Geographic differences in the distribution of molecular subtypes of breast cancer in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: To compare the distribution of the intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancer based on immunohistochemical profile in the five major geographic regions of Brazil, a country of continental dimension, with a wide racial variation of people. METHODS: The study was retrospective observational. We classified 5,687 invasive breast cancers by molecular subtype based on immunohistochemical expression of estrogen-receptor (ER), progesterone-receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and Ki-67 proliferation index. Cases were classified as luminal A (ER and/or PR positive and HER2 negative, Ki-67 < 14%), luminal B (ER and/or PR positive, HER2 negative, and Ki-67 > 14%), triple-positive (ER and/or PR positive and HER2 positive), HER2-enriched (ER and PR negative, and HER2- positive), and triple-negative (TN) (ER negative, PR negative, and HER2- negative). Comparisons of the ages of patients and molecular subtypes between different geographic regions were performed. RESULTS: South and Southeast regions with a higher percentage of European ancestry and higher socioeconomic status presented with the highest proportion of luminal tumors. The North region presented with more aggressive subtypes (HER2-enriched and triple-negative), while the Central-West region predominated triple-positive carcinomas. The Northeast--a region with a high African influence--presented intermediate frequency of the different molecular subtypes. The differences persisted in subgroups of patients under and over 50 years. CONCLUSIONS: The geographic regions differ according to the distribution of molecular subtypes of breast cancer. However, other differences, beside those related to African ancestry, such as socioeconomic, climatic, nutritional, and geographic, have to be considered to explain our results. The knowledge of the differences in breast cancer characteristics among the geographic regions may help to organize healthcare programs in large countries like Brazil with diverse economic and race composition among different geographic regions.

Analysis by MRI of residual tumor after radiofrequency ablation for early stage breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MRI in the detection of possible residual lesions after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the treatment of breast cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 14 patients who had undergone ultrasound-guided core biopsies diagnostic of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC; range of diameters, 1.0-3.0 cm) and then ultrasound-guided percutaneous RFA with sentinel node biopsy as the primary treatment. Breast MRI was performed 1 week before RFA to evaluate tumor extension and again 3 weeks after RFA to verify the presence of possible residual lesions. Conventional surgical resection of the tumors was performed 1 week after RFA. The MRI findings were compared with histopathologic analyses to confirm the presence or absence of residual tumor. RESULTS: There was no residual enhancement in seven lesions on the postablation breast MRI scans. These findings were confirmed by negative histopathologic findings in the surgical specimens. The MRI scans of five patients showed small areas of irregular enhancement that corresponded to residual lesions. In the two remaining patients, we observed enhancement of almost the entire lesion, indicating that RFA had failed. CONCLUSION: Breast MRI is effective in detecting residual lesions after RFA in patients with IDC.

HLA-G is upregulated in advanced endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the HLA-G immunomodulatory protein is potentially involved in the pathophysiology of endometriosis or disease progression. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study of 227 women who underwent laparoscopy, being 146 for endometriosis excision and 81 for elective tubal ligation (control group). Soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) levels in the serum and peritoneal fluid (PF), as well as the HLA-G protein expression in matched eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with and without endometriosis were evaluated by ELISA and immunohistochemistry assays, respectively. Women with endometriosis were separated into groups according to the initial (I/II, n = 60) and advanced (III/IV, n = 86) stages of disease. sHLA-G measurement was performed only in women with matched serum and PF samples in both the control (CTRL; n = 77) and endometriosis (EDT; I-II, n = 60; III-IV, n = 83) groups. HLA-G protein expression was evaluated in 26 women with deep endometriosis (I-II, n = 12; III-IV, n = 14) and 22 controls. RESULTS: Higher concentrations of sHLA-G (P = 0.013) in the serum but not in the PF were observed in women with advanced endometriosis compared to the control group. In situ expression of HLA-G protein was also higher in ectopic (P = 0.018) but not in eutopic endometrium of women with advanced endometriosis compared to control group. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that HLA-G upregulation in advanced stages may contribute to the state of immunosuppression in endometriosis as disease progresses.

Cat scratch disease presenting as axillary lymphadenopathy and a palpable benign mammary nodule mimicking a carcinoma.

