Prolactin levels and breast cancer risk by tumor expression of prolactin-related markers.

BACKGROUND: Higher circulating prolactin has been associated with increased breast cancer risk. Prolactin binding to the prolactin receptor (PRLR) can activate the transcription factor STAT5, thus, we examined the association between plasma prolactin and breast cancer risk by tumor expression of PRLR, STAT5, and the upstream kinase JAK2. METHODS: Using data from 745 cases and 2454 matched controls in the Nurses' Health Study, we conducted polytomous logistic regression to examine the association between prolactin (> 11 ng/mL vs. ≤ 11 ng/mL) measured within 10 years of diagnosis and breast cancer risk by PRLR (nuclear [N], cytoplasmic [C]), phosphorylated STAT5 (pSTAT5; N, C), and phosphorylated JAK2 (pJAK2; C) tumor expression. Analyses were conducted separately in premenopausal (n = 168 cases, 765 controls) and postmenopausal women (n = 577 cases, 1689 controls). RESULTS: In premenopausal women, prolactin levels > 11 ng/mL were positively associated with risk of tumors positive for pSTAT5-N (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.02-5.22) and pSTAT5-C (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.01-2.65), but not tumors that were negative for these markers (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.65-1.46 and OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.43-1.25; p-heterogeneity = 0.06 and 0.02, respectively). This was stronger when tumors were positive for both pSTAT5-N and pSTAT5-C (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.14-7.25). No association was observed for PRLR or pJAK2 (positive or negative) and breast cancer risk among premenopausal women. Among postmenopausal women, plasma prolactin levels were positively associated with breast cancer risk irrespective of PRLR, pSTAT5, or pJAK2 expression (all p-heterogeneity ≥ 0.21). CONCLUSION: We did not observe clear differences in the association between plasma prolactin and breast cancer risk by tumor expression of PRLR or pJAK2, although associations for premenopausal women were observed for pSTAT5 positive tumors only. While additional studies are needed, this suggests that prolactin may act on human breast tumor development through alternative pathways.

Real-world multiple myeloma risk factors and outcomes by non-Hispanic Black/African American and non-Hispanic White race/ethnicity in the United States.

Examination of the impact of race and ethnicity on multiple myeloma (MM) outcomes has yielded inconsistent results. This retrospective, real-world (RW) study describes patient, disease, and treatment characteristics (and associations with survival outcomes) among newly diagnosed MM patients of non-Hispanic (NH) Black/African American (AA) and NH White race/ethnicity in the United States. We included patients from the nationwide Flatiron Health electronic health record-derived de-identified database who initiated first line of therapy (LOT) for MM between January 1, 2016 and March 31, 2022. Of 4,614 patients in our study cohort, 23.3% were NH Black/AA. Non-Hispanic Black/AA patients were younger than NH White patients at diagnosis (median 68 vs 71 years) and more likely to be female (53.4% vs 43.5%). Rates of high-risk cytogenetics and 1q21+ were similar between races/ethnicities. The most common primary regimen used was lenalidomide-bortezomib-dexamethasone (50.1% of NH Black/AA and 48.1% of NH White patients). Receipt of stem cell transplantation during first LOT was less common among NH Black/AA (16.5%) than NH White (21.9%) patients. Unadjusted RW progression-free survival (rwPFS) and overall survival (rwOS) were similar between races/ethnicities. After multivariable adjustment, NH Black/AA race/ethnicity was associated with slightly inferior rwPFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.13; 95% CI 1.01-1.27). The difference in rwOS (HR 1.12; 95% CI 0.98-1.28) was not statistically significant. In general, associations between risk factors for rwPFS and rwOS were consistent between races/ethnicities. Findings from this analysis help to inform clinicians about the impact of race/ethnicity on MM treatment paradigms and outcomes in the United States.

BMP9 and BMP10 Act Directly on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells for Generation and Maintenance of the Contractile State.

