Hospitalized cases of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in the French territories of the Americas, July 2009-March 2010.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the methodology used for implementing a surveillance system specifically for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in the French West Indies and French Guiana during an outbreak of this new virus in 2009-2010, and to report its main results. METHODS: This was an observational descriptive study of confirmed and probable cases of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 hospitalized for at least 24 hours in 23 July 2009-3 March 2010. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed on nasopharyngeal swab samples according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention protocol. A probable case was defined as fever > 38ºC or aches or asthenia with respiratory symptoms (cough or dyspnea). All confirmed and probable hospitalized cases were reported, along with patient's age, sex, clinical condition at admission, place and length of hospitalization, antiviral treatment, underlying conditions, complications, and clinical evolution. A case was classified as severe if respiratory assistance or intensive care was required or if death resulted. RESULTS: A total of 331 confirmed and 16 probable cases were hospitalized, with a hospitalization rate ranging from 4.3 per 1 000 clinical cases in Saint Martin to 10.3 in French Guiana. Of these, 36 were severe, and subsequently, 10 were fatal. The median length of stay was 4 days for non-severe cases and 9 days for severe (P < 0.05). The mean patient age was 21 years, and severe cases were significantly older than non-severe (mean: 38 years versus 19 years, P < 0.05). Underlying conditions associated with a higher risk of severity were 65 years of age or more (RR = 7.5, 95%CI = 4.2-13.3), diabetes (RR = 3.7, 95%CI = 1.5-9.4), cardiac insufficiency (RR = 8.4, 95%CI = 5.2-13.6), and morbid obesity (RR = 4.4, 95%CI = 1.8-10.4). Patients who received antiviral treatment within 2 days of symptom onset had shorter hospital stays (mean: 4 days versus 6.5 days, P < 0.05), and the illness tended to become less severe (11.1% versus 19.0%, P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: Active research of hospitalized cases enabled almost exhaustive surveillance. The pandemic's hospitalization rates and lethality were more moderate than expected. Some previously known underlying conditions of severity were confirmed during this outbreak. Furthermore, these results show the validity of early antiviral treatment.

First human rabies case in French Guiana, 2008: epidemiological investigation and control.

BACKGROUND: Until 2008, human rabies had never been reported in French Guiana. On 28 May 2008, the French National Reference Center for Rabies (Institut Pasteur, Paris) confirmed the rabies diagnosis, based on hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction on skin biopsy and saliva specimens from a Guianan, who had never travelled overseas and died in Cayenne after presenting clinically typical meningoencephalitis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Molecular typing of the virus identified a Lyssavirus (Rabies virus species), closely related to those circulating in hematophagous bats (mainly Desmodus rotundus) in Latin America. A multidisciplinary Crisis Unit was activated. Its objectives were to implement an epidemiological investigation and a veterinary survey, to provide control measures and establish a communications program. The origin of the contamination was not formally established, but was probably linked to a bat bite based on the virus type isolated. After confirming exposure of 90 persons, they were vaccinated against rabies: 42 from the case's entourage and 48 healthcare workers. To handle that emergence and the local population's increased demand to be vaccinated, a specific communications program was established using several media: television, newspaper, radio. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This episode, occurring in the context of a Department far from continental France, strongly affected the local population, healthcare workers and authorities, and the management team faced intense pressure. This observation confirms that the risk of contracting rabies in French Guiana is real, with consequences for population educational program, control measures, medical diagnosis and post-exposure prophylaxis.

Hospitalized cases of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in the French territories of the Americas, July 2009–March 2010 / Casos hospitalizados de gripe A(H1N1)pdm09 en los territorios franceses de las Américas entre julio de 2009 y marzo de 2010

