rim/fisiopatologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos
11.
Blood Press ; 30(6): 332-340, 2021 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34227452

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Poor adherence to drug therapy and inadequate drug regimens are two frequent factors responsible for the poor blood pressure (BP) control observed in patients with apparent resistant hypertension. We evaluated the efficacy of an antihypertensive management strategy combining a standardised therapy with three long acting drugs and electronic monitoring of drug adherence in patients with apparent resistant hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this multicentric observational study, adult patients with residual hypertension on 24 h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABMP) despite the use of three or more antihypertensive drugs could be included. Olmesartan/amlodipine (40/10 mg, single pill fixed-dose combination) and chlorthalidone (25 mg) were prescribed for 3 months in two separated electronic pills boxes (EPB). The primary outcome was 24 h ambulatory systolic BP (SBP) control at 3 months, defined as mean SBP <130 mmHg. RESULTS: We enrolled 48 patients (36.0% women) of whom 35 had complete EPB data. After 3 months, 52.1% of patients had 24 h SBP <130 mmHg. 24 h SBP decreased by respectively -9.1 ± 15.5 mmHg, -22.8 ± 30.6 mmHg and -27.7 ± 16.6 mmHg from the tertile with the lowest adherence to the tertile with the highest adherence to the single pill combination (p = 0.024). A similar trend was observed with tertiles of adherence to chlorthalidone. Adherence superior to 90% was associated with 24 h systolic and diastolic blood pressure control in multiple logistic regression analysis (odds ratio = 14.1 (95% confidence interval 1.1-173.3, p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: A simplified standardised antihypertensive therapy combined with electronic monitoring of adherence normalises SBP in about half of patients with apparent resistant hypertension. Such combined management strategy enables identifying patients who need complementary investigations and those who rather need a long-term support of their adherence.


Assuntos
Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial , Hipertensão , Adulto , Anlodipino , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Pressão Sanguínea , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Adesão à Medicação , Resultado do Tratamento
12.
Rev Med Suisse ; 17(750): 1562-1566, 2021 Sep 15.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34528419

RESUMO

Blood pressure (BP) variability appears to be a cardiovascular risk factor in its own right. Seasonal and temperature changes contribute to BP variations in the medium term with increased BP values in winter and lowered values in summer, and in the short term by influencing the circadian rhythm of BP. International societies have not issued specific recommendations on the detection of patients at risk of significant seasonal variations in BP, nor on the possible adaptation of antihypertensive treatments. This is a topical issue in the context of global warming, which will make these seasonal differences more significant in the future. Measuring BP outside the medical setting can be of great help in screening and monitoring these patients.


La variabilité de la pression artérielle (PA) semble être un facteur de risque cardiovasculaire à part entière. Les changements de saison et de température participent aux variations de la PA à moyen terme avec des valeurs tensionnelles augmentées en hiver et abaissées en été et à court terme en influençant le rythme circadien de la PA. Les sociétés internationales n'ont pas émis de recommandations spécifiques sur la détection des patients à risque de présenter des variations saisonnières importantes de la PA, ni sur l'adaptation éventuelle des traitements antihypertenseurs. Le sujet est d'actualité à l'heure du réchauffement climatique qui pourrait rendre ces différences saisonnières plus importantes à l'avenir. La mesure de la PA hors du milieu médical peut être d'une grande aide au dépistage et au suivi de ces patients.


Assuntos
Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial , Hipertensão , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Pressão Sanguínea , Ritmo Circadiano , Humanos , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Estações do Ano
13.
Rev Med Suisse ; 17(750): 1556-1559, 2021 Sep 15.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34528418

RESUMO

Thiazide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide) and « thiazide-like ¼ (chlorthalidone, indapamide) are widely prescribed due to their effectiveness in the treatment of arterial hypertension. The use of thiazides may be complicated by hyponatremia that is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of thiazide-induced hyponatremia is not yet clear. It is currently difficult to predict who will develop thiazide-induced hyponatremia. Genetic predisposition is considered, and several studies are attempting to clarify it in order to identify patients at risk of developing hyponatremia after taking a thiazide. Their reintroduction to a patient who already presented hyponatremia upon thiazide should be avoided.