We present a case involving a 74-year-old woman with cat scratch disease characterized by an enlarged and hard axillary lymph node as well as a palpable breast nodule mimicking a carcinoma. The lymph node and the breast nodule were excised. The pathologic examinations revealed granulomatous lymphadenitis with gram-negative bacilli and an intraductal papilloma. Antibiotic therapy (azithromycin) was prescribed and the patient's clinical evolution was excellent.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A pilot study.

AIMS: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLN) seems to represent a reliable method for early breast cancer staging, offering an alternative to complete axillary dissection. METHODS: The identification of sentinel node(s), their localization and the predictive capacity of SLN were analysed in 42 patients who had neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Dextran labelled with (99m)Tc was injected close to the tumor. The radioactive uptake in the axilla was detected by scintigraphic images and by a hand-held probe guided the SLN. RESULTS: One or more sentinel nodes were identified in 41 patients (97.6%). We could accurately predict axillary lymph nodes status in 93% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: SLN can predict the status of the axilla in patients who have received primary chemotherapy.

Fat necrosis of the breast: mammographic, sonographic, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging findings.

Fat necrosis of the breast is a benign inflammatory process that may be mistaken for cancer in clinical examination or imaging studies. Although its mammographic manifestations are well known, data from other imaging modes, particularly sonography and magnetic resonance imaging, are limited. With the growing number of breast surgeries performed today (eg, breast-conserving, autologous tissue reconstruction, mammoplasty), fat necrosis is seen more often in daily practice. Knowledge of its imaging features could improve clinical management, including the avoidance of unnecessary biopsy procedures. The main objectives of this article are to review the literature and to relate the manifestations of fat necrosis on mammography, sonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography to their associated histopathologic events.

Cat scratch disease presenting as axillary lymphadenopathy and a palpable benign mammary nodule mimicking a carcinoma

Abstract We present a case involving a 74-year-old woman with cat scratch disease characterized by an enlarged and hard axillary lymph node as well as a palpable breast nodule mimicking a carcinoma. The lymph node and the breast nodule were excised. The pathologic examinations revealed granulomatous lymphadenitis with gram-negative bacilli and an intraductal papilloma. Antibiotic therapy (azithromycin) was prescribed and the patient's clinical evolution was excellent.

Coordinated expression of oestrogen and androgen receptors in HER2-positive breast carcinomas: impact on proliferative activity.

AIMS: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancers are aggressive neoplasms associated with a variable response to systemic therapies. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers to better characterise this heterogeneity would improve treatment efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of androgen receptor (AR) and oestrogen receptor (ER) on clinicopathological features in a series of HER2-positive breast carcinomas. METHODS: A total of 104 carcinomas were selected and reviewed. Immunohistochemical studies for ER, progesterone receptor and Ki-67 were analysed on tumour whole histological sections. AR expression was analysed on samples represented on tissue microarrays. According to steroid receptor expression, cases were classified into three groups: AR positive/ER positive (48 cases), AR positive/ER negative (41 cases) and AR negative/ER negative (13 cases). RESULTS: AR-positive tumours corresponded to 89 (85.6%) of 104 carcinomas. AR-positive carcinomas were associated with a higher frequency of ER and progesterone receptor co-expression and lower proliferative activity determined by the expression of Ki-67. AR-negative carcinomas were more often high grade. The group of AR-positive/ER-negative carcinomas was associated with the highest frequency of apocrine morphological features. The group of AR-negative/ER-negative carcinomas was associated with the highest proliferative activity and the highest frequency of high histological and nuclear grade. The lowest frequency of high-grade tumours and the lowest proliferative activity were seen among tumours with expression of both receptors. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that co-expression of AR and ER can provide a protective effect based on phenotypical presentation of HER2-positive carcinomas. Furthermore, lack of both steroid hormone receptors characterises the most aggressive phenotype.

