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RATIONALE: For veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), the femoral artery is the preferred cannulation site (femoro-femoral: Vf-Af). This results in retrograde aortic flow, which increases the left ventricular afterload and can lead to severe pulmonary edema and thrombosis of the cardiac chambers. Right axillary artery cannulation (femoral-axillary: Vf-Aa) provides partial anterograde aortic flow, which may prevent some complications. This study aimed to compare the 90-day mortality and complication rates between VF-AA and VF-AF. METHODS: Consecutive adult patients with cardiogenic shock who received peripheral VA-ECMO between 2013 and 2019 at our institution were retrospectively included. The exclusion criteria were refractory cardiac arrest, multiple VA-ECMO implantations due to vascular access changes, weaning failure, or ICU readmission. A statistical approach using inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to estimate the effect of the cannulation site on the outcomes. The primary endpoint was the 90-day mortality. The secondary endpoints were vascular access complications, stroke, and other complications related to retrograde blood flow. Outcomes were estimated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: VA-ECMO was performed on 534 patients. Patients with refractory cardiac arrest (n = 77 (14%)) and those supported by multiple VA-ECMO (n = 92, (17%)) were excluded. Out of the 333 patients studied (n = 209 Vf-Aa; n = 124 VF-AF), the main indications for VA-ECMO implantation were post-cardiotomy (33%, n = 109), dilated cardiomyopathy (20%, n = 66), post-cardiac transplantation (15%, n = 50), acute myocardial infarction (14%, n = 46) and other etiologies (18%, n = 62). The median SOFA score was 9 [7-11], and the crude 90-day mortality rate was 53% (n = 175). After IPTW, the 90-day mortality was similar in the Vf-Aa and VF-AF groups (54% vs 58%, IPTW-OR = 0.84 [0.54-1.29]). Axillary artery cannulation was associated with significantly fewer local infections (OR = 0.21, 95% CI:0.09-0.51), limb ischemia (OR = 0.37, 95% CI:0.17-0.84), bowel ischemia (OR = 0.16, 95% CI:0.05-0.51) and pulmonary edema (OR = 0.52, 95% CI:0.29-0.92) episodes, but with a higher rate of stroke (OR = 2.87, 95% CI:1.08-7.62) than femoral artery cannulation. CONCLUSION: Compared to VF-AF, axillary cannulation was associated with similar 90-day mortality rates. The high rate of stroke associated with axillary artery cannulation requires further investigation.
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BACKGROUND: Postoperative morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) remain high despite recent advances in both anesthesia and perioperative management. Among modifiable risk factors for postoperative complications, optimal arterial pressure during and after surgery has been under debate for years. Recent data suggest that optimizing arterial pressure to the baseline of the patient may improve outcomes. We hypothesize that optimizing the mean arterial pressure (MAP) to the baseline MAP of the patient during cardiac surgery with CPB and during the first 24 hours postoperatively may improve outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: The OPTIPAM trial (NCT05403697) will be a multicenter, randomized, open-label controlled trial testing the superiority of optimized MAP management as compared with a MAP of 65 mm Hg or more during both the intraoperative and postoperative periods in 1,100 patients scheduled for cardiac surgery with CPB. The primary composite end point is the occurrence of acute kidney injury, neurological complications including stroke or postoperative delirium, and death. The secondary end points are hospital and intensive care unit lengths of stay, Day 7 and Day 90 mortality, postoperative cognitive dysfunction on Day 7 and Day 90, and quality of life at Day 7 and Day 90. Two interim analyses will assess the safety of the intervention. CONCLUSION: The OPTIPAM trial will assess the effectiveness of an individualized target of mean arterial pressure in cardiac surgery with CPB in reducing postoperative morbidity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05403697.
