Unraveling the Role of Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain (Rheb1 and Rheb2): Bridging Neuronal Dynamics and Cancer Pathogenesis through Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Signaling.

Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb1 and Rheb2), small GTPases, play a crucial role in regulating neuronal activity and have gained attention for their implications in cancer development, particularly in breast cancer. This study delves into the intricate connection between the multifaceted functions of Rheb1 in neurons and cancer, with a specific focus on the mTOR pathway. It aims to elucidate Rheb1's involvement in pivotal cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis resistance, migration, invasion, metastasis, and inflammatory responses while acknowledging that Rheb2 has not been extensively studied. Despite the recognized associations, a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between Rheb1 and Rheb2 and their roles in both nerve and cancer remains elusive. This review consolidates current knowledge regarding the impact of Rheb1 on cancer hallmarks and explores the potential of Rheb1 as a therapeutic target in cancer treatment. It emphasizes the necessity for a deeper comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying Rheb1-mediated oncogenic processes, underscoring the existing gaps in our understanding. Additionally, the review highlights the exploration of Rheb1 inhibitors as a promising avenue for cancer therapy. By shedding light on the complicated roles between Rheb1/Rheb2 and cancer, this study provides valuable insights to the scientific community. These insights are instrumental in guiding the identification of novel targets and advancing the development of effective therapeutic strategies for treating cancer.

Associations of antenatal care visit with utilization of institutional delivery care services in Afghanistan: intersections of education, wealth, and household decision-making autonomy.

BACKGROUND: The importance of antenatal care (ANC) visits in safe motherhood and childbirth is well-documented. However, less is known how social determinants of health interact with ANC visits in shaping the uptake of professional delivery care services in low-income countries. This study examines the associations of ANC visits with institutional delivery care utilization outcomes in Afghanistan. Further, we assess the extent to which ANC visits intersect with education, wealth, and household decision-making autonomy in predicting two outcomes of delivery care utilization- delivery at a health facility and delivery assisted by a skilled birth attendant. METHODS: We used data from the Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey (AfDHS) 2015. The analytic sample included 15,590 women of reproductive age (15-49). We assessed the associations using logistic regression models, estimated the predicted probability of delivery care outcomes using statistical interactions, and presented estimates in margins plot. RESULTS: Multivariable adjusted analyses suggest that women who had 4 or more ANC visits were 5.7 times (95% CI = 4.78, 7.11; P < 0.05) more likely to use delivery care at a health facility and 6.5 times (95% CI = 5.23, 8.03; P < 0.05) more likely to have a delivery assisted by a skilled birth attendant compared to women who had no ANC visit. Estimates from models with statistical interactions of ANC visits with education, wealth, and decision-making autonomy suggest that women with higher social status were more advantageous in utilizing institutional delivery care services compared to women with lower levels of social status. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the associations of ANC visits with institutional delivery care services are stronger among women with higher social status. The results have implications for promoting safe motherhood and childbirth through improving women's social status.

Barriers in access to healthcare services for individuals with disorders of sex differentiation in Bangladesh: an analysis of regional representative cross-sectional data.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide people in disorder of sex development (DSD) faces multiple barriers while seeking their social rights, particularly healthcare services. We aimed to explore the healthcare opportunities available to them, using patterns of healthcare utilization and difficulties faced by DSD population in accessing healthcare services in Bangladesh. METHODS: Data from a total of 945 DSD population and 71 medical staff were analyzed, collected from three major divisions (Dhaka, Chittagong, and Rajshahi) in Bangladesh during the period of January to December of 2017. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data via face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistic was used to determine the frequencies of the visit by the DSD population in healthcare facilities as well as to analyze difficulties experienced by the DSD population in getting healthcare services. Multivariate regression analysis was used to explore the association between perceived barriers in getting healthcare services and failures of the DSD population to receive the healthcare services. RESULTS: Present data revealed that around 80% of DSD population sought healthcare services from government healthcare facilities, where the overall success rate in getting healthcare services was less than 50%. The DSD population reported a number of reasons for failures in getting healthcare services, including non-friendly interaction by non-clinical hospital's staff, non-friendly interaction by physicians, public fright as general people do not want to mingle with a DSD person, undesirable excess public interest in DSD individuals, and limitation of the treatment opportunities of hospitals to merely male or female patients. Among the stated reasons, the most frequently reported reason was non-friendly interaction by physicians (50.27%), followed by undesirable excess public interest in DSD individuals (50.16%). CONCLUSION: DSD population in Bangladesh have limited access to healthcare facilities and facing multiple barriers to get healthcare services. Initiatives from the government and social organizations are important to ensure their access to healthcare services.