BACKGROUND: Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) show a remarkable phenotypic plasticity, allowing acquisition of contractile or synthetic states, but critical information is missing about the physiologic signals, promoting formation, and maintenance of contractile VSMCs in vivo. BMP9 and BMP10 (bone morphogenetic protein) are known to regulate endothelial quiescence after secretion from the liver and right atrium, whereas a direct role in the regulation of VSMCs was not investigated. We studied the role of BMP9 and BMP10 for controlling formation of contractile VSMCs. METHODS: We generated several cell type-specific loss- and gain-of-function transgenic mouse models to investigate the physiologic role of BMP9, BMP10, ALK1 (activin receptor-like kinase 1), and SMAD7 in vivo. Morphometric assessments, expression analysis, blood pressure measurements, and single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed together with analysis of isolated pulmonary VSMCs to unravel phenotypic and transcriptomic changes in response to absence or presence of BMP9 and BMP10. RESULTS: Concomitant genetic inactivation of Bmp9 in the germ line and Bmp10 in the right atrium led to dramatic changes in vascular tone and diminution of the VSMC layer with attenuated contractility and decreased systemic as well as right ventricular systolic pressure. On the contrary, overexpression of Bmp10 in endothelial cells of adult mice dramatically enhanced formation of contractile VSMCs and increased systemic blood pressure as well as right ventricular systolic pressure. Likewise, BMP9/10 treatment induced an ALK1-dependent phenotypic switch from synthetic to contractile in pulmonary VSMCs. Smooth muscle cell-specific overexpression of Smad7 completely suppressed differentiation and proliferation of VSMCs and reiterated defects observed in adult Bmp9/10 double mutants. Deletion of Alk1 in VSMCs recapitulated the Bmp9/10 phenotype in pulmonary but not in aortic and coronary arteries. Bulk expression analysis and single molecule RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization uncovered vessel bed-specific, heterogeneous expression of BMP type 1 receptors, explaining phenotypic differences in different Alk1 mutant vessel beds. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that BMP9 and BMP10 act directly on VSMCs for induction and maintenance of their contractile state. The effects of BMP9/10 in VSMCs are mediated by different combinations of BMP type 1 receptors in a vessel bed-specific manner, offering new opportunities to manipulate blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation.

Cyclopentadiene as a Multifunctional Reagent for Normal- and Inverse-Electron Demand Diels-Alder Bioconjugation.

Optimizing the Diels-Alder (DA) reaction for aqueous coupling has resulted in practical methods to link molecules such as drugs and diagnostic agents to proteins. Both normal electron demand (NED) and inverse electron demand (IED) DA coupling schemes have been employed, but neither mechanism entails a common multipurpose reactive group. This report focuses on expanding the bioconjugation toolbox for cyclopentadiene through the identification of reactive groups that couple through NED or IED mechanisms in aqueous solution. Dienophiles and tetrazine derivatives were screened for reactivity and selectivity toward antibodies bearing cyclopentadiene amino acids to yield bioconjugates. Twelve NED dienophiles and four tetrazine-based IED substrates were identified as capable of practical biocoupling. Furthermore, tetrazine ligation to cyclopentadiene occurred at a rate of 3.3 ± 0.5 M-1 s-1 and was capable of bioorthogonal transformations, as evidenced by the selective protein labeling in serum. Finally, an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)-bearing monomethyl auristatin E was prepared via tetrazine conjugation to cyclopentadiene. The resulting ADC was stable and demonstrated potent activity in vitro. These findings expand the utility of cyclopentadiene as a tool to couple entities to proteins via dual DA addition mechanisms.

Effect of exacerbation history on clinical response to dupilumab in moderate-to-severe uncontrolled asthma.

BACKGROUND: The phase 3 LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02414854) in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma has demonstrated the efficacy and safety of dupilumab 200 and 300 mg every 2 weeks versus placebo. This post hoc analysis assessed the effect of dupilumab on efficacy outcomes and asthma control across a range of historical exacerbation rates in patients with type 2-high asthma. METHODS: Annualised severe exacerbation rates over the 52-week treatment period, pre-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) at weeks 12 and 52, and the five-item Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ-5) score at weeks 24 and 52 were assessed in patients with ≥1, ≥2 or ≥3 exacerbations in the previous year. Subgroups were stratified by baseline blood eosinophils ≥150 or ≥300 cells·µL-1 or baseline exhaled nitric oxide fraction ≥25 ppb and baseline inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) dose. RESULTS: Across all type 2-high subgroups, dupilumab versus placebo significantly reduced severe exacerbations by 54-90%, with greater improvements in patients with more exacerbations prior to study initiation. Similarly, improvements in FEV1 (least squares (LS) mean difference versus placebo: ≥1 exacerbations, 0.15-0.25 L; ≥2 exacerbations, 0.12-0.32 L; ≥3 exacerbations, 0.09-0.38 L; majority p<0.05) and ACQ-5 score (LS mean difference range: ≥1 exacerbations, -0.30 to -0.57; ≥2 exacerbations, -0.29 to -0.56; ≥3 exacerbations, -0.43 to -0.61; all p<0.05) were observed, irrespective of prior exacerbation history, across all subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Dupilumab significantly reduced severe exacerbations and improved FEV1 and asthma control in patients with elevated type 2 biomarkers irrespective of exacerbation history and baseline ICS dose.