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Pressão Arterial , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Humanos , Qualidade de Vida , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/efeitos adversos , Hemodinâmica , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Ponte Cardiopulmonar/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite expanding use, knowledge on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support during the COVID-19 pandemic remains limited. The objective was to report characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with a diagnosis of COVID-19 in France and to identify pre-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation factors associated with in-hospital mortality. A hypothesis of similar mortality rates and risk factors for COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was made. METHODS: The Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Respiratory Failure and/or Heart failure related to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (ECMOSARS) registry included COVID-19 patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in France. This study analyzed patients included in this registry up to October 25, 2020, and supported by venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure with a minimum follow-up of 28 days after cannulation. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 494 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients included in the registry, 429 were initially supported by venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and followed for at least 28 days. The median (interquartile range) age was 54 yr (46 to 60 yr), and 338 of 429 (79%) were men. Management before extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation included prone positioning for 411 of 429 (96%), neuromuscular blockage for 419 of 427 (98%), and NO for 161 of 401 (40%). A total of 192 of 429 (45%) patients were cannulated by a mobile extracorporeal membrane oxygenation unit. In-hospital mortality was 219 of 429 (51%), with a median follow-up of 49 days (33 to 70 days). Among pre-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation modifiable exposure variables, neuromuscular blockage use (hazard ratio, 0.286; 95% CI, 0.101 to 0.81) and duration of ventilation (more than 7 days compared to less than 2 days; hazard ratio, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.83) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Both age (per 10-yr increase; hazard ratio, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.50) and total bilirubin at cannulation (6.0 mg/dl or more compared to less than 1.2 mg/dl; hazard ratio, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.09 to 6.5) were confounders significantly associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In-hospital mortality was higher than recently reported, but nearly half of the patients survived. A high proportion of patients were cannulated by a mobile extracorporeal membrane oxygenation unit. Several factors associated with mortality were identified. Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support should be considered early within the first week of mechanical ventilation initiation.
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COVID-19 , Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea , Insuficiência Respiratória , COVID-19/terapia , Estudos de Coortes , Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Pandemias , Insuficiência Respiratória/etiologia , Insuficiência Respiratória/terapia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Cardiac surgery increasingly is being performed in patients with a history of or with active cancer. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between a history of cancer and 1-year mortality after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). DESIGN: An observational monocentric study, with data collected from a prospective institutional database was conducted. SETTING: A single academic center. PARTICIPANTS: All consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB between 2005 and 2017. INTERVENTION: None. METHODS: A history of cancer was preoperatively identified. Mortality rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The 1-year mortality risk of patients with and without cancer was compared using a multivariate Cox model. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: During the study period, 12,143 patients underwent cardiac surgery with CPB, including 4,681 (39%) isolated coronary artery bypass surgeries. Their median EuroSCORE II was 3.1, interquartile range 1.5-to-6.4. Nine hundred thirty patients (8%) had a diagnosis of cancer, out of whom 469 (50%) were diagnosed ≤5 years before the index surgery; 103 (11%) patients had hemopathy, and 825 (89%) had solid cancers. The estimated unadjusted 1-year mortality was significantly higher among patients with cancer, 11% (95% confidence interval [CI] 10-14) versus 8% (95%CI 7-9) p < 0.01. After adjustment, a diagnosis of cancer was not associated with the risk of 1-year mortality (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.17 [95%CI 0.96-1.43]; p = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB, cancer was not independently associated with 1-year mortality. An isolated cancer history should not lead to denial of cardiac surgery. The impact of cancer on complications and long-term survival after cardiac surgery requires further research.