IDIOPATHIC GRANULOMATOUS MASTITIS: DIAGNOSIS AND FOLLOW-UP WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING / Mastite granulomatosa idiopática: diagnóstico e seguimento com ressonância magnética

Granulomatous mastitis is a rare and benign condition of the breast that, in some cases, has an unknown etiology of benign inflammatory disease know as idiopathic mastitis. Your diagnosis is usually made by exclusion. Imaging tests have shown nonspecific findings that may suggest an inflammatory disease, a carcinoma, or no changes. A differential diagnosis should be made with other causes of mastitis, always alerting to the risk of inflammatory carcinoma. Imaging tests are more useful to rule out malignancy than to confirm idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Because both imaging and physical examination can mimic a malignant lesion of the breast, the histopathological report is fundamental to establish the diagnosis. Its etiology remains unknown, so the treatment is controversial in the literature, with some authors recommending surgery, others immunosuppression, and, finally, some antibiotics. We report the case of a 21-year-old woman with a suspected lesion in the breast associated with papillary discharge. During the investigation, there was a 12 x 6 x 8.5 cm enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging associated with inflammatory signs on the skin and lymph nodes. Anatomopathological examination revealed a idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. The enhancement disappeared completely after conservative treatment with corticosteroids. Mammography and ultrasound may also demonstrate nonspecific changes, such as focal asymmetry, undefined mass, or distortion. Despite the limitations of the imaging studies, it has been demonstrated in this report that MRI can be used to monitor the clinical response to conservative treatment and follow-up by the risk of recurrence.

A mastite granulomatosa é uma condição rara e benigna da mama que, em alguns casos, possui etiologia desconhecida de doença inflamatória benigna, a mastite idiopática. Seu diagnóstico normalmente é feito por exclusão. Os exames de imagens têm demonstrado achados inespecíficos que podem sugerir uma doença inflamatória, um carcinoma ou não apresentar alterações. Deve ser realizado um diagnóstico diferencial com outras causas de mastites, sempre alertando para o risco de carcinoma inflamatório. Os exames de imagem servem mais para descartar uma malignidade do que para confirmar a mastite granulomatosa idiopática. Em função de tanto os exames de imagem como o exame físico poderem simular uma lesão maligna da mama, o laudo histopatológico é fundamental para estabelecer o diagnóstico. A sua etiologia permanece desconhecida, portanto, o tratamento é controverso na literatura, com alguns autores recomendando cirurgia, outros a imunossupressão e, por fim, alguns antibióticos. É apresentado o caso de uma paciente de 21 anos com uma lesão suspeita na mama associada à descarga papilar. Durante a investigação, houve um realce de 12 x 6 x 8,5 cm na ressonância magnética associado a sinais inflamatórios na pele e nos linfonodos. O exame anatomopatológico evidenciou um quadro de mastite granulomatosa idiopática. O realce desapareceu completamente após o tratamento conservador com corticoterapia. A mamografia e o ultrassom também podem demonstrar alterações inespecíficas, tais como assimetria focal, massa indefinida ou distorção. Apesar das limitações dos exames de imagem, demonstrou-se, neste relato, que a ressonância magnética pode ser utilizada para monitorar a resposta clínica ao tratamento conservador e o acompanhamento pelo risco de recorrência.

[Occult metastasis in sentinel lymph node in early-stage breast cancer]. / Metástase oculta em linfonodo sentinela no câncer de mama em estádios iniciais.

PURPOSE: sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer patients has been substituting the total axillary lymph node is presented dissection. The technique of processing the sentinel lymph node and the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of occult metastasis identification based on the standard histological and immunohistochemical examination. METHODS: between 2002 and 2005, 266 sentinel lymph nodes were harvested from axillary biopsy of 170 patients with early stage breast cancer. All lymph nodes were considered to be negative according to standard intra-operative cytological assessment. Lymph nodes were transversally sectioned in four or five slices and embedded in paraffin blocks. Two paraffin-embedded tissue sections with 4 microm in thickness were mounted on glass slides and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and immunoperoxidase (cytokeratin AE1/AE3) techniques. RESULTS: standard histological examination identified metastasis in 22 patients (12.9%) and micrometastatic disease was observed in six of these patients (3.5%). The immunohistochemical examination identified metastatic disease in 16 patients (9.4%). Among them, isolated tumor cells were observed in 11 (6.5%) and micrometastases were identified in five (2.9%). CONCLUSIONS: the association of the standard histological examination and immunohistochemical technique increases the chances of sentinel lymph node metastasis identification.