Dupilumab suppresses type 2 inflammatory biomarkers across multiple atopic, allergic diseases.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 inflammation is common in numerous atopic/allergic diseases and can be identified by elevated biomarker levels. Dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody, blocks the shared receptor component for interleukin-4 and interleukin-13, key and central drivers of type 2 inflammation. OBJECTIVE: Assessment of dupilumab effect on type 2 inflammatory biomarkers in atopic dermatitis (AD), asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). METHODS: Data were extracted from three randomized placebo-controlled trials of dupilumab in AD (NCT02277743, N = 671; NCT02277769, N = 708; NCT02260986, N = 740); and one each in asthma (NCT02414854, N = 1902); CRSwNP (NCT02898454, N = 448); and EoE (NCT02379052, N = 47). Biomarkers assessed were serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), plasma eotaxin-3, serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE), serum periostin and blood eosinophil count. RESULTS: Dupilumab versus placebo significantly suppressed most type 2 inflammatory biomarker levels across all studies/indications where data were assessed. Reductions in serum TARC, plasma eotaxin-3 and serum periostin occurred rapidly, whereas reductions in serum total IgE were more gradual. Across diseases, at the end of treatment, median percentage change from baseline in TARC levels ranged from -24.8% to -88.6% (placebo +2.6% to -53.6%); -38.2% to -51.5% (placebo +8.3% to -0.16%) in eotaxin-3; -24.8% to -76.7% (placebo +8.3% to -4.4%) in total IgE; and -13.6% to -41.1% (placebo +10.1% to -6.94%) in periostin levels. Blood eosinophil responses to dupilumab varied by disease, with minimal changes in AD in the SOLO studies (median percentage change from baseline to end of treatment: 0% [95% CI: -15.8, 0]); transient increases followed by decreases to below-baseline levels in asthma (-14.6% [-20.0, -7.7]) and CRSwNP (-29.4% [-40.0, -16.3]); and significant decreases in EoE (-50.0% [-50.0, -33.3]). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dupilumab reduced levels of type 2 biomarkers across clinical studies in patients with AD, asthma, CRSwNP and EoE.

Dupilumab is effective in type 2-high asthma patients receiving high-dose inhaled corticosteroids at baseline.

BACKGROUND: Dupilumab blocks the shared receptor component for interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13, key drivers of type 2 inflammation. In phase 2b (NCT01854047) and phase 3 LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST (NCT02414854), add-on dupilumab 200/300 mg every 2 weeks (q2w) reduced severe exacerbations, improved prebronchodilator (pre-BD) forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 ) and quality of life measures, and it was generally well tolerated in patients with uncontrolled, persistent (phase 2b), or moderate-to-severe (phase 3) asthma. METHODS: In patients on high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) with type 2-high asthma (subgroups including baseline blood eosinophils ≥150/300 cells/µL and/or fractional exhaled nitric oxide [FeNO] ≥25 ppb), annualized severe exacerbation rates over the treatment period, changes from baseline in pre-BD FEV1 and asthma control (5-item asthma control questionnaire [ACQ-5]) were analyzed. RESULTS: In high-dose ICS type 2-high subgroups, dupilumab 200/300 mg q2w vs placebo in the phase 2b (24 weeks) and phase 3 (52 weeks) studies significantly reduced severe exacerbations by 55%-69%/57%-60% (all P<.05) and 53%-69%/48%-66% (all P < .001), respectively, except in patients with ≥ 300 eosinophils/µL in phase 2b study (24%/50% (P = .52/0.15). Across subgroups, pre-BD FEV1 improved by 0.18-0.22 L/0.19-0.24 L (all P < .05) and 0.23-0.36 L/0.15-0.25 L (all P < .01) and ACQ-5 scores were reduced by 0.46-0.55/0.47-0.85 (all P < .05) and 0.38-0.50/0.24-0.30 (all P < .05), respectively, except dupilumab 200 mg q2w in phase 2b in patients with FeNO ≥ 25 ppb (0.41; P = .09). Dupilumab was also effective in patients taking medium-dose ICS. CONCLUSION: Dupilumab significantly reduced severe exacerbations and improved lung function and asthma control in patients with type 2-high asthma on high-dose ICS at baseline.