Les diurétiques thiazidiques (hydrochlorothiazide) et thiazidiques apparentés (chlortalidone, indapamide) sont largement prescrits du fait de leur efficacité dans le traitement de l'hypertension artérielle. La prise de thiazidiques peut se compliquer d'une hyponatrémie associée à une morbidité et une mortalité augmentées. La physiopathologie de cette hyponatrémie n'est pas encore totalement élucidée. Il est à l'heure actuelle difficile de prédire qui va présenter une hyponatrémie induite par les thiazidiques. Une susceptibilité génétique a été envisagée et plusieurs études tentent de la préciser dans le but d'identifier les patients à risque de développer une hyponatrémie après la mise sous thiazidiques. Chez un patient qui a présenté une hyponatrémie sur thiazidiques, leur réintroduction devrait être évitée.


Assuntos
Hiponatremia , Indapamida , Anti-Hipertensivos/efeitos adversos , Clortalidona/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Hiponatremia/induzido quimicamente , Tiazidas/efeitos adversos
14.
Rev Med Suisse ; 17(723): 192-195, 2021 Jan 27.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33507659

RESUMO

Nowadays, hardly half of treated patients do not reach ideal blood pressure targets. New approaches could help, such as the creation of a multidisciplinary network of patients, doctors, pharmacists, with the favorable effects of telemonitoring on blood pressure control and cardiovascular outcomes. An excessive fall of blood pressure (BP) after a hemorrhagic stroke, when systolic BP is superior to 220 mm Hg, is deleterious. Improvement of renal denervation techniques, along with indications expansion, will complete the arsenal of care. Hypertensive pregnant women transmit BP values to their offsprings, leading to earlier prevention. Finally, visit-to-visit BP variability puts a considerable strain on the cognitive risk and dementia of hypertensive people.


De nos jours, la moitié des sujets hypertendus traités n'atteint pas les cibles tensionnelles idéales. De nouvelles approches pourraient aider comme la création d'un réseau multidisciplinaire entre patient, médecin, pharmacien, avec les bénéfices d'une télésurveillance sur le contrôle tensionnel et sur les issues cardiovasculaires. Un abaissement tensionnel trop marqué après un AVC hémorragique, même en cas de valeurs supérieures à 220 mm Hg, est délétère. L'amélioration des techniques de dénervation rénale, avec l'élargissement de ses indications, va compléter l'arsenal de prise en charge. La femme enceinte hypertendue transmet les valeurs tensionnelles à sa descendance, menant à une prévention plus précoce. Enfin, la variabilité tensionnelle d'une visite médicale à l'autre grève passablement le risque cognitif et de démence des malades hypertendus.


Assuntos
Hipertensão , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Pressão Sanguínea , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Rim , Farmacêuticos , Gravidez
15.
Rev Med Suisse ; 16(693): 1003-1007, 2020 May 13.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32401442

RESUMO

ACE2 is not only an enzyme that counters the effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) but is also the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, the virus of the Covid-19 pandemic. Some experimental data suggest that ACE inhibitors and ARBs increase ACE2 levels, thus raising concerns on their security in Covid-19 positive patients. However, some studies have shown protection by these drugs in lower tract respiratory infections and ARDS. The actual consensus is to continue the treatment with RAAS inhibitors, abrupt withdrawal, especially in patients with cardiac or renal conditions, being hazardous in terms of cardiovascular outcomes, except in patients hospitalized in intensive care with hemodynamic instability. This position statement is actually unanimous among all international learned societies.


L'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine ACE2 est le récepteur membranaire du virus SARS-CoV-2, permettant son entrée dans les cellules cibles. ACE2 est également une enzyme qui contrebalance les effets de l'axe classique angiotensine II et récepteur AT1 du système rénine-angiotensine. Cette double fonction a suscité des craintes par rapport à une augmentation du risque d'infection ou de complications chez les patient·es traité·es par cette classe d'antihypertenseurs. Toutefois il existe des arguments opposés faisant penser que ces médicaments seraient plutôt protecteurs dans certaines affections pulmonaires virales aiguës. Le consensus actuel est de ne pas interrompre ces médications, sauf chez les patient·es hospitalisé·es hémodynamiquement instables, au vu du danger d'une suspension brutale en cas de pathologie cardiaque ou rénale.