Metástase oculta em linfonodo sentinela no câncer de mama em estádios iniciais / Occult metastasis in sentinel lymph node in early-stage breast cancer

OBJETIVO: a identificação e biópsia do linfonodo sentinela (LS) no câncer de mama em estádio inicial vêm substituindo a dissecção axilar total. Neste estudo, será apresentada a técnica de processamento do LS, visando o diagnóstico de metástase oculta com base no exame histológico e imuno-histoquímico. MÉTODOS: entre os anos de 2002 e 2005, 266 linfonodos sentinelas foram dissecados em 170 pacientes com câncer de mama em estádio inicial. Foram incluídos apenas os linfonodos considerados negativos durante análise intra-operatória por citologia. Os linfonodos foram seccionados tranversalmente em quatro ou cinco fatias e incluídos em parafina. Em cada bloco de parafina, dois cortes histológicos com 4 µm de espessura foram montados em lâminas para microscopia de luz e corados pela técnica da hematoxilina-eosina e imunoperoxidase (citoqueratina AE1/AE3). RESULTADOS: a avaliação histológica convencional identificou metástase no LS de 22 pacientes (12,9 por cento). Em seis destas (3,5 por cento), o acometimento foi do tipo micrometástase. Já a metástase oculta diagnosticada exclusivamente pela imuno-histoquímica ocorreu em 16 pacientes (9,4 por cento). Em 11 destas (6,5 por cento) foram detectadas células tumorais isoladas e em cinco (2,9 por cento), micrometástases. CONCLUSÕES: a associação do exame histológico de parafina e imuno-histoquímica aumenta a capacidade de identificar metástase oculta no LS de pacientes com câncer de mama em estádios iniciais.

PURPOSE: sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer patients has been substituting the total axillary lymph node is presented dissection. The technique of processing the sentinel lymph node and the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of occult metastasis identification based on the standard histological and immunohistochemical examination. METHODS: between 2002 and 2005, 266 sentinel lymph nodes were harvested from axillary biopsy of 170 patients with early stage breast cancer. All lymph nodes were considered to be negative according to standard intra-operative cytological assessment. Lymph nodes were transversally sectioned in four or five slices and embedded in paraffin blocks. Two paraffin-embedded tissue sections with 4 µm in thickness were mounted on glass slides and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and immunoperoxidase (cytokeratin AE1/AE3) techniques. RESULTS: standard histological examination identified metastasis in 22 patients (12.9 percent) and micrometastatic disease was observed in six of these patients (3.5 percent). The immunohistochemical examination identified metastatic disease in 16 patients (9.4 percent). Among them, isolated tumor cells were observed in 11 (6.5 percent) and micrometastases were identified in five (2.9 percent). CONCLUSIONS: the association of the standard histological examination and immunohistochemical technique increases the chances of sentinel lymph node metastasis identification.

Estudo clinicopatológico das ginecomastias: apresentação de 60 casos e estudo anatomopatológico de 81 espécimens / Clinicopathological study of gynecomastias: description of 60 cases and phatological of 81 surgical specimens

Objetivos: Neste estudo retrospectivo, a proposta foi analisar características clínicas e histopatológicas nos casos de ginecomastia. Métodos: Foram recuperados 60 prontuários de pacientes e 81 espécimens correspondentes ao produto de exérese das glândulas mamárias de 45 dos pacientes, todos revisados e analisados quanto a sinais de diferenciação lobular, presença e tipo de lesões com células colunares, hiperplasia epitelial, atipias epiteliais, tipo de componente estromal e presença de hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa do estroma. Foi realizada a pesquisa imunoistoquímica de receptor de estrogênio nos casos relacionados à adolescência e de citoqueratinas basais e luminais nos casos com atipias epiteliais. Resultados: A idade dos pacientes variou de 11 a 60 anos. A maioria (60%) esteve relacionada a aparecimento da doença no período da adolescência e associada à obesidade. Entretanto, praticamente todas as causas comumente descritas na literatura puderam ser identificadas, como hipogonadismo, hepatopatia, tumores funcionantes, patologia adrenal, uso de anabolizantes, drogas e medicamentos, inclusive um caso associado à terapia antiviral. Mais de 80% dos casos tiveram apresentação bilateral, a maioria com padrões histológicos similares em ambas as mamas. O desenvolvimento lobular foi observado na maioria dos casos do presente estudo (76,2%). As características histológicas mais frequentes foram alterações microcísticas (79%), lesões com células colunares (82,7%), hiperplasia epitelial (58,0%) e hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa do estroma (75,3%). Não se pôde observar nenhuma relação entre características histológicas e apresentação clínica. O receptor de estrogênio esteve presente em mais de 90% das células epiteliais. Os casos com atipias (9/81 espécimens) mostraram coexpressão de citoqueratinas luminal e basal. Conclusões: A ginecomastia é mais frequente em condições fisiológicas e patológicas normalmente associadas a hiperestrogenismo direta ou indireta...