Adult dietary fat intake and ovarian cancer risk.

The association of dietary fat intake with ovarian cancer risk has been inconsistent across populations. We examined dietary fat intake, overall and by type and ovarian cancer risk in two prospective cohort studies. We assessed long-term dietary fat intake among Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII participants using food frequency questionnaires administered every 2-4 years beginning in 1984 and 1991, respectively. We examined cumulative energy-adjusted intake of total fat, specific types of fat (animal, vegetable, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and trans fat) and cholesterol. We identified 700 ovarian cancer cases in NHS and 196 in NHSII with dietary information. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate associations between intake and ovarian cancer risk. Dietary fat intake changed over time in both cohorts and was lower in NHS than NHSII. Higher cumulative average intakes of animal fat and cholesterol were significantly positively associated with risk of ovarian cancer in NHS (relative risk [RR] comparing extreme quartiles = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.06 and 1.35, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.69, respectively), but not in NHSII. Other dietary fat sources were not clearly associated with risk in either population. We did not observe clear associations between dietary fat and ovarian cancer risk in two large prospective cohort studies.

Intake of Furocoumarins and Risk of Skin Cancer in 2 Prospective US Cohort Studies.

BACKGROUND: In prior studies, higher citrus consumption was associated with higher risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Furocoumarins, compounds with phototoxicity and photocarcinogenicity in citrus, may be responsible for the association. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to investigate the association between furocoumarin intake and skin cancer risk. METHODS: A total of 47,453 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) and 75,291 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) with diet data collected every 2-4 y in the 2 prospective cohort studies were included. A furocoumarin food composition database for 7 common furocoumarins [bergaptol, psoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, bergapten, 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (6'7'-DHB), epoxybergamottin, and bergamottin] was developed and used to calculate participants' cumulative average and energy-adjusted furocoumarin intake. Multivariate HRs and 95% CIs of the associations between furocoumarin intake and skin cancer risk were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Analyses were performed separately in each cohort as well as pooled using a fixed-effects model. RESULTS: Throughout follow-up (1984-2012 in the NHS and 1986-2012 in the HPFS), we identified 1593 melanoma, 4066 SCC, and 28,630 BCC cases. Higher intake of total furocoumarins was associated with an increased risk of BCC; the pooled HR comparing the top with the bottom quintile was 1.16 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.21; P-trend = 0.002). Higher intakes of bergaptol, bergapten, 6'7'-DHB, and bergamottin were also significantly associated with increased BCC risk. No significant associations were found between intake of total furocoumarins and the risks of SCC or melanoma. CONCLUSIONS: Intakes of total furocoumarins as well as some individual furocoumarins were associated with an increased risk of skin cancer, especially BCC, in 2 cohorts of US health professionals.

Efficacy of dupilumab on clinical outcomes in patients with asthma and perennial allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Comorbid perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) or year-round aeroallergen sensitivity substantially contributes to disease burden in patients with asthma. Dupilumab blocks the shared receptor for interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-13, key drivers of type 2 inflammation that play important roles in asthma and PAR. In the LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST trial (NCT02414854), dupilumab reduced severe asthma exacerbations and improved forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma, with greater efficacy observed in patients with elevated type 2 inflammatory biomarkers at baseline (blood eosinophils and fractional exhaled nitric oxide). OBJECTIVE: To assess dupilumab efficacy in LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST patients with comorbid PAR. METHODS: Severe asthma exacerbation rates, FEV1, asthma control (5-item Asthma Control Questionnaire), rhinoconjunctivitis-specific health-related quality of life (Standardized Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire +12 scores), and type 2 inflammatory biomarkers during the 52-week treatment period were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 814 of the 1902 patients (42.8%) had comorbid PAR (defined as an allergic rhinitis history and ≥1 perennial aeroallergen specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) level ≥0.35 kU/L at baseline). Dupilumab, 200 and 300 mg every 2 weeks, vs placebo reduced severe exacerbations rates by 32.2% and 34.6% (P < .05 for both) and improved FEV1 at week 12 by 0.14 L and 0.18 L (P < .01 for both); greater efficacy was observed in patients with elevated baseline blood eosinophil counts (≥300 cells/µL) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide. Dupilumab treatment also numerically improved the 5-item Asthma Control Questionnaire and Standardized Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire +12 scores and suppressed type 2 inflammatory biomarkers. CONCLUSION: Dupilumab improved key asthma-related outcomes, asthma control, and rhinoconjunctivitis-specific health-related quality of life while suppressing type 2 inflammatory biomarkers and perennial allergen-specific IgE in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma and comorbid PAR, highlighting its dual inhibitory effects on IL-4 and IL-13 and its role in managing asthma and PAR.