Assuntos
Aldosterona , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/uso terapêutico , Angiotensinas , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Peptidil Dipeptidase A , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/efeitos adversos , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Humanos , Pandemias , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/fisiologia , Renina , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/fisiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19
16.
Rev Med Suisse ; 16(706): 1673-1675, 2020 Sep 16.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32936546

RESUMO

White coat hypertension is a frequent phenomenon. Its diagnosis is based on 24-hours ambulatory blood pressure monitoring or repeated home blood pressure measurement. It has been recognised now as a hypertension phenotype of which innocence is under debate. Some recent studies have suggested an association with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines put strong emphasis on detecting it and taking it in charge with lifestyle changes in addition to drug treatment in specific situations, to lower cardiovascular risk.


L'hypertension (HTA) dite «â€…de la blouse blanche ¼ est un phénomène fréquent dont le diagnostic repose sur la réalisation d'une mesure ambulatoire de la pression artérielle ou d'automesures à domicile. Longtemps ignoré, ce phénotype d'hypertension est maintenant reconnu et son aspect «â€…bénin ¼ est débattu. Plusieurs publications récentes retrouvent un lien entre une HTA de la blouse blanche et une augmentation du risque cardiovasculaire. Dans ce contexte, la Société européenne d'hypertension et la Société européenne de cardiologie insistent sur l'importance de la détecter afin de mettre en place une stratégie appropriée comprenant des mesures hygiéno-diététiques, associées, au cas par cas, à un traitement médicamenteux afin de diminuer le risque cardiovasculaire.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações , Hipertensão do Jaleco Branco/complicações , Pressão Sanguínea , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Hipertensão do Jaleco Branco/diagnóstico
17.
Rev Med Suisse ; 15(662): 1625-1628, 2019 Sep 11.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31508914

RESUMO

The salt sensitivity of the blood pressure (SSBP) is defined as a rise or fall in blood pressure induced by a change in sodium intake. There is an interindividual variation and no strong diagnostic criteria exist to date. The SSBP may lead to underestimation of the beneficial effect of sodium restriction in some patients in meta-analyzes. High sodium intake in salt sensitive patients results in an increase in the prevalence of hypertension and target organ damage. The etiology seems to be a failure of one or more natriuretic mechanisms. Some environmental, genetic and epidemiological factors increase its susceptibility. Per se, SSBP cannot be treated, but its identification may help in preventing hypertension and adapt the treatment in some populations.


La sensibilité au sel de la pression artérielle (SSPA) est définie par une élévation ou une baisse de la pression artérielle induite par un changement d'apport sodé. Cette réponse tensionnelle varie selon les individus et aucun critère diagnostique clair n'est établi à ce jour. La SSPA masque probablement l'effet bénéfique d'une restriction sodée chez certains patients dans les méta-analyses. La consommation exagérée de sodium chez les individus dits sensibles au sodium a pour conséquence une augmentation de la prévalence de l'hypertension et des atteintes d'organes cibles. L'étiologie semble être essentiellement une défaillance d'un ou plusieurs mécanismes natriurétiques. La SSPA en soit ne se traite pas, mais son identification permet une meilleure prévention et une adaptation de la prise en charge de l'hypertension artérielle dans certaines populations.


Assuntos
Variação Biológica Individual , Hipertensão/induzido quimicamente , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Hipertensão/diagnóstico
18.
Rev Med Suisse ; 15(662): 1629-1632, 2019 Sep 11.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31508915

RESUMO

Arterial hypertension (HT) affects hundreds millions of people suffering from chronic kidney disease: it could be a cause or a consequence. HT can aggravate their prognosis and then lead to a very high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. HT must be systematically screened and optimally taken care of. However, general practitioners actually lack unambiguous guidelines regarding patients with kidney diseases. This article underlines the necessity and modalities of a precise diagnosis, and aims to discuss the last studies supporting new and better therapeutic targets. The pathophysiological aspects of HT in chronic kidney diseases are also discussed.


