Novel Pyrazole-Based Benzofuran Derivatives as Anticancer Agents: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Investigations.

In this work, the design, synthesis, and mechanistic studies of novel pyrazole-based benzofuran derivatives 1-8 as anticancer agents were discussed. Cytotoxic potency of the title compounds was evaluated against the lung carcinoma A-549, human-derived colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29, breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells as well as mouse fibroblast 3T3-L1 cells using XTT assay. Anticancer mechanistic studies were carried out with flow cytometry. XTT results revealed that all compounds exhibited dose-dependent anti-proliferative activity against the tested cancer cells, and especially compound 2 showed the strongest anti-proliferative activity with an IC50 value of 7.31 µM and the highest selectivity (15.74) on MCF-7 cells. Flow cytometry results confirmed that the cytotoxic power of compound 2 on MCF-7 cells is closely related to mitochondrial membrane damage, caspase activation, and apoptosis orientation. Finally, molecular docking studies were applied to determine the interactions between compound 2 and caspase-3 via in-silico approaches. By molecular docking studies, free binding energy (ΔGBind), docking score, Glide score values as well as amino acid residues in the active binding site were determined. Consequently, these results constitute preliminary data for in vivo anticancer studies and have the potential as a chemotherapeutic agent.

[Cu(dipicolinoylamide)(NO3)(H2O)] as anti-COVID-19 and antibacterial drug candidate: Design, synthesis, crystal structure, DFT and molecular docking.

For first time the new N-picolinoypicolinlamide was obtained as in situ ligand during the reaction of 2,4,6-ris(2-pyridyl)-,3,5-triazine with aqueous solution of CuNO3·3H2O and formed the corresponding complex [Cu(dipicolinoylamide)(NO3)(H2O)]. The crystal structure of the obtained complex was determined by x-ray structure. The complex crystallizes in space group P21/n, a = 10.2782(9) Å, b = 7.5173(6) Å, c = 17.738(2) Å, α = 90.00°, ß = 91.368(1)°, γ = 90.00°, V = 1370.1(2) Å3, Z = 4. The copper center has a distorted octahedral geometry. DFT calculations show good agreement between theoretical and X-ray data. The Molecular docking studies were executed to consider the nature of binding and binding affinity of the synthesized compounds with the receptor of COVID-19 main protease viral protein (PDB ID: 6lu7), the receptor of gram -ve bacteria (Escherichia coli, PDB ID: 1fj4) and the receptor of gram +ve bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, PDB ID: 3q8u and Proteus PDB ID: 5i39) and with human DNA. Finally, in silico ADMET predictions was also examined.

Overview of recent developments of pyrazole derivatives as an anticancer agent in different cell line.

Pyrazole is a five-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring with two adjacent nitrogen atoms C3H3N2H.The presence of this nucleus in pharmacological agents of various therapeutic categories gifts a broad spectrum of biological activities and pharmaceuticals that contain pyrazole like celecoxib (anti-inflammatory), CDPPB (antipsychotic), Rimonabant (anti-obesity), Difenamizole, (Analgesic), Betazole (H2 receptor agonist), Fezolamide (Antidepressant), etc… The pharmacological potential of the pyrazole fraction is proved in many publication where they synthesized and evaluated pyrazoles against several biological agents. The aim of this article review is to survey recent works linking pyrazole structures to anticancer activities corresponding to 9 different type of cancer.

Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Pyrazole Derivatives: A Review.

Pyrazole and its derivatives are considered a pharmacologically important active scaffold that possesses almost all types of pharmacological activities. The presence of this nucleus in pharmacological agents of diverse therapeutic categories such as celecoxib, a potent anti-inflammatory, the antipsychotic CDPPB, the anti-obesity drug rimonabant, difenamizole, an analgesic, betazole, a H2-receptor agonist and the antidepressant agent fezolamide have proved the pharmacological potential of the pyrazole moiety. Owing to this diversity in the biological field, this nucleus has attracted the attention of many researchers to study its skeleton chemically and biologically. This review highlights the different synthesis methods and the pharmacological properties of pyrazole derivatives. Studies on the synthesis and biological activity of pyrazole derivatives developed by many scientists around the globe are reported.

