Unravelling the genomic origins of lumpy skin disease virus in recent outbreaks.

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus and family Poxviridae. LSDV was endemic in most of Africa, the Middle East and Turkey, but since 2015, several outbreaks have been reported in other countries. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing approach to investigate the origin of the outbreak and understand the genomic landscape of the virus. Our study showed that the LSDV strain of 2022 outbreak exhibited many genetic variations compared to the Reference Neethling strain sequence and the previous field strains. A total of 1819 variations were found in 22 genome sequences, which includes 399 extragenic mutations, 153 insertion frameshift mutations, 234 deletion frameshift mutations, 271 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 762 silent SNPs. Thirty-eight genes have more than 2 variations per gene, and these genes belong to viral-core proteins, viral binding proteins, replication, and RNA polymerase proteins. We highlight the importance of several SNPs in various genes, which may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of LSDV. Phylogenetic analysis performed on all whole genome sequences of LSDV showed two types of variants in India. One group of the variant with fewer mutations was found to lie closer to the LSDV 2019 strain from Ranchi while the other group clustered with previous Russian outbreaks from 2015. Our study highlights the importance of genomic characterization of viral outbreaks to not only monitor the frequency of mutations but also address its role in pathogenesis of LSDV as the outbreak continues.

Nano-biotechnology and its Innovative Perspective in Diabetes Management.

The occurrence of the diabetes happens due to the irregular operation of glucose in the body, which is also known as glucose homeostasis, thus leading to metabolic changes in the body. The two stages whether hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia differentiates diabetes into various categories and brought new innovative management for the new routes of administration of these disease condition. Various bio-nanotechnologies which are coupled with nano particulates, polymers, Liposome, various gold plated and Solid Lipids Particulates regulate the transcellular transport, non specific cellular uptake, and paracellular transport, which leads to oral, transdermal, Pulmonary, buccal, Nasal, specific gene oriented administration to avoid the non patience compliance with the parental routes of administration. Phytochemicals have an emerging strategy for the future prospects of diabetes management.