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Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Neoplasias , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/efeitos adversos , Ponte Cardiopulmonar/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Neoplasias/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: For cardiac surgery patients under chronic ß-blocker therapy, guidelines recommend their early postoperative reintroduction to decrease the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. The authors hypothesized that the timing of ß-blocker reintroduction affects their effectiveness on the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. METHODS: This multicenter prospective French cohort study included patients on ß-blockers (more than 30 days before surgery) in sinus rhythm without a pacemaker. The primary outcome, time sequence of ß-blocker reintroduction, was analyzed for 192 h after surgery. The secondary outcome, relationship between the occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation and timing of ß-blocker reintroduction, was analyzed based on pre- and intraoperative predictors (full and selected sets) according to landmark times (patients in whom atrial fibrillation occurred before a given landmark time were not analyzed). RESULTS: Of 663 patients, ß-blockers were reintroduced for 532 (80%) but for only 261 (39%) patients in the first 48 h after surgery. Median duration before reintroduction was 49.5 h (95% CI, 48 to 51.5 h). Postoperative atrial fibrillation or death (N = 4) occurred in 290 (44%) patients. After performing a landmark analysis to take into account the timing of ß-blocker reintroduction, the adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for predictor full and selected (increased age, history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and duration of aortic cross clamping) sets for the occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation were: adjusted odds ratio (full) = 0.87 (0.58 to 1.32; P = 0.517) and adjusted odds ratio (selected) = 0.84 (0.58 to 1.21; P = 0.338) at 48 h; adjusted odds ratio (full) = 0.64 (0.39 to 1.05; P = 0.076) and adjusted odds ratio (selected) = 0.58 (0.38 to 0.89; P = 0.013) at 72 h; adjusted odds ratio (full) = 0.58 (0.31 to 1.07; P = 0.079) and adjusted odds ratio (selected) = 0.53 (0.31 to 0.91; P = 0.021) at 96 h. CONCLUSIONS: ß-Blockers were reintroduced early (after less than 48 h) in fewer than half of the cardiac surgery patients. Reintroduction decreased postoperative atrial fibrillation occurrence only at later time points and only in the predictor selected set model. These results are an incentive to optimize (timing, doses, or titration) ß-blocker reintroduction after cardiac surgery.
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Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/administração & dosagem , Fibrilação Atrial/epidemiologia , Fibrilação Atrial/prevenção & controle , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/tendências , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Fibrilação Atrial/diagnóstico , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/efeitos adversos , Estudos de Coortes , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is an important tool in managing severe cardio-circulatory and respiratory failures. The axillary and the femoral sites are the most frequently used for arterial cannulation. There is no current evidence favoring one site over the other. We tested the hypothesis that the axillary and femoral arterial cannulation site may have different effects on left ventricular (LV) outflow. Seven patients with femoro-axillary ECLS and 4 patients with femoro-femoral ECLS were prospectively studied using the Pulse-wave Doppler (PWD) velocity time integral (VTI) in the descending thoracic aorta (DTA VTI) at different short-time variations of ECLS flow rates during the ECLS weaning process. The measurements were safe and feasible in all patients. We found a directly proportional correlation between DTA VTI and ECLS flow rate for femoro-axillary cannulation (P < 0.05) and an inversely proportional correlation in the case of femoro-femoral cannulation (P < 0.05). This is the first reported utilization of DTA VTI during ECLS that could improve our understanding of the LV-aorta interactions in patients with ECLS. DTA VTI could be used as a tool, guiding weaning from ECLS.
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Cateterismo/métodos , Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea/métodos , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida , Adulto , Idoso , Aorta Torácica/fisiologia , Artéria Axilar/fisiologia , Artéria Femoral/fisiologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Função VentricularRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Cardiac troponin (cTn) concentrations are measured routinely in some centers after cardiac surgery as part of risk stratification, but there are no data on how increased cTn concentrations could change patients' management. The aim of this study was to estimate relevant cTnI thresholds and identify potential interventions (additional monitoring/therapeutic interventions) that could be part of management changes of patients with cTnI greater than relevant thresholds. DESIGN: Retrospective, single-center, observational study. SETTING: Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France, between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2012. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: cTnI was measured on the 20th postoperative hour. Causes of death and possible interventions were determined by analysis of individual medical records. cTnI thresholds for 1-year cardiac mortality with a specificity >80% were calculated. For this study, 3,228 procedures were analyzed; 129 deaths occurred (4%), 83 of which (2.6%) were cardiac deaths. Threshold cTnI values were 4.2 µg/L for coronary artery bypass grafting (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.9-4.5) and 10.7 µg/L for non-coronary artery bypass grafting (95% CI 10.0-11.3). In multivariable analysis, the EuroSCORE II (odds ratio 1.1 [95% CI 1.06-1.13]; p < 0.001) and cTnI concentrations greater than the thresholds (odds ratio 5.62 [95% CI 3.37-9.37]; p < 0.001) were associated with significantly increased risk of death. The additive and absolute Net Reclassification Index were 0.288% and 14.1%, respectively, for a logistic model including cTnI and EuroSCORE II (area under the curve C-index 0.82 [95% CI 0.77-0.87]) compared with a model including only EuroSCORE II (area under the curve C-index 0.80 [95% CI 0.75-0.84]). Fifty-three of the 83 patients who experienced cardiac death (64%) had a cTnI concentration greater than the threshold, and an intervention was deemed possible in 47 of those 53 (89%) (mostly patients with mild postoperative cardiac dysfunction). For noncardiac deaths, 28% of patients had a cTnI concentration greater than the threshold and no interventions were deemed possible. CONCLUSIONS: In an attempt to evolve from risk to management stratification, this study's results identified a subgroup of patients with mild cardiac dysfunction and a cTnI concentration greater than the threshold who could be the target for interventions in future validation studies concerning changes in patient management.