Dupilumab efficacy and safety in Japanese patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma in the phase 3 LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST study.

BACKGROUND: In the LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02414854) study, dupilumab 200 mg and 300 mg every 2 weeks vs matched-volume placebo reduced severe asthma exacerbations and improved lung function (FEV1), asthma control, and quality of life in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma (N = 1902). Here, we examine the safety and efficacy of dupilumab in the subpopulation of Japanese patients who participated in QUEST (n = 114; 6%). METHODS: Endpoints assessed were annualized severe exacerbation rates and the effect of treatment over the 52-week treatment period on FEV1, asthma control, asthma-related quality of life, and markers of type 2 inflammation. RESULTS: In Japanese patients, dupilumab 200 and 300 mg every 2 weeks vs matched placebo reduced severe asthma exacerbation rates by 44% (P = 0.33) and 75% (P = 0.03), respectively, and improved FEV1 at Week 12 by 0.20 L (P = 0.05) and 0.17 L (P = 0.12). FEV1 improvements were rapid (by Week 2) and sustained throughout treatment. Significant and/or numerical improvements vs placebo in asthma control and quality of life were also observed throughout treatment. For each endpoint, greater efficacy was observed in patients with elevated baseline levels of type 2 inflammatory biomarkers (blood eosinophils or FeNO). Dupilumab treatment significantly reduced levels of FeNO and total IgE, but not blood eosinophils. CONCLUSIONS: In this subanalysis of QUEST, the efficacy and safety of dupilumab in Japanese patients was comparable to that observed in the overall intention-to-treat population, suggesting no variability in efficacy on the basis of Japanese ethnicity. (Funded by Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT02414854).

Pre-diagnosis and post-diagnosis use of common analgesics and ovarian cancer prognosis (NHS/NHSII): a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death among women in the USA. In this study, our objective was to determine whether modifiable exposures to common analgesics outside of standard treatment influence prognosis in patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS: The Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII) are ongoing prospective studies of 121 700 and 116 429 US nurses who have completed biennial questionnaires since 1976 and 1989, respectively. We retrieved information from medical records, death certificates, or linkage to a state or Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry on ovarian cancer cases. Eligible participants had confirmed invasive, stage I-III epithelial ovarian cancer, and had data available on analgesic use. The primary objective was to determine whether self-reported regular use (≥2 days per week) of aspirin, non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or paracetamol before and after ovarian cancer diagnosis, was associated with ovarian cancer-specific survival. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for these associations, adjusting for age and year of diagnosis, disease stage, and histology. FINDINGS: Between June 1, 1976, and May 31, 2012, for the NHS and between June 1, 1989, and May 31, 2013, for NHSII, 1789 participants of the NHS and NHSII studies were diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer and 1143 (64%) were eligible to be included in this study; 1031 (90%) of 1143 cases were included in the pre-diagnosis exposure analysis and 964 cases (84%) in the post-diagnosis exposure analysis. Compared with never-users, participants who reported recent (current use in the past 2 years) post-diagnosis use of aspirin (HR 0·68 [95% CI 0·52-0·89]) and non-aspirin NSAIDs (HR 0·67 [95% CI 0·51-0·87]) had an improved ovarian cancer-specific survival. Any type of analgesic use pre-diagnosis, and post-diagnosis use of paracetamol, were not positively associated with ovarian cancer-specific survival. In analyses of change in analgesic use from pre-diagnosis to post-diagnosis, those participants who became recent users of aspirin (HR 0·44 [95% CI 0·26-0·74]) or became recent users of non-aspirin NSAIDs (HR 0·46 [95% CI 0·29-0·73]) post-diagnosis had a lower risk of ovarian cancer-specific death than never-users. INTERPRETATION: Recent use of aspirin or non-aspirin NSAIDs, defined as current use in the past 2 years, after diagnosis appears to improve ovarian cancer-specific survival. If these results are confirmed in further studies, further research should explore potential synergistic effects of anti-inflammatory medications used in combination with standard ovarian cancer therapies to improve the prognosis for patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer. FUNDING: National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, The Marsha Rivkin Center for Ovarian Cancer Research.