Objectives: In this retrospective study we considered to analyze clinical and pathological features in gynecomastia cases. Methods: We recovered 60 hospital records and 81 pathological specimens from excision of the mammary glands of 45 patients, all revised and analyzed according signs of lobular differentiation, presence and type of columnar cells lesions, epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial atypias, type of estromal component and presence of pseudo-angiomatous stromal hyperplasia. Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen receptor was done in cases related to adolescence and detection of basal and luminal cytokeratins in cases of atypia. Results: The age of the patients varied from 11 to 60 years old. The majority (60%) was related the appearance of the illness in the period of the adolescence, mostly associated to obesity. However, practically all the commonly causes described in literature could be identified, such as hypogonadism, functional tumors, hepatopathy, adrenal pathology, use of anabolic drugs, drugs and medicines, including a case of antiviral therapy. More than 80% of the cases had bilateral presentation, the majority with similar pathological features in both breasts. Lobular differentiation was observed in the majority of our cases (76.2%). The most frequent histological features were microcystic changes (79%), columnar cell lesions (82.7%), epithelial hiperplasia (58.0%) and pseudo-angiomatous stromal hyperplasia (75.3%). We could not observe any relation between histological and clinical presentation. Estrogen receptor was present in more than 90% of epithelial cells. Cases with atypia (9/81 specimens) showed co-expression of basal and luminal cytokeratins. Conclusions: Gynecomastia is more frequent in physiological and pathological conditions associated direct or indirectly to hyperestrogenism. Epithelial atypias, morphologically similar to the precursors...

Conization, frozen section examination, and planned hysterectomy in the treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

PURPOSE: We tested the role of frozen section examination of the cone specimen in the evaluation of the resection margin status and to rule out invasion in patients with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia underwent conization followed by frozen section examination and planned hysterectomy. The results of the definitive paraffin exam were compared with frozen section examination. RESULTS: In the evaluation of the margins by frozen section examination, 16 patients (64 percent) had positive cone margins and 9 (36 percent) had negative margins. The definitive paraffin examination of margin status was concordant in all the cases. Intraoperative diagnosis of invasion was made in 5 cases, and 1 of these was microinvasive. Among the remaining 20 cases, we detected 2 additional microinvasive carcinomas after paraffin study, so the diagnosis of the frozen section examination was concordant with the paraffin sections in 23/25 cases (92 percent). Two cases of microinvasive carcinoma were diagnosed as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by frozen section examination and had less than 2 mm stromal invasion. CONCLUSIONS: In high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, frozen section examination can provide immediate and precise evaluation of the cone margin status in high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. It can identify frank invasion and permit adequate treatment in a one-stage procedure. In early microinvasive disease, frozen section examination fails to detect the area of invasion but reliably detects clear resection margins