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Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/métodos , Cardiopatias/cirurgia , Medição de Risco/métodos , Idoso , Feminino , Seguimentos , França/epidemiologia , Cardiopatias/mortalidade , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Período Pós-Operatório , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Curva ROC , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de Sobrevida/tendências , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is recent evidence to show that patients suffering from acute kidney injury are at increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease despite the fact that surviving tubular epithelial cells have the capacity to fully regenerate renal tubules and restore renal function within days or weeks. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of acute kidney injury on de novo chronic kidney disease. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study of patients initially free from chronic kidney disease who were scheduled for elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and who developed an episode of acute kidney injury from which they recovered. The study was conducted at two French university hospitals between 2005 and 2015. These individuals were matched with patients without acute kidney injury according to a propensity score for developing acute kidney injury. RESULTS: Among the 4,791 patients meeting the authors' inclusion criteria, 1,375 (29%) developed acute kidney injury and 685 fully recovered. Propensity score matching was used to balance the distribution of covariates between acute kidney injury and non- acute kidney injury control patients. Matching was possible for 597 cases. During follow-up, 34 (5.7%) had reached a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease as opposed to 17 (2.8%) in the control population (hazard ratio, 2.3; bootstrapping 95% CI, 1.9 to 2.6). CONCLUSIONS: The authors' data consolidate the recent paradigm shift, reporting acute kidney injury as a strong risk factor for the rapid development of chronic kidney disease.
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Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Idoso , Comorbidade , Feminino , França/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pontuação de Propensão , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Aprotinin appears to be more efficacious than lysine analogues to reduce bleeding and transfusion of blood products in high-transfusion-risk cardiac surgical patients. However, in isolated coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, the results from head-to-head trials remain less conclusive. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to compare the efficacies and safety of aprotinin and tranexamic acid (TXA) in patients undergoing isolated on-pump CABG. DESIGN: A multicentre before-and-after study pooling individual data from published trials and unpublished data from three other databases. SETTING: Four tertiary care teaching hospitals (Haut-Lévêque Hospital in Bordeaux, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital and Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital in Paris, and Laennec Hospital in Nantes). PATIENTS: We included data of 2496 isolated on-pump CABG surgery patients who received either aprotinin between November 2003 and May 2008 (nâ=â1267) or TXA between November 2007 and November 2013 (nâ=â1229). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was total blood loss within 24âh after operation. Secondary outcomes were transfusion of blood products, reoperation for bleeding, renal replacement therapy, ICU length of stay and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Adjusted mean (SEM) 24-h blood loss after surgery [483 (11) vs. 634 (11)âml, Pâ<â0.0001] and the proportion of patients requiring intraoperative blood product transfusion (32.7 vs. 46.5%, Pâ=â0.01) were lower in aprotinin-treated patients. No difference was observed with regard to reoperations for bleeding, renal replacement therapy and in-hospital mortality. However, patients receiving aprotinin had a significantly shorter adjusted ICU length of stay. CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing isolated CABG, aprotinin was more effective than TXA in reducing postoperative blood loss, and no safety concerns were identified. The benefits of aprotinin should be considered when evaluating the risk of major blood loss and transfusion in patients scheduled for isolated CABG surgery.