Circulating prolactin concentrations and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Prolactin, a multifunctional hormone, is involved in regulating insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in experimental studies. However, whether circulating concentrations of prolactin are associated with risk of type 2 diabetes remains uncertain. METHODS: We analysed the prospective relationship between circulating prolactin concentrations and type 2 diabetes risk in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII with up to 22 years of follow-up. Total plasma prolactin was measured using immunoassay in 8615 women free of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease at baseline blood collection (NHS 1989-1990; NHSII 1996-1999) and a subset of 998 NHS women providing a second blood sample during 2000-2002. Baseline bioactive prolactin was measured in a subset of 2478 women using the Nb2 bioassay. HRs were estimated using Cox regression. RESULTS: A total of 699 incident type 2 diabetes cases were documented during 156,140 person-years of follow-up. Total plasma prolactin levels were inversely associated with type 2 diabetes risk; the multivariable HR comparing the highest with the lowest quartile was 0.73 (95% CI 0.55, 0.95; ptrend = 0.02). The associations were similar by menopausal status and other risk factors (pinteraction > 0.70). Additional adjustment for sex and growth hormones, adiponectin, and inflammatory and insulin markers did not significantly alter the results. The association of plasma bioactive prolactin with type 2 diabetes risk was non-significantly stronger than that of total prolactin (HR comparing extreme quartiles, 0.53 vs 0.81 among the subset of 2478 women, pdifference = 0.11). The inverse association of total prolactin with type 2 diabetes was significant during the first 9 years after blood draw but waned linearly with time, whereas for bioactive prolactin, the inverse relationship persisted for a longer follow-up time after blood draw. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: A normally high circulating total prolactin concentration was associated with a lower type 2 diabetes risk within 9-10 years of follow-up since blood draw in US women. Our findings are consistent with experimental evidence, suggesting that among healthy women, prolactin within the biologically normal range may play a protective role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.

Migraine and invasive epithelial ovarian cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study II and the Women's Health Study.

Migraine is a common primary headache disorder, which predominantly impacts women. Recently, migraine has been hypothesized to be associated with hormonally related cancers; however, the potential association between migraine and ovarian cancer has not been studied. Therefore, we evaluated the association between migraine and invasive epithelial ovarian cancer risk in two prospective cohorts, the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII) and the Women's Health Study (WHS). Our prospective analysis included 113,124 NHSII participants aged 25-42 at study baseline as well as 33,490 participants in the WHS who were 45 years or older at study entry. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between migraine and ovarian cancer risk in each cohort. In secondary analyses, we stratified by age and menopausal status. After adjusting for potential covariates, there was no statistically significant association between migraine and ovarian cancer risk in either the NHSII (HR = 1.29, 95%CI: 0.96, 1.74) or the WHS (HR = 0.60, 95%CI: 0.34, 1.06). In stratified analysis in the NHSII, there was a statistically significant positive association between migraine and ovarian cancer risk among women <45 years of age (HR = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.01, 3.07). We did not observe a clear association between migraine and ovarian cancer risk in two large prospective cohort studies.

Addition of a polygenic risk score, mammographic density, and endogenous hormones to existing breast cancer risk prediction models: A nested case-control study.