New Pyrazole-Hydrazone Derivatives: X-ray Analysis, Molecular Structure Investigation via Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Their High In-Situ Catecholase Activity.

The development of low-cost catalytic systems that mimic the activity of tyrosinase enzymes (Catechol oxidase) is of great promise for future biochemistry technologic demands. Herein, we report the synthesis of new biomolecules systems based on hydrazone derivatives containing a pyrazole moiety (L1-L6) with superior catecholase activity. Crystal structures of L1 and L2 biomolecules were determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction (XRD). Optimized geometrical parameters were calculated by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) level and were found to be in good agreement with single crystal XRD data. Copper (II) complexes of the compounds (L1-L6), generated in-situ, were investigated for their catalytic activities towards the oxidation reaction of catechol to ortho-quinone with the atmospheric dioxygen, in an attempt to model the activity of the copper containing enzyme tyrosinase. The studies showed that the activities depend on four parameters: the nature of the ligand, the nature of counter anion, the nature of solvent and the concentration of ligand. The Cu(II)-ligands, given here, present the highest catalytic activity (72.920 µmol·L-1·min-1) among the catalysts recently reported in the existing literature.

Crystal structure of 1-ethyl-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4(5H)-thione.

In the title compound, C7H8N4S, the methyl C atom is displaced by 1.232 (7) Šfrom the mean plane of the pyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidine ring system (r.m.s. deviation = 0.007 Å). The N-N-C-Cm (m = meth-yl) torsion angle is -60.3 (6)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds, generating [010] chains, which are reinforced by C-H⋯N inter-actions. The chains are cross-linked by weak C-H⋯S hydrogen bonds, generating (001) sheets.

Crystal structure of 4-allyl-sulfanyl-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidine.

In the title compound, C8H8N4S, the pyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidine ring system is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation from the mean plane of 0.025 (3) Å. The allyl group is disordered over two sites in a 0.512 (6):0.488 (6) ratio. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by pairs of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R 2 (2)(8) graph-set motif.

Crystal structure of 1-methyl-4-methyl-sulfanyl-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidine.

In the title compound, C7H8N4S, the non-H atoms of the pyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidine ring system and the methyl-sulfanyl group lie on a crystallographic mirror plane. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via a number of π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances vary from 3.452 (7) to 3.6062 (8) Å], forming a three-dimensional structure.

Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 1-[3-(2-oxo-3-phenyl-1,2-di-hydro-quinoxalin-1-yl)prop-yl]-3-phenyl-1,2-di-hydro-quinoxalin-2-one.

In the title compound, C31H24N4O2, the di-hydro-quinoxaline units are both essentially planar with the dihedral angle between their mean planes being 64.82 (4)°. The attached phenyl rings differ significantly in their rotational orientations with respect to the di-hydro-quinoxaline planes. In the crystal, one set of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds form chains along the b-axis direction, which are connected in pairs by a second set of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Two sets of π-stacking inter-actions and C-H⋯π(ring) inter-actions join the double chains into the final three-dimensional structure.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 3-phenyl-1-{3-[(3-phenyl-quinoxalin-2-yl)-oxy]prop-yl}-1,2-di-hydro-quinoxalin-2-one.

In the title compound, C31H24N4O2, the quinoxaline units are distinctly non-planar and twisted end-to-end. In the crystal, C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into chains extending along the a-axis direction. The chains are linked through π-stacking inter-actions between inversion-related quinoxaline moieties.

Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-phenyl-3-(prop-2-yn-1-yl-oxy)quin-oxaline.

In the title compound, C17H12N2O, the quinoxaline moiety shows deviations of 0.0288 (7) to -0.0370 (7) Šfrom the mean plane (r.m.s. deviation of fitted atoms = 0.0223 Å). In the crystal, corrugated layers two mol-ecules thick are formed by C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and π-stacking inter-actions.

Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-[(4-hy-droxy-phen-yl)amino]-5,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-4(5H)-one.

In the title mol-ecule, C21H17N3O2, the five-membered ring is slightly ruffled and dihedral angles between the pendant six-membered rings and the central, five-membered ring vary between 50.78 (4) and 86.78 (10)°. The exocyclic nitro-gen lone pair is involved in conjugated π bonding to the five-membered ring. In the crystal, a layered structure is generated by O-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds plus C-H⋯π(ring) and weak π-stacking inter-actions.