Acurácia do linfonodo sentinela em pacientes com câncer inicial da mama tratada com quimioterapia neoadjuvante / Sentinel lymph node accuracy in early breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Objetivo: avaliar a capacidade preditiva do estudo do linfonodo sentinela (LS) em relaçäo ao estado linfonodal axilar em pacientes com carcinoma invasor inicial de mama submetidas ou näo a quimioterapia neoadjuvante. Métodos: foi realizado estudo prospectivo de 112 pacientes, que foram divididas em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo foi constituído por 70 pacientes que näo receberam quimioterapia prévia (Grupo I) e o segundo foi formado por 42 pacientes que foram submetidas a quimioterapia neoadjuvante, com três ciclos do esquema AC (adriamicina + ciclofosfamida) (Grupo II). A resposta à quimioterapia foi parcial > 50 por cento em 21 pacientes, sendo que em três foi completa, e parcial < 50 por cento em 19 pacientes; em duas pacientes houve progressäo da doença. Procedeu-se à injeçäo peritumoral de dextram marcado com 99mTc. A mesma foi realizada com auxílio de estereotaxia em 29 pacientes com tumores näo palpáveis, sendo 16 do grupo I e 13 do grupo II. Os acúmulos radioativos demonstrados por cintilografia orientaram a biópsia do LS axilar, com auxílio de probe portátil. O estudo anatomopatológico dos LS compreendeu inicialmente um único corte histológico. Os LS livres foram submetidos a cortes seriados a cada 50 µm e corados por HE. Resultados: o LS foi identificado em 108 pacientes. Em três pacientes do grupo I e em uma do grupo II, nas quais näo se obteve identificaçäo do LS, as lesöes näo eram palpáveis. A acurácia do método na prediçäo do estado linfonodal axilar foi de 100 por cento no grupo de pacientes que näo receberam quimioterapia neoadjuvante e de 93 por cento naquele em que esta forma de tratamento prévio foi utilizada. Essa diferença se mostrou estatisticamente significante. Conclusöes: o presente trabalho possibilitou-nos concluir que em todas as pacientes que näo receberam tratamento quimioterápico prévio o estudo do LS foi eficaz para predizer o estado dos linfonodos da axila. A taxa de resultados falso-negativos no grupo de pacientes submetidas à quimioterapia neoadjuvante para invalidar o emprego do estudo do LS nas mesmas.

Cicatriz radiada: freqüência e associação com lesões esclerosantes papíliferas e lesões precursoras do câncer mamário em espécimes cirúrgicos / Radical scar: frequency and association with papillary an slerosing lesions and precursors of breast cancer in surgical specimens

A cicatriz radiada (CR) é uma entidade de patogênese pouco clara, com apresentação morfológica comum a alguns papilomas e adenoses esclerosantes, o que nos motivou a verificar a real associação entre essas lesões e a sua possível relação com lesões precursoras do câncer mamário e carcinomas. Estudamos retrospectivamente 532 espécimes mamários. O diagnóstico de CR foi feito em 54 (10,1 por cento) casos, 27 (50 por cento) dos quais associados à lesão papilífera; 38 (70 por cento), à adenose esclerosante; e 43 (79,6 por cento), a pelo menos uma dessas lesões (p<0,001). O diagnóstico de hiperplasia atípica foi mas freqüente nos espécimes com CR (25,9 por cento x 8,8 por cento) (p=0,005). Embora os casos com CR apresentassem maior freqüência de associação com carcinoma in situ ou invasivo (35,2 por cento x 26,6 por cento), essa combinação não foi significante. A união da CR com as lesões papilíferas e esclerosantes sugere provável relação etiopatogênica e a possibilidade de que representem estádios evolutivos do mesmo processo. A maior probabilidade de achado de lesões proliferativas epiteliais intraductais atípicas em espécimes com CR reforça a necessidade de ampliação cirúrgica por ocasião desse diagnóstico em biópsias por agulha grossa, sugerindo que a CR possa, per se, representar lesão de risco, eventualmente relacionadas às já conhecidas

Significado da densidade microvascular na recidiva de carcinomas escamosos do colo uterino tratados com radioterapia exclusiva / Significance microvascular density (MVD) in recurrence of squamous cell carcinomas of uterine cervix treated by exclusive radiotherapy

Estudo retrospectivo conduzido em 40 pacientes com carcinoma escamoso do colo uterino tratadas com radioterapia exclusiva com o objetivo de avaliar a angiogênese como fator preditivo de recidiva. As pacientes foram tratadas em nosso serviço no período entre 1985 e 1991 e têm seguimento médio...

Adenocarcinoma precoce de duodeno: relato de caso / Early adenocarcinoma of the duodenum: report of a case

O carcinoma precoce de duodeno e extremamente raro, frequentemente assintomatico e de tratamento cirurgico controverso. Os autores relatam um caso em que o diagnostico de adenocarcinoma precoce de duodeno foi feito no pos-operatorio de uma gastrectomia 2/3 com reconstrucao a Billroth por um adenoma nao ressecavel por endoscpia em que se optou por nao realizar ampliacao da cirurgia por se tratar de um paciente com passado de peritonite de etiologia tuberculosa. O paciente encontra-se com dois anos de seguimento sem sinais de recidiva da doenca