A Comparative Study of Engineered Dermal Templates for Skin Wound Repair in a Mouse Model.

Engineered dermal templates have revolutionised the repair and reconstruction of skin defects. Their interaction with the wound microenvironment and linked molecular mediators of wound repair is still not clear. This study investigated the wound bed and acellular "off the shelf" dermal template interaction in a mouse model. Full-thickness wounds in nude mice were grafted with allogenic skin, and either collagen-based or fully synthetic dermal templates. Changes in the wound bed showed significantly higher vascularisation and fibroblast infiltration in synthetic grafts when compared to collagen-based grafts (P ≤ 0.05). Greater tissue growth was associated with higher prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2) RNA and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein levels in fully synthetic grafts. Collagen-based grafts had higher levels of collagen III and matrix metallopeptidase 2. To compare the capacity to form a double layer skin substitute, both templates were seeded with human fibroblasts and keratinocytes (so-called human skin equivalent or HSE). Mice were grafted with HSEs to test permanent wound closure with no further treatment required. We found the synthetic dermal template to have a significantly greater capacity to support human epidermal cells. In conclusion, the synthetic template showed advantages over the collagen-based template in a short-term mouse model of wound repair.

Effects of electrically-induced constant tension on giant unilamellar vesicles using irreversible electroporation.

Stretching in membranes of cells and vesicles plays important roles in various physiological and physicochemical phenomena. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is the irreversible permeabilization of the membrane through the application of a series of electrical field pulses of micro- to millisecond duration. IRE induces lateral tension due to stretching in the membranes of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). However, the effects of electrically induced (i.e., IRE) constant tension in the membranes of GUVs have not been investigated yet in detail. To explore the effects of electrically induced tension on GUVs, firstly a microcontroller-based IRE technique is developed which produces electric field pulses (332 V/cm) with pulse width 200 µs. Then the electrodeformation, electrofusion and membrane rupture of GUVs are investigated at various constant tensions in which the membranes of GUVs are composed of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC). Stochastic electropore formation is observed in the membranes at an electrically induced constant tension in which the probability of pore formation is increased with the increase of tension from 2.5 to 7.0 mN/m. The results of pore formation at different electrically-induced constant tensions are in agreement with those reported for mechanically-induced constant tension. The decrease in the energy barrier of the pre-pore state due to the increase of electrically-induced tension is the main factor increasing the probability of electropore formation. These investigations help to provide an understanding of the complex behavior of cells/vesicles in electric field pulses and can form the basis for practical applications in biomedical technology.

Low cost non-electromechanical technique for the purification of giant unilamellar vesicles.

Lipid membranes of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) with diameters greater than 10 µm are promising model membranes for investigating the physical and biological properties of the biomembranes of cells. These are extensively used for the study of the interaction of various membrane-active agents, where purified and similar-size oil-free GUVs are necessary. Although the existing membrane filtering method provides the required quality and quantity of GUVs, it includes a relatively expensive double-headed peristaltic pump. In our proposed non-electromechanical technique, gravity is used to maintain the flow of buffer, wherein the flow rate of buffer with the suspension of GUVs is controlled by a locally available low cost roller clamp regulator. We have characterized the results of this non-electromechanical approach in terms of size distribution, average size, flow rate and efficiency for dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG)/dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC)-GUVs prepared by the natural swelling method. The technique purifies the GUVs by removing the non-entrapped solutes at an optimum flow rate 1.0-2.0 mL/min. In addition, it gives similar results to the pump-driven membrane filtering method. Therefore, it might be a cost effective technique for the purification of GUVs without employing any electromechanical devices.