L'hypertension artérielle (HTA) concerne des centaines de millions de patients souffrant de maladie rénale chronique (MRC) : elle peut en être la cause ou la conséquence. Le pronostic des patients peut être considérablement aggravé par l'HTA, et entraîne alors une morbidité et une mortalité cardiovasculaires très élevées. Le dépistage systématique de l'HTA est donc essentiel, de même que sa prise en charge optimale. Et pourtant, des recommandations claires font encore défaut à l'arsenal des praticiens, en cas de maladies rénales. En insistant sur la nécessité et les modalités d'un diagnostic précis de l'HTA, cet article fait le point sur certains aspects physiopathologiques de l'HTA lors des maladies rénales chroniques, et discute des dernières études portant sur les nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques.


Assuntos
Hipertensão/complicações , Hipertensão/terapia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Humanos , Hipertensão/mortalidade , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Prognóstico , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Fatores de Risco
19.
Rev Med Suisse ; 15(662): 1603-1606, 2019 Sep 11.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31508911

RESUMO

Hypertensive disorders of the pregnancy represent a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Immediate and future complications are already well known, but recently gestational hypertension emerged as an equally serious risk factor for future maternal health. This article so offers a review of knowledge and recent changes about the diagnosis, treatment and long-term follow-up of hypertensive troubles of the pregnancy which are useful to know for the general practitioner. It also describes the ambulatory follow-up that has been implemented in the University hospitals of Geneva.


Les troubles hypertensifs de la grossesse représentent une des principales causes de morbidité et de mortalité materno-fœtales. On connaissait déjà les complications immédiates et futures de la prééclampsie pour la mère et son enfant, mais l'hypertension gestationnelle transitoire a récemment émergé comme un facteur de risque tout aussi sérieux pour la santé maternelle future. Cet article propose donc une revue des connaissances et des changements récents sur le diagnostic, le traitement et le suivi au long terme des troubles hypertensifs gestationnels, qui sont utiles à connaître pour l'interniste généraliste. Il décrit également le suivi ambulatoire qui a été mis en place aux Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève.


Assuntos
Hipertensão Induzida pela Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão Induzida pela Gravidez/diagnóstico , Hipertensão Induzida pela Gravidez/mortalidade , Hipertensão Induzida pela Gravidez/terapia , Gravidez , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Fatores de Risco
20.
Rev Med Suisse ; 15(662): 1608-1613, 2019 Sep 11.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31508912

RESUMO

After numerous years of research and development of effective anti-hypertensive drugs, it is regrettable to note that less than half of hypertensive patients reach the blood pressure targets that are known to reduce their cardiovascular risks and mortality. Poor adherence to treatment is one of the main causes of insufficient blood pressure control. Furthermore, non-adherence to anti-hypertensive therapy correlates with higher risks of cardiovascular events. The objective of health professionals is to identify non adherent patients and to offer them appropriate solutions to support their treatment self-management. Innovative approaches like using electronic pillboxes combined with an interprofessional medication adherence support program should allow a more appropriate and effective care.


Après tant d'années de recherche et de développement de médicaments efficaces pour faire baisser la tension artérielle, il est regrettable de constater que moins de la moitié des patients hypertendus atteignent les cibles tensionnelles, censées réduire leurs risques cardiovasculaires. L'adhésion thérapeutique sous-optimale des patients est l'une des causes principales de ce contrôle tensionnel insuffisant. De plus, la non-adhésion au traitement antihypertenseur est corrélée à un risque cardiovasculaire plus élevé. L'objectif du professionnel de santé est d'identifier les patients non adhérents et de leur proposer des solutions adaptées afin de soutenir leur autogestion du traitement. Des approches innovantes, comme l'utilisation des piluliers électroniques combinée à une consultation interprofessionnelle dédiée à l'adhésion thérapeutique, devraient nous permettre une prise en charge plus adaptée et efficace.


Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/psicologia , Adesão à Medicação , Anti-Hipertensivos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia
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