The methodology of quantitative risk assessment studies.

Once an external factor has been deemed likely to influence human health and a dose response function is available, an assessment of its health impact or that of policies aimed at influencing this and possibly other factors in a specific population can be obtained through a quantitative risk assessment, or health impact assessment (HIA) study. The health impact is usually expressed as a number of disease cases or disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to or expected from the exposure or policy. We review the methodology of quantitative risk assessment studies based on human data. The main steps of such studies include definition of counterfactual scenarios related to the exposure or policy, exposure(s) assessment, quantification of risks (usually relying on literature-based dose response functions), possibly economic assessment, followed by uncertainty analyses. We discuss issues and make recommendations relative to the accuracy and geographic scale at which factors are assessed, which can strongly influence the study results. If several factors are considered simultaneously, then correlation, mutual influences and possibly synergy between them should be taken into account. Gaps or issues in the methodology of quantitative risk assessment studies include 1) proposing a formal approach to the quantitative handling of the level of evidence regarding each exposure-health pair (essential to consider emerging factors); 2) contrasting risk assessment based on human dose-response functions with that relying on toxicological data; 3) clarification of terminology of health impact assessment and human-based risk assessment studies, which are actually very similar, and 4) other technical issues related to the simultaneous consideration of several factors, in particular when they are causally linked.

Bilan du service sanitaire 2018-2019 de l'Université Grenoble Alpes, inter-filière médecine, pharmacie, maïeutique, kinésithérapie.

OBJECTIVE: "Health service", a French national service-learning program for health profession students, was launched in 2018. It aimed at developing knowledge and skills in health promotion and prevention. The purpose of this study was to assess the local implementation of this program, among medical, pharmacy, midwifery and physical therapy students at the Grenoble Alps University. METHODS: Relevant data were extracted from the placement reports, the directors' feedback forms and an on-line questionnaire for students. We described the teams, the actions, the targeted publics, the students' satisfaction and directors' satisfaction. RESULTS: 400 students participated in this service-learning program (207 medical students, 93 pharmacy students, 39 midwifery students and 61 physical therapy students). 92 teams took actions in 91 institutions, including 90 secondary schools. 96.0% of the students were in interprofessional teams. Of 7,926 people reached, 7,872 (99.3%) were secondary school pupils. The main issues addressed were the substance-use prevention program based on life skills development, Unplugged (55 schools) and screen time and cyberstalking (17 schools). CONCLUSIONS: This program achieved interprofessional education and practice, with health-student-delivered activities. Interdisciplinarity was a core strength of the "Health service". Areas for improvement were the communication and the reimbursement of transportation expenses.

[Evaluation of an interprofessional service-learning program among health profession students: the experience of Grenoble Alps University] / Bilan du service sanitaire 2018-2019 de l'Université Grenoble Alpes, inter-filière médecine, pharmacie, maïeutique, kinésithérapie.

OBJECTIVE: “Health service”, a French national service-learning program for health profession students, was launched in 2018. It aimed at developing knowledge and skills in health promotion and prevention. The purpose of this study was to assess the local implementation of this program, among medical, pharmacy, midwifery and physical therapy students at the Grenoble Alps University. METHODS: Relevant data were extracted from the placement reports, the directors’ feedback forms and an on-line questionnaire for students. We described the teams, the actions, the targeted publics, the students’ satisfaction and directors’ satisfaction. RESULTS: 400 students participated in this service-learning program (207 medical students, 93 pharmacy students, 39 midwifery students and 61 physical therapy students). 92 teams took actions in 91 institutions, including 90 secondary schools. 96.0% of the students were in interprofessional teams. Of 7,926 people reached, 7,872 (99.3%) were secondary school pupils. The main issues addressed were the substance-use prevention program based on life skills development, Unplugged (55 schools) and screen time and cyberstalking (17 schools). CONCLUSIONS: This program achieved interprofessional education and practice, with health-student-delivered activities. Interdisciplinarity was a core strength of the “Health service”. Areas for improvement were the communication and the reimbursement of transportation expenses.

[Evaluation of an interprofessional service-learning program among health profession students: the experience of Grenoble Alps University]. / Bilan du service sanitaire 2018-2019 de l'Université Grenoble Alpes, inter-filière médecine, pharmacie, maïeutique, kinésithérapie.

OBJECTIVE: “Health service”, a French national service-learning program for health profession students, was launched in 2018. It aimed at developing knowledge and skills in health promotion and prevention. The purpose of this study was to assess the local implementation of this program, among medical, pharmacy, midwifery and physical therapy students at the Grenoble Alps University. METHODS: Relevant data were extracted from the placement reports, the directors’ feedback forms and an on-line questionnaire for students. We described the teams, the actions, the targeted publics, the students’ satisfaction and directors’ satisfaction. RESULTS: 400 students participated in this service-learning program (207 medical students, 93 pharmacy students, 39 midwifery students and 61 physical therapy students). 92 teams took actions in 91 institutions, including 90 secondary schools. 96.0% of the students were in interprofessional teams. Of 7,926 people reached, 7,872 (99.3%) were secondary school pupils. The main issues addressed were the substance-use prevention program based on life skills development, Unplugged (55 schools) and screen time and cyberstalking (17 schools). CONCLUSIONS: This program achieved interprofessional education and practice, with health-student-delivered activities. Interdisciplinarity was a core strength of the “Health service”. Areas for improvement were the communication and the reimbursement of transportation expenses.