The effect of diesel emission exposure on primary human bronchial epithelial cells from a COPD cohort: N-acetylcysteine as a potential protective intervention.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will be the third leading cause of death world-wide by 2020. Prolonged exposure to particulate matter is associated with COPD progression and mortality. Diesel emissions are a major contributor to particulate matter pollution. In this study we test a therapeutic antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), for its ability to protect bronchial epithelial cells (pHBECs) from patients with COPD from adverse effects of diesel emission exposure. METHODS: pHBECs from patients with or without COPD were cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI). Cells were exposed to diesel emissions for 30 min with or without 3-h post-exposure treatment with 5 mM N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Filtered laboratory air was tested as a negative control. Cell responses (cell viability, inflammation and oxidative stress) and gene expression profiles for intracellular and immune signaling were assessed. RESULTS: Diesel emissions exposure increased IL-8 secretion and production, antioxidant production, and cytochrome P450 1a1 (CYP1a1) mRNA expression and suppressed superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) mRNA expression in bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients. Treatment with N-acetyl cysteine attenuated the suppression of SOD1. Nanostring gene expression profiling of the filtered air controls showed COPD epithelial cells have increased expression of MHC class II and an interferon signaling profile. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients may be vulnerable to diesel emission exposure due to reduced antioxidant capacity, and elevated CYP1a1 mRNA expression. NAC did not appear to offer protection. Future research will be needed to explore other means of recovering oxidant capacity in COPD airways.

Sustainable and cleaner production of elastic core-spun yarns for stretch denim with maximal utilization of recycled cotton extracted from pre-consumer fabric waste.

Stretch denim is an exclusive and stylish textile made with elastic core-spun yarns. It has gained substantial traction for offering essential elasticity and resilience to the garments while retaining a snug fit and comfort when worn. Denim is produced from coarser cotton yarns necessitating a significant quantity of cotton fiber. Owing to the escalating costs of cotton and the harmful environmental impacts associated with its cultivation, it is imperative to explore alternative fibers for denim. Herein, for the very first time, an expedient technique of manufacturing elastic core-spun denim yarns utilizing recycled cotton is investigated. Recycled cotton fibers, in the range of 10-60 %, extracted from pre-consumer fabric waste were blended with virgin cotton and spun into 16 Ne (36.9 Tex) elastic core-spun yarns. To address the challenges posed by the lower spinnability of recycled fibers, attributed to lower fiber length, uniformity index, and higher short fiber content, a compact spinning system featuring a novel pin spacer was used. This combination effectively improved the fiber control within the drafting zone, enabling maximum incorporation of recycled cotton, up to 60 %, into the yarn. The produced yarns exhibited significantly lower unevenness, imperfections, and hairiness along with higher strength and elongation that fell within the top 5 %-50 % ranking of Uster Statistics 2023. The elastic core yarn, even containing 60 % recycled fiber, demonstrated its suitability for use as a weft yarn in a commercial high-speed air-jet loom operating at 950 rpm (equivalent to weft speed 94 km/h or 1577 m/min). The production of denim yarn incorporating 60 % recycled cotton represents an innovative concept to advance sustainable development goal (SDG) 12. This initiative aims to reduce the proportional demand for cotton cultivation and its subsequent processing, thereby making significant contributions to environmental preservation on various fronts. Moreover, this approach offers potential cost savings in the production of denim clothing.

Advances of microplastics ingestion on the morphological and behavioral conditions of model zebrafish: A review.

Concerns have been conveyed regarding the availability and hazards of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic biota due to their widespread presence in aquatic habitats. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are widely used as a model organism to study the adverse impacts of MPs due to their several compelling advantages, such as their small size, ease of breeding, inexpensive maintenance, short life cycle, year-round spawning, high fecundity, fewer legal restrictions, and genetic resemblances to humans. Exposure of organisms to MPs produces physical and chemical toxic effects, including abnormal behavior, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, immune toxicity, reproductive imbalance, and histopathological effects. But the severity of the effects is size and concentration-dependent. It has been demonstrated that smaller particles could reach the gut and liver, while larger particles are only confined to the gill, the digestive tract of adult zebrafish. This thorough review encapsulates the current body of literature concerning research on MPs in zebrafish and demonstrates an overview of MPs size and concentration effects on the physiological, morphological, and behavioral characteristics of zebrafish. Finding gaps in the literature paves the way for further investigation.