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Antifibrinolíticos/administração & dosagem , Aprotinina/administração & dosagem , Perda Sanguínea Cirúrgica/prevenção & controle , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/métodos , Hemostáticos/administração & dosagem , Ácido Tranexâmico/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Octogenarians considered for cardiac surgery encounter more complications than other patients. Postoperative complications raise the question of continuation of high-cost care for patients with limited life expectancy. Duration of hospitalization in intensive care after cardiac surgery may differ between octogenarians and other patients. The objectives were evaluating the mortality rate of octogenarians experiencing prolonged hospitalization in intensive care and defining the best cut-off for prolonged intensive care unit length of stay. DESIGN: A single-center observational study. SETTING: A postoperative surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary teaching hospital in Paris, France. PARTICIPANTS: All consecutive patients older than 80 years considered for aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis were included. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mortality rate was determined among patients experiencing prolonged stay in intensive care with organ failure and without organ failure. An ROC curve determined the optimal cut-off defining prolonged hospitalization in intensive care according to the occurrence of postoperative complications. Multivariate analysis determined risk factors for early death or prolonged intensive care stay. The optimal cut-off defining prolonged intensive care unit length of stay was 4 days. Low ventricular ejection fraction (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96-0.83; p = 0.0016), coronary disease (OR = 2.34; 95% CI 1.19-4.85; p = 0.014), and need for catecholamine (OR = 2.79; 95% CI 1.33-5.88; p = 0.0068) were associated with eventful postoperative course. There was not a hospitalization duration beyond which the prognosis significantly worsened. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged length of stay in ICU without organ failure is not associated with increased mortality. No specific duration of hospitalization in intensive care was associated with increased mortality. Continuation of care should be discussed on an individual basis.
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Estenose da Valva Aórtica/cirurgia , Cuidados Críticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Avaliação Geriátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Valva Aórtica/cirurgia , Feminino , França/epidemiologia , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Masculino , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Competitive flows syndrome result in severe regional hypoxemia when the deoxygenated flow from the native left ventricle (LV) competes with oxygenated flow from extracorporeal life support (ECLS) pump with potentially severe consequences for the cerebral and coronary circulations. Fast correction of hypoxemia could be obtained by decreasing native LV flow by infusion of a short-acting beta-blocker (esmolol). Our purpose was to retrospectively review the efficacy of esmolol in this situation and hypothesize on the potential mechanisms of action and the associated risks. This is a retrospective analysis of five clinical cases, who underwent lung transplantation and a femoro-femoral venoarterial (VA) ECLS. The patients presented severe hypoxemia (SpO2 < 85%) measured through photoplethysmography on a right hand finger. From the patients' medical records and anesthesia flowcharts, hemodynamic, right heart catheterization, echocardiography variables, and arterial blood gas results were noted before and after injection of esmolol. Mechanical ventilation and VA ECLS function variables were optimized and unchanged before and after esmolol injection. All patients had terminal respiratory failure with pulmonary hypertension and conserved LV systolic function. Immediately following esmolol injection (1.3 ± .7 mg/kg; mean ± 1 SD), SpO2 increased from 73% ± 12 to 95% ± 6; blood to arterial partial pressure in CO2 (PaCO2) decreased from 52 ± 18 to 35 ± 7 mmHg systolic pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 61 ± 8 to 50 ± 12 mmHg; the pulmonary artery oxygen saturation (SvO2); increased from 51% ± 24 to 77% ± 12; systemic arterial pressure or catecholamine requirements were unchanged. In conclusion, these results suggest that injection of esmolol allowed rapid correction of regional hypoxemia occurring during lung transplantation despite femoro-femoral VA ECLS. The mechanism is probably a decreased cardiac output of the native LV due to esmolol-induced negative inotropic and chronotropic effects without significant adverse effects on systemic tissue perfusion.