BACKGROUND: No prior study to our knowledge has examined the joint contribution of a polygenic risk score (PRS), mammographic density (MD), and postmenopausal endogenous hormone levels-all well-confirmed risk factors for invasive breast cancer-to existing breast cancer risk prediction models. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a nested case-control study within the prospective Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II including 4,006 cases and 7,874 controls ages 34-70 years up to 1 June 2010. We added a breast cancer PRS using 67 single nucleotide polymorphisms, MD, and circulating testosterone, estrone sulfate, and prolactin levels to existing risk models. We calculated area under the curve (AUC), controlling for age and stratified by menopausal status, for the 5-year absolute risk of invasive breast cancer. We estimated the population distribution of 5-year predicted risks for models with and without biomarkers. For the Gail model, the AUC improved (p-values < 0.001) from 55.9 to 64.1 (8.2 units) in premenopausal women (Gail + PRS + MD), from 55.5 to 66.0 (10.5 units) in postmenopausal women not using hormone therapy (HT) (Gail + PRS + MD + all hormones), and from 58.0 to 64.9 (6.9 units) in postmenopausal women using HT (Gail + PRS + MD + prolactin). For the Rosner-Colditz model, the corresponding AUCs improved (p-values < 0.001) by 5.7, 6.2, and 6.5 units. For estrogen-receptor-positive tumors, among postmenopausal women not using HT, the AUCs improved (p-values < 0.001) by 14.3 units for the Gail model and 7.3 units for the Rosner-Colditz model. Additionally, the percentage of 50-year-old women predicted to be at more than twice 5-year average risk (≥2.27%) was 0.2% for the Gail model alone and 6.6% for the Gail + PRS + MD + all hormones model. Limitations of our study included the limited racial/ethnic diversity of our cohort, and that general population exposure distributions were unavailable for some risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the addition of PRS, MD, and endogenous hormones substantially improved existing breast cancer risk prediction models. Further studies will be needed to confirm these findings and to determine whether improved risk prediction models have practical value in identifying women at higher risk who would most benefit from chemoprevention, screening, and other risk-reducing strategies.

Does mammographic density mediate risk factor associations with breast cancer? An analysis by tumor characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Though mammographic density (MD) has been proposed as an intermediate marker of breast cancer risk, few studies have examined whether the associations between breast cancer risk factors and risk are mediated by MD, particularly by tumor characteristics. METHODS: Our study population included 3392 cases (1105 premenopausal) and 8882 (3192 premenopausal) controls from four case-control studies. For established risk factors, we estimated the percent of the total risk factor association with breast cancer that was mediated by percent MD (secondarily, by dense area and non-dense area) for invasive breast cancer as well as for subtypes defined by the estrogen receptor (ER+/ER-), progesterone receptor (PR+/PR-), and HER2 (HER2+/HER2-). Analyses were conducted separately in pre- and postmenopausal women. RESULTS: Positive associations between prior breast biopsy and risk of invasive breast cancer as well as all subtypes were partially mediated by percent MD in pre- and postmenopausal women (percent mediated = 11-27%, p ≤ 0.02). In postmenopausal women, nulliparity and hormone therapy use were positively associated with invasive, ER+ , PR+ , and HER2- breast cancer; percent MD partially mediated these associations (percent mediated ≥ 31%, p ≤ 0.02). Further, among postmenopausal women, percent MD partially mediated the positive association between later age at first birth and invasive as well as ER+ breast cancer (percent mediated = 16%, p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: Percent MD partially mediated the associations between breast biopsy, nulliparity, age at first birth, and hormone therapy with risk of breast cancer, particularly among postmenopausal women, suggesting that these risk factors at least partially influence breast cancer risk through changes in breast tissue composition.

Inter-pathologist and pathology report agreement for ovarian tumor characteristics in the Nurses' Health Studies.

BACKGROUND: Grade and histotype of ovarian carcinomas are often used as surrogates of molecular subtypes. We examined factors affecting pathologists' reproducibility in two prospective studies. METHODS: Two pathologists independently reviewed slides from 459 incident ovarian cancers in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII. We described agreement on tumor characteristics using percent agreement and Cohen's standard kappa (κ) coefficients. We used logistic regression, with disagreement as the outcome, to evaluate the contribution of case and tumor characteristics to agreement. RESULTS: Inter-rater agreement was 95% (κ = 0.81) for carcinoma versus borderline, 89% (κ = 0.58) for grade and 85% (κ = 0.71) for histotype. Inter-rater grading disagreement was higher for non-serous histotypes (OR = 4.66, 95% CI 2.09-10.36) and lower for cancers with bizarre atypia (OR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.04-0.38). Agreement with original pathology reports was 94% (κ = 0.73) for carcinoma versus borderline, 78% (κ = 0.60) for histotype, and 79% (κ = 0.24) for grade. Grading disagreement was significantly lower for tumors with 'solid, pseudoendometrioid or transitional' (SET) architecture (OR = 0.08, 95%CI 0.01-0.84). Date of original diagnosis, hospital type, number of slides available for review, tumor stage, and slide quality were not related to agreement. CONCLUSION: Overall, inter-rater agreement for tumor type and grade for archival tissue specimens was good. Agreement between the consensus review and original pathology reports was lower. Factors contributing to grading disagreement included non-serous histotype, absence of bizarre atypia, and absence of SET architecture.