Objective. To describe the methodology used for implementing a surveillance system specifically for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in the French West Indies and French Guiana during an outbreak of this new virus in 2009­2010, and to report its main results. Methods. This was an observational descriptive study of confirmed and probable cases of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 hospitalized for at least 24 hours in 23 July 2009­3 March 2010. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed on nasopharyngeal swab samples according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention protocol. A probable case was defined as fever ≥ 38°C or aches or asthenia with respiratory symptoms (cough or dyspnea). All confirmed and probable hospitalized cases were reported, along with patient's age, sex, clinical condition at admission, place and length of hospitalization, antiviral treatment, underlying conditions, complications, and clinical evolution. A case was classified as severe if respiratory assistance or intensive care was required or if death resulted. Results. A total of 331 confirmed and 16 probable cases were hospitalized, with a hospitalization rate ranging from 4.3 per 1 000 clinical cases in Saint Martin to 10.3 in French Guiana. Of these, 36 were severe, and subsequently, 10 were fatal. The median length of stay was 4 days for non-severe cases and 9 days for severe (P < 0.05). The mean patient age was 21 years, and severe cases were significantly older than non-severe (mean: 38 years versus 19 years, P < 0.05). Underlying conditions associated with a higher risk of severity were 65 years of age or more (RR = 7.5, 95%CI = 4.2­13.3), diabetes (RR = 3.7, 95%CI = 1.5­9.4), cardiac insufficiency (RR = 8.4, 95%CI = 5.2­13.6), and morbid obesity (RR = 4.4, 95%CI = 1.8­ 10.4). Patients who received antiviral treatment within 2 days of symptom onset had shorter hospital stays (mean: 4 days versus 6.5 days, P < 0.05), and the illness tended to become less severe (11.1% versus 19.0%, P = 0.13). Conclusions. Active research of hospitalized cases enabled almost exhaustive surveillance. The pandemic's hospitalization rates and lethality were more moderate than expected. Some previously known underlying conditions of severity were confirmed dur.

Objetivo. Describir la metodología usada para implementar un sistema de vigilancia específico para la gripe A(H1N1)pdm09 en las Indias Occidentales Francesas y la Guayana Francesa durante un brote ocasionado por este virus nuevo ocurrido en 20092010 y presentar sus principales resultados. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de observación descriptivo de los casos confirmados y probables de gripe por A(H1N1)pdm09 hospitalizados durante al menos 24 horas entre el 23 de julio de 2009 y el 3 de marzo de 2010. De conformidad con el protocolo de los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades se realizó la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcripción inversa en muestras de hisopados nasofaríngeos. Se definió como caso probable la presencia de fiebre ≥ 38 °C o dolores o astenia junto con síntomas respiratorios (tos o disnea). Se comunicaron todos los casos hospitalizados confirmados y probables junto con la edad, el sexo, la situación clínica del paciente en el momento del ingreso, el lugar y la duración de la hospitalización, el tratamiento antivírico, las enfermedades subyacentes, las complicaciones y la evolución clínica. Se clasificaron como graves los casos que requirieron asistencia respiratoria o cuidados intensivos o provocaron la muerte. Resultados. Fueron hospitalizados en total 331 casos confirmados y 16 probables, con una tasa de hospitalización que osciló entre 4,3 por cada 1 000 casos clínicos en San Martín y 10,3 por cada 1 000 en la Guayana Francesa. De ellos, 36 fueron graves y 10 llevaron posteriormente a la muerte del paciente. La mediana de la duración de las hospitalizaciones fue de 4 días para los casos no graves y de 9 días para los graves (P < 0,05). La edad media de los pacientes fue de 21 años, y los casos graves fueron significativamente de mayor edad que los no graves (media: 38 años frente a 19 años; P < 0,05). Las enfermedades subyacentes asociadas con un riesgo mayor de gravedad fueron edad de 65 años o más (RR = 7,5; IC de 95% = 4,213,3), diabetes (RR = 3,7; IC de 95% = 1,59,4), insuficiencia cardíaca (RR = 8,4; IC de 95% = 5,213,6) y obesidad mórbida (RR = 4,4; IC de 95% = 1,810,4). En los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento antivírico en el plazo de 2 días de la aparición de los síntomas las estancias hospitalarias fueron más breves (media: 4 días frente a 6,5 días; P < 0,05) y la enfermedad tendió a presentar menor gravedad (11,1% frente a 19,0%; P = 0,13). Conclusiones. La investigación activa de los casos hospitalizados permitió una vigilancia casi exhaustiva. Las tasas de hospitalización y la letalidad de la pandemia fueron más moderadas que lo previsto. Durante este brote se confirmó la capacidad de algunas enfermedades subyacentes ya conocidas para aumentar la gravedad. Además, estos resultados demuestran la validez del tratamiento antivírico temprano