The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein-3 inflammasome is not activated in airway smooth muscle upon toll-like receptor-2 ligation.

Inflammasomes have emerged as playing key roles in inflammation and innate immunity. A growing body of evidence has suggested that the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is important in chronic airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inflammasome activation results, in part, in pro-IL-1ß processing and the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1ß. Because asthma exacerbations are associated with elevated concentrations of secreted IL-1ß, we addressed whether the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated under in vitro conditions that mimic infectious exacerbations in asthma. Primary cultures of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells were treated with infectious stimuli (mimicked using the Toll-like receptor-2 agonist Pam3CSK4, a synthetic bacterial lipopeptide). Whereas Pam3CSK4 robustly up-regulated ASM cytokine expression in response to TNF-α and significantly enhanced IL-1ß mRNA expression, we were unable to detect IL-1ß in the cell supernatants. Thus, IL-1ß was not secreted and therefore was unable to act in an autocrine manner to promote the amplification of ASM inflammatory responses. Moreover, Toll-like receptor-2 ligation did not enhance NLRP3 or caspase-1 expression in ASM cells, and NLRP3 and caspase-1 protein were not present in the ASM layer of tracheal sections from human donors. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the enhanced synthetic function of ASM cells, induced by infectious exacerbations of airway inflammation, is NLRP3 inflammasome-independent and IL-1ß-independent. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by invading pathogens may prove cell type-specific in exacerbations of airway inflammation in asthma.

Method of Determining Kinetic Parameters of Strength Recovery in Self-Healing Ceramic Composites.

Self-healing ceramic composites are promising smart materials for high-temperature applications. Experimental and numerical studies have been performed to more fully understand their behaviors, and kinetic parameters such as the activation energy and frequency factor have been reported to be indispensable for investigating healing phenomena. This article proposes a method of determining the kinetic parameters of self-healing ceramic composites using the oxidation kinetics model of strength recovery. These parameters are determined by an optimization method using experimental strength recovery data under various healing temperatures, times, and microstructural features on the fractured surfaces. Alumina and mullite matrix-based self-healing ceramic composites such as Al2O3/SiC, Al2O3/TiC, Al2O3/Ti2AlC (MAX phase), and mullite/SiC, were selected as the target materials. The theoretical strength recovery behaviors of the cracked specimens obtained from the kinetic parameters were compared with the experimental results. The parameters were within the previously reported ranges, and the predicted strength recovery behaviors reasonably agreed with the experimental values. The proposed method can also be applied to other self-healing ceramics with matrices reinforced with different healing agents to evaluate oxidation rate, crack healing rate, and theoretical strength recovery behaviors to design self-healing materials used in high-temperature applications. Furthermore, the healing ability of composites can be discussed regardless of the type of strength recovery test.

Assessing sustained uptake of latrine and child feces management interventions: Extended follow-up of a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh 1-3.5 years after intervention initiation.