Mammographic density and ageing: A collaborative pooled analysis of cross-sectional data from 22 countries worldwide.

BACKGROUND: Mammographic density (MD) is one of the strongest breast cancer risk factors. Its age-related characteristics have been studied in women in western countries, but whether these associations apply to women worldwide is not known. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We examined cross-sectional differences in MD by age and menopausal status in over 11,000 breast-cancer-free women aged 35-85 years, from 40 ethnicity- and location-specific population groups across 22 countries in the International Consortium on Mammographic Density (ICMD). MD was read centrally using a quantitative method (Cumulus) and its square-root metrics were analysed using meta-analysis of group-level estimates and linear regression models of pooled data, adjusted for body mass index, reproductive factors, mammogram view, image type, and reader. In all, 4,534 women were premenopausal, and 6,481 postmenopausal, at the time of mammography. A large age-adjusted difference in percent MD (PD) between post- and premenopausal women was apparent (-0.46 cm [95% CI: -0.53, -0.39]) and appeared greater in women with lower breast cancer risk profiles; variation across population groups due to heterogeneity (I2) was 16.5%. Among premenopausal women, the √PD difference per 10-year increase in age was -0.24 cm (95% CI: -0.34, -0.14; I2 = 30%), reflecting a compositional change (lower dense area and higher non-dense area, with no difference in breast area). In postmenopausal women, the corresponding difference in √PD (-0.38 cm [95% CI: -0.44, -0.33]; I2 = 30%) was additionally driven by increasing breast area. The study is limited by different mammography systems and its cross-sectional rather than longitudinal nature. CONCLUSIONS: Declines in MD with increasing age are present premenopausally, continue postmenopausally, and are most pronounced over the menopausal transition. These effects were highly consistent across diverse groups of women worldwide, suggesting that they result from an intrinsic biological, likely hormonal, mechanism common to women. If cumulative breast density is a key determinant of breast cancer risk, younger ages may be the more critical periods for lifestyle modifications aimed at breast density and breast cancer risk reduction.

Attenuation of Wnt/ß-catenin activity reverses enhanced generation of cardiomyocytes and cardiac defects caused by the loss of emerin.

Mutations in EMD, encoding emerin cause skeletal muscle and heart defects in patients with X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (X-EDMD) but the underlying mechanisms leading to cardiac defects are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of emerin in controlling cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac remodeling and explored its function in regulation of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. We observed a remarkable increase of cardiomyocytes in emerin-null adult mice accompanied with decreased numbers of multinucleated cells. Depletion of emerin in mouse ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes by shRNA caused hyperactivation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, increased proliferation and abrogated timely cardiac differentiation. Likewise, emerin-null mice exhibited increased Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, cardiac dysfunction and perturbed hypertrophic remodeling following pressure overload. Pharmacological inhibition of ß-catenin normalized proliferation and differentiation of ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes while inactivation of a single allele of ß-catenin efficiently rescued cardiac dysfunction in emerin-null mice. We conclude that emerin constrains ß-catenin signaling in the heart providing tight control of cardiomyocyte numbers. Enhanced Wnt/ß-catenin signaling seems to contribute to cardiac defects observed in X-EDMD. Hence, therapeutic inhibition of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling might be beneficial for X-EDMD patients.

Examining the common aetiology of serous ovarian cancers and basal-like breast cancers using double primaries.

BACKGROUND: The somatic molecular profiles of basal-like breast cancers and high-grade serous ovarian cancers share many similarities, leading to the hypothesis that they have similar aetiologies, in which case they should occur together in the same patient more often than expected. METHODS: We identified 545 women with double independent primary cancers of the breast and ovary reported to the California Cancer Registry from 1999 to 2013 and examined the coincidence of subtype combinations. RESULTS: For most subtype combinations the observed frequencies were similar to their expected frequencies, but in 103 observed cases vs 43.8 expected (O/E=2.35; 95% CI 1.90-2.81) a triple-negative breast tumour (typically basal-like) was matched with a serous ovarian tumour (typically high-grade). CONCLUSIONS: The results provide compelling evidence that basal-like breast cancer and high-grade serous ovarian cancer share a much more similar aetiology than breast and ovarian cancers more broadly. Further research is needed to clarify the influence of germ-line BRCA1 mutations and other risk factors on these results.