N'-Phenyl-N'-[3-(2,4,5-triphenyl-2,5-di-hydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)quinoxalin-2-yl]benzohydrazide.

The mol-ecule of the title compound, C42H32N6O, is built up from one pyrazole ring linked to three phenyl rings and to an approximately planar [maximum deviation = 0.0455 (15) Å] quinoxaline system connected to a phenyl-benzohydrazide group. The pyrazole ring assumes an envelope conformation, the C atom attached to the quinoxalin-3-yl ring system being the flap atom. The dihedral angle between the two phenyl rings of the phenyl-benzohydrazide group is of 58.27 (9)°. The mean plane through the pyrazole ring is nearly perpendicular to the quinoxaline ring system and to the phenyl ring attached to the opposite side, forming dihedral angles of 82.58 (7) and 87.29 (9)°, respectively. An intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond is present. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by pairs of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers, which are further connected by C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds into chains parallel to the b axis.

4-Benzyl-sulfanyl-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidine.

The pyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidine ring system of the title compound, C12H10N4S, is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.025 (1) Šfor the C atom bearing the S atom] and almost perpendicular to the phenyl ring [dihedral angle = 71.42 (6)°]. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via pairs of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers.

2-(3-Methyl-2-oxoquinoxalin-1-yl)-N-(4-methyl-phen-yl)acetamide.

The quinoxaline moiety in the title mol-ecule, C18H17N3O2, is not quite planar and the p-tolyl group is rotationally disordered over two nearly equally populated sets of sites. In the crystal, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydro-gen bonds form chains extending along the b-axis direction. Due to the disorder of the p-tolyl rings, short C⋯C distances are observed between adjacent chains.

3-(2-Bromo-eth-yl)-5,5-di-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione.

The imidazolidine ring in the title mol-ecule, C17H15BrN2O2, is slightly ruffled [r.m.s. deviation = 0.0192 Å], while the attached phenyl rings at the C atom at the position between the amine and carbonyl centres are rotated well out of its mean plane [dihedral angles with the imidazolidine ring = 63.60 (8) and 76.4 (1)°]. In the crystal, a three-dimensional network features N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds together with C-H⋯π(ring) inter-actions.

15,15-Diphenyl-2,3,4,5,6,8,9,11,12-octa-hydro-imidazo[2,1-h][1,4,12]trioxa[7]thia-[9]azacyclo-tetra-decin-14(15H)-one.

The title mol-ecule, C23H26N2O4S, adopts a cup-shaped conformation. In the crystal, layers lying parallel to the ab plane are formed by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π(ring) inter-actions. The layers stack along the c-axis direction through normal van der Waals inter-actions.

5,6,7,8-Tetra-hydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-b]quinazolin-9(4H)-one.

The triazole ring in the title mol-ecule, C9H10N4O, is not quite coplanar with the six-membered ring to which it is fused, the dihedral angle between the two least-squares planes being 2.52 (6)°. In the crystal, a layered structure is formed by N-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds plus slipped π-stacking inter-actions, with the fused cyclo-hexene rings projecting to either side.

N-(4-Methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-2-(3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoxalin-1-yl)acetamide.

The quinoxaline unit in the title mol-ecule, C18H16N4O5, is slightly puckered [dihedral angle between the rings = 2.07 (12)°] while the whole mol-ecule adopts an L-shaped conformation. Intra-molecular hydrogen bonding determines the orientation of the substituted phenyl ring and the amide nitro-gen atom is almost planar. The packing in the crystal is governed by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and slipped π-stacking inter-actions.

3-Methyl-2-(methyl-sulfan-yl)-5,5-diphenyl-3,5-di-hydro-4H-imidazol-4-one.

In the title mol-ecule, C17H16N2OS, the di-hydro-imidazolone ring is slightly puckered and the methyl-sulfanyl group is nearly coplanar with it. In the crystal, two sets of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds form corrugated layers of mol-ecules parallel to the ac plane. The layers pack with normal van der Waals contacts between them.