BACKGROUND: Sanitation interventions typically result in modest increases in latrine access, and any gains in latrine access and use are often not sustained over time. Sanitation programs also rarely include child-focused interventions such as potties. We aimed to assess the sustained effect of a multi-component sanitation intervention on access to and use of latrines and child feces management tools in rural Bangladesh. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal substudy nested within the WASH Benefits randomized controlled trial. The trial provided latrine upgrades, child potties and sani-scoops for feces removal, along with behavior change promotion to encourage use of the delivered hardware. Promotion visits to intervention recipients were frequent during the first 2 years after intervention initiation, decreased in frequency between years 2-3, and ceased after 3 years. We enrolled a random subset of 720 households from the sanitation and control arms of the trial in a substudy and visited them quarterly between 1 and 3.5 years after intervention initiation. At each visit, field staff recorded sanitation-related behaviors through spot-check observations and structured questionnaires. We assessed intervention effects on observed indicators of hygienic latrine access, potty use and sani-scoop use and investigated whether these effects were modified by duration of follow-up, ongoing behavior change promotion and household characteristics. RESULTS: The intervention increased hygienic latrine access from 37% among controls to 94% in the sanitation arm (p < 0.001). Access among intervention recipients remained high 3.5 years after intervention initiation, including periods with no active promotion. Gains in access were higher among households with less education, less wealth and larger number of residents. The intervention increased availability of child potties from 29% among controls to 98% in the sanitation arm (p < 0.001). However, fewer than 25% of intervention households reported exclusive child defecation in a potty or had observed indicators of potty and sani-scoop use, and gains in potty use declined over the follow-up period, even with ongoing promotion. CONCLUSION: Our findings from an intervention that provided free products and intensive initial behavior change promotion suggest a sustained increase in hygienic latrine access up to 3.5 years after intervention initiation but infrequent use of child feces management tools. Studies should investigate strategies to ensure sustained adoption of safe child feces management practices.

A Hypothalamic Circuit Underlying the Dynamic Control of Social Homeostasis.

Social grouping increases survival in many species, including humans1,2. By contrast, social isolation generates an aversive state (loneliness) that motivates social seeking and heightens social interaction upon reunion3-5. The observed rebound in social interaction triggered by isolation suggests a homeostatic process underlying the control of social drive, similar to that observed for physiological needs such as hunger, thirst or sleep3,6. In this study, we assessed social responses in multiple mouse strains and identified the FVB/NJ line as exquisitely sensitive to social isolation. Using FVB/NJ mice, we uncovered two previously uncharacterized neuronal populations in the hypothalamic preoptic nucleus that are activated during social isolation and social rebound and that orchestrate the behavior display of social need and social satiety, respectively. We identified direct connectivity between these two populations of opposite function and with brain areas associated with social behavior, emotional state, reward, and physiological needs, and showed that animals require touch to assess the presence of others and fulfill their social need, thus revealing a brain-wide neural system underlying social homeostasis. These findings offer mechanistic insight into the nature and function of circuits controlling instinctive social need and for the understanding of healthy and diseased brain states associated with social context.

Ethacrynic acid suppresses B7-H4 expression involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung adenocarcinoma cells via inhibiting STAT3 pathway.

Lung cancer is characterized by high incidence and mortality. 90% of cancer deaths are caused by metastases. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in cancer cells is a prerequisite for the metastatic process. Ethacrynic acid (ECA) is a loop diuretic that inhibits the EMT process in lung cancer cells. EMT has been related to the tumour immunemicroenvironment. However, the effect of ECA on immune checkpoint molecules in the context of cancer has not been fully identified. In the present study, we found that sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) and TGF-ß1, awell-known EMT inducer, induced the expression of B7-H4 in lung cancer cells. We also investigated the involvement of B7-H4 in the SPC-induced EMT process. Knockdown of B7-H4 suppressed SPC-induced EMT, while B7-H4 overexpression enhanced EMT of lung cancer cells. ECA inhibited SPC/TGF-ß1-induced B7-H4 expression via suppression of STAT3 activation. Moreover, ECA inhibits the colonization of mice lung by tail vein-injected LLC1 cells. ECA-treated mice increased the CD4-positive T cells in lung tumour tissues. In summary, these results suggested that ECA inhibits B7-H4 expression via STAT3 inhibition, leading to SPC/TGF-ß1-induced EMT. Therefore, ECA might be an immune oncological drug for B7-H4-positive cancer, especially lung cancer.

Self-assembly of a mononuclear [Fe(III)(L)(EtOH)2] complex bearing an n-dodecyl chain on solid highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surfaces.