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Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea/efeitos adversos , Hipóxia/tratamento farmacológico , Hipóxia/etiologia , Transplante de Pulmão/efeitos adversos , Pré-Medicação/métodos , Propanolaminas/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Anastomose Cirúrgica/métodos , Feminino , Artéria Femoral/cirurgia , Veia Femoral/cirurgia , Humanos , Hipóxia/prevenção & controle , Transplante de Pulmão/reabilitação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were, first, to identify risk factors for microbiology-proven postoperative pneumonia after cardiac surgery and, second, to develop and validate a preoperative scoring system for the risk of postoperative pneumonia. DESIGN AND SETTING: A single-center cohort study. PATIENTS: All consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery between January 2006 and July 2011. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of risk factors for postoperative pneumonia was performed on data from patients operated between January 2006 and December 2008 (training set). External temporal validation was performed on data from patients operated between January 2009 and July 2011 (validation set). Preoperative variables identified in multivariate analysis of the training set were then used to develop a preoperative scoring system that was validated on the validation set. Postoperative pneumonia occurred in 174 of the 5,582 patients (3.1%; 95% CI, 2.7-3.6). Multivariate analysis identified four risk factors for postoperative pneumonia: age (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (odds ratio, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.8-4.71), preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction (odds ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99), and the interaction between RBC transfusion during surgery and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (odds ratio, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.96-4.54). A 6-point score including the three preoperative variables then defined two risk groups corresponding to postoperative pneumonia rates of 1.8% (score < 3) and 6.5% (score ≥ 3). CONCLUSION: Assessing preoperative risk factors for postoperative pneumonia with the proposed scoring system could help to implement a preventive policy in high-risk patients with a risk of postoperative pneumonia greater than 4% (i.e., patients with a score ≥ 3).
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Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Cefamandol/uso terapêutico , Pneumonia/microbiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/microbiologia , Medição de Risco/métodos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibioticoprofilaxia , Ponte Cardiopulmonar/efeitos adversos , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia/prevenção & controle , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has been proposed to remove heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) antibodies before planned thoracic surgery in patients with acute HIT and to allow brief re-exposure to heparin during surgery. In patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), simultaneous administration of TPE and alternative nonheparin anticoagulant therapies is challenging. We report 2 patients on ECMO with acute HIT who underwent repeated TPE to enable cardiothoracic surgery with the use of heparin. In both cases, serial monitoring of HIT antibody titer and heparin-induced platelet activation assay (HIPA) was performed. The effect of adding exogenous platelet factor 4 (PF4) in the HIPA was also tested. Negative anti-PF4/H IgG levels were achieved after 5 and 3 TPE sessions, respectively and patients could beneficiate from surgery with brief heparin re-exposure without any thrombotic complication. Negative HIPA results were obtained before negative anti-PF4/H IgG in one patient but remained positive in the other despite very low antibody titers. The addition of PF4 in HIPA led to more contrasted results for the two patients. Serial HIT screening including immunological and functional assays is necessary to closely monitor TPE in acute HIT patients on ECMO who require surgery. The addition of PF4 in HIPA could help detect clinically relevant platelet-activating antibodies and guide re-exposure to heparin.
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BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery for infective endocarditis (IE) is associated with significant hospital mortality, and female sex may be associated with worse outcomes. However, the impact of sex on the presenting characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients operated on for acute infective endocarditis (IE) has not been adequately studied. OBJECTIVES: The goal of our study was to analyse differences in management and outcome of IE between women and men who undergo surgery. METHODS: Clinical data of 717 patients undergoing cardiac surgery for IE between December 2005 and December 2019 were prospectively collected. Sex-related postoperative outcomes including in-hospital mortality were recorded. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify potential sex-related determinant of in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: In all, 532 male patients (74.2%) and 185 female patients (25.8%) underwent surgery for IE. At baseline, women had more frequent mitral regurgitation with 63 patients (34.1%) than men with 135 patients (25.4%) (P = 0.002). Female sex was associated with higher in-hospital mortality (23.2% versus 17.3%, P = 0.049). However, multivariable analysis revealed age (P < 0.01), antibiotics < 7 days before surgery (P = 0.01) and staphylococcal IE (P < 0.01) but not female sex (P = 0.99) as independent determinants of hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of patients operated-on for IE, female sex was associated with more severe manifestations of IE and significantly higher in-hospital mortality. However, after multivariable analysis, initial presentation, but not sex, seemed to determine clinical outcomes.
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Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Endocardite , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Sexuais , Idoso , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/mortalidade , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/efeitos adversos , Endocardite/cirurgia , Endocardite/mortalidade , Resultado do Tratamento , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Following the reintroduction of aprotinin into the European market, the French Society of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Anaesthesiologists recommended its prophylactic use at half-dose for high-risk cardiac surgery patients. We examined whether the use of aprotinin instead of tranexamic acid could significantly reduce severe perioperative bleeding. METHODS: This multicentre, retrospective, historical study included cardiac surgery patients treated with aprotinin or tranexamic acid between December 2017 and September 2020. The primary efficacy end point was the severe or massive perioperative bleeding (class 3-4 of the universal definition of perioperative bleeding). The safety secondary end points included the occurrence of thromboembolic events and all-cause mortality within 30 days after surgery. RESULTS: Among the 693 patients included in the study, 347 received aprotinin and 346 took tranexamic acid. The percentage of patients with severe or massive bleeding was similar in the 2 groups (42.1% vs 43.6%, Adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] = 0.87, 95% confidence interval: 0.62-1.23, P = 0.44), as was the perioperative need for blood products (81.0% vs 83.2%, ORadj = 0.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.48-1.17, P = 0.20). However, the median (Interquartile range) 12 h postoperative blood loss was significantly lower in the aprotinin group (383 ml [241-625] vs 450 ml [290-730], P < 0.01). Compared to tranexamic acid, the intraoperative use of aprotinin was associated with increased risk for thromboembolic events (adjusted Hazard ratio 2.30 [95% Cl: 1.06-5.30]; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Given the modest reduction in blood loss at the expense of a significant increase in thromboembolic adverse events, aprotinin use in high-risk cardiac surgery patients should be based on a carefully considered benefit-risk assessment.
Assuntos
Aprotinina , Perda Sanguínea Cirúrgica , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Ácido Tranexâmico , Humanos , Antifibrinolíticos/efeitos adversos , APACHE , Aprotinina/efeitos adversos , Perda Sanguínea Cirúrgica/prevenção & controle , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/efeitos adversos , Hemostáticos/efeitos adversos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Ácido Tranexâmico/efeitos adversosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This observational study aimed to evaluate Association pour l'Etude et la Prévention de l'Endocardite Infectieuse (AEPEI) surgery score predictive performance in comparison to general (EuroSCORE I, II) and specific (De Feo, PALSUSE) surgical risk scores for infective endocarditis (IE). METHODS: The study included patients who underwent surgery for IE during the acute phase at Bichat University Hospital (Paris, France) between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2016 and at Nancy University Hospital (Nancy, France) between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2019. Patients with IE complicating percutaneous aortic valve implantations or implantable intra-cardiac devices were excluded. Discrimination and calibration were assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, calibration curves and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality rates were 18% at Bichat and 16% at Nancy. Discrimination was high for all risk scores at Bichat (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.77 for EuroSCORE I, 0.78 for EuroSCORE II, 0.76 for De Feo score, 0.72 for PALSUSE and 0.73 for AEPEI with 95% confidence interval ranging from 0.67 to 0.83), but lower at Nancy (0.56 for EuroSCORE I, 0.65 for EuroSCORE II, 0.63 for De Feo score, 0.67 for PALSUSE and 0.66 for AEPEI score with 95% confidence interval ranging from 0.47 to 0.75). With Brier score, all scores were adequately calibrated in both populations between 0.129 (De Feo) and 0.135 (PALSUSE) for Bichat and between 0.128 (De Feo) and 0.135 (EuroSCORE I) for Nancy. With the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, the AEPEI score exhibited the best calibration (observed/predicted ratio 1.058 in Bichat, 1.087 in Nancy). CONCLUSIONS: This surgical score external validation in 2 large independent populations demonstrated that the AEPEI surgical score had the best predictive performance compared to other prognosis scores. It could be helpful in clinical practice to assist the endocarditis team in decision-making.