The synthesis and structures of the N-[(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-dodecylphenyl)methyl]-N-(carboxymethyl)glycine disodium salt (HL) ligand and its neutral mononuclear complex [Fe(III) (L)(EtOH)(2)] (1) are reported. Structural and electronic properties of 1 were investigated by using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and current imaging tunneling spectroscopy (CITS) techniques. These studies reveal that molecules of 1 form well-ordered self-assemblies when deposited on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface. At low concentrations, single or double chains (i.e., nanowires) of the complex were observed, whereas at high concentration the complex forms crystals and densely packed one-dimensional structures. In STM topographies, the dimensions of assemblies of 1 found on the surface are consistent with dimensions obtained from X-ray crystallography, which indicates the strong similarities between the crystal form and surface assembled states. Double chains are attributed to hydrogen-bonding interactions and the molecules align preferentially along graphite defects. In the CITS image of complex 1 a strong tunneling current contrast at the positions of the metal ions was observed. These data were interpreted and reveal that the bonds coordinating the metal ions are weaker than those of the surrounding ligands; therefore the energy levels next to the Fermi energy of the molecule should be dominated by metal-ion orbitals.

Associations of forms of intimate partner violence with low birth weight in India: findings from a population-based Survey.

BACKGROUND: Many studies report a significant association between a lifetime measure of intimate partner violence (IPV) and low birth weight (LBW) in low-income and economically developed countries. However, it remains relatively unclear how different forms of IPV affect LBW in low-income countries. This study examines the associations of various forms of IPV with two measures of birth outcomes - LBW and birth weight in India. METHODS: This study used the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015-2016 data of India. The analysis included 11,423 women aged 15-49 years. Using both logistic and linear regression analyses, we assessed the associations of various forms of IPV with binary and continuous measures of birth weight. The analysis controlled for several potential covariates. RESULTS: In fully-adjusted regression models, women who experienced any IPV, compared to those who had not experienced any IPV, were 1.19 times (95% CI: 1.02-1.37) as likely to give birth to an LBW baby. Compared to those who had not experienced any physical violence (PV), women who experienced any PV were 1.16 times (95% CI: 1.00-1.35) as likely to have an LBW baby. Moreover, compared to those who had not experienced any emotional violence (EV), women who experienced any EV were 1.29 times (95% CI: 1.06-1.56) as likely to have LBW babies. Linear regression analysis found that any IPV exposure was associated with a significant decrease in birth weight in the fully-adjusted model (b = -32.39; 95% CI: -63.39 to -1.73). Further, experience of any PV (b = -28.40; 95% CI: -60.13 to 3.36) and any EV (b = -51.69; 95% CI: -93.97 to -9.42) appear to be negatively associated with a continuous measure of birth weight. CONCLUSION: Findings have implications for public health policies and interventions that protect women from exposure to intimate partner violence for ensuring better maternal health and birth outcomes.

Long-term effects of caesarean delivery on health and behavioural outcomes of the mother and child in Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Medically unnecessary caesarean section (CS) is now an ongoing concern worldwide including in Bangladesh. This intensifies the occurrence of adverse maternal and child health outcomes. We investigated the associations of CS with some basic health and behavioural outcomes of the mothers and their children in Bangladesh. METHODS: We conducted a community-based case-control study from May to August 2019. A total of 600 mother-child dyads were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, 300 of them had CS, and 300 had vaginal delivery (VD) in their most recent live births. The exposure variable was the mode of delivery, classified as 1 if mothers had CS and 0 if mothers had VD. The outcome variables were a group of health and behavioural problems of the mothers and their children. Multivariate or multiple logistic regression model, separately for each health and behavioural outcome, was used to determine the effect of exposure variable on outcome variable after adjusting for possible confounders. RESULTS: The mean age and weight of mothers were 25.1 years and 53.1 kg, respectively. Likelihoods of headache, after delivery hip pain, problem of daily activities, and breastfeeding problem were reported higher among mothers who had CS in their most recent live birth than mothers who had VD. Similarly, children who were born through the CS operation were more likely to report breathing problem, frequent illness, lower food demand and lower hours of sleeping. CONCLUSION: The use of CS increases the risks of health and behavioural problems of the mothers and their children. Policies and programs to avoid medically unnecessary CS and increase awareness over its adverse effects are important.