Assuntos
Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Endocardite Bacteriana , Endocardite , Humanos , Medição de Risco , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/efeitos adversos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Endocardite/cirurgia , Endocardite Bacteriana/cirurgia , Fatores de Risco , Mortalidade HospitalarRESUMO
Cardiac anesthesiologists face a demanding and stressful practice that requires a sense of well-being at work that is essential to patient safety and quality of care. Like all cardiac caregivers, they are exposed to the death of the people they care for and must nevertheless overcome the difficulties associated with the management of heavy patients.
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Esgotamento Profissional , Humanos , Salas Cirúrgicas , CuidadoresRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The European Medicines Agency restored aprotinin (APR) use for preventing blood loss in patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft (iCABG) in 2016 but requested the collection of patient and surgery data in a registry (NAPaR). The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the impact of APR reintroduction in France on the main hospital costs (operating room, transfusion and intensive unit stay) compared to the current use of tranexamic acid (TXA), which was the only antifibrinolytic available before APR reinstatement. METHODS: A multicenter before-after post-hoc analysis to compare APR and TXA was carried out in four French university hospitals. APR use followed the ARCOTHOVA (French Association of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthetists) protocol, which had framed three main indications in 2018. Data from 236 APR patients were retrieved from the NAPaR (N = 874); 223 TXA patients were retrospectively retrieved from each center database and matched to APR patients upon indication classes. Budget impact was evaluated using both direct costs associated with antifibrinolytics and transfusion products (within the first 48 h) and other costs such as surgery duration and ICU stay. RESULTS: The 459 collected patients were distributed as: 17% on-label; 83% off-label. Mean cost per patient until ICU discharge tended to be lower in the APR group versus the TXA group, which resulted in an estimated gross saving of 3136 per patient. These savings concerned operating room and transfusion costs but were mainly driven by reduced ICU stays. When extrapolated to the whole French NAPaR population, the total savings of the therapeutic switch was estimated at around 3 million. CONCLUSION: The budget impact projected that using APR according to ARCOTHOVA protocol resulted in decreased requirement for transfusion and complications related to surgery. Both were associated with substantial cost savings from the hospital's perspective compared with exclusive use of TXA.
Assuntos
Antifibrinolíticos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Ácido Tranexâmico , Humanos , Aprotinina/uso terapêutico , Perda Sanguínea Cirúrgica/prevenção & controle , Estudos Retrospectivos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/métodos , Antifibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Ácido Tranexâmico/uso terapêutico , Custos e Análise de CustoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Post-cardiotomy low cardiac output syndrome (PC-LCOS) is a life-threatening complication after cardiac surgery involving a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Mechanical circulatory support with veno-arterial membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) may be necessary in the case of refractory shock. The objective of the study was to develop a machine-learning algorithm to predict the need for VA-ECMO implantation in patients with PC-LCOS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were included in the study with moderate to severe PC-LCOS (defined by a vasoactive inotropic score (VIS) > 10 with clinical or biological markers of impaired organ perfusion or need for mechanical circulatory support after cardiac surgery) from two university hospitals in Paris, France. The Deep Super Learner, an ensemble machine learning algorithm, was trained to predict VA-ECMO implantation using features readily available at the end of a CPB. Feature importance was estimated using Shapley values. RESULTS: Between January 2016 and December 2019, 285 patients were included in the development dataset and 190 patients in the external validation dataset. The primary outcome, the need for VA-ECMO implantation, occurred respectively, in 16% (n = 46) and 10% (n = 19) in the development and the external validation datasets. The Deep Super Learner algorithm achieved a 0.863 (0.793-0.928) ROC AUC to predict the primary outcome in the external validation dataset. The most important features were the first postoperative arterial lactate value, intraoperative VIS, the absence of angiotensin-converting enzyme treatment, body mass index, and EuroSCORE II. CONCLUSIONS: We developed an explainable ensemble machine learning algorithm that could help clinicians predict the risk of deterioration and the need for VA-ECMO implantation in moderate to severe PC-LCOS patients.