Do teachers have more health problems? Results from a French cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Although only a few studies have been published on teachers' health, certain ideas are widely accepted, such as for example, the preconceived notion that teachers suffer from an excessively high rate of mental health problems. The objective of this study is to compare teachers' mental and physical health to that of a control group. METHODS: A cross-sectional postal survey was conducted among a sample of 3,679 teachers and 1,817 non-teachers aged 20 to 60 years old. RESULTS: No lifetime prevalence of any psychiatric disorder (with the exception of undifferentiated somatoform disorder in men) or mean scores of psychological distress were found to be significantly higher in teachers. However, multiple analyses, adjusted for all confounding variables, revealed a higher risk of lifetime anxiety disorders in male teachers. On the other hand, significant differences were observed for some physical ailments: a higher lifetime prevalence of rhinopharyngitis/laryngitis in both male and female teachers, of conjunctivitis and lower urinary tract infection in male teachers and of bronchitis, eczema/dermatitis and varicose veins in female teachers. No significant difference was found for chronic pain between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Teachers do not seem to have poorer mental health. However, their physical condition is characterized by a higher prevalence of health problems related to the ENT tract, and to a lesser extent, depending on the gender, to skin, eyes, legs and lower urinary tract.

Work and mental health.

BACKGROUND: Studies investigating the psychological correlates of types of occupation have focused on such disorders as stress, depression, suicide and substance abuse. There have also been some models proposed to allow understanding of factors common to different types of occupations. We sought to provide an overview of research related to work and mental health and consider future research directions. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using the Medline, PsycInfo, Embase and PubMed databases. The key words "occupation" or "work" were searched in combination with the key words "mental health", "risk factors", "disorders", "depression", "suicide", "trauma", "stress" or "substance use". RESULTS: Studies of "stress" tend to be more applicable to specific workplace issues. While some of the studies relating to onset of depression, suicide, substance abuse and trauma pertain to specific occupational issues and results are often not generalizable, they have progressed our understanding of risk factors to those disorders. There are workplace factors involving exposure to danger and crisis that lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance abuse (including stimulants) and depersonalization. Workplace risk factors for depression involve situations promoting lack of autonomy, and involving "caring" for others as part of the work role, particularly where there is dependence on others for their livelihood. Risk factors for alcohol abuse include workplaces with access to alcohol and where use of alcohol is sanctioned. There appears to be a bi-directional relationship between personality and work, so that people are drawn to particular occupations, but the occupations then have an effect on them. An interactional model is proposed to consider this. CONCLUSION: The research questions pertaining to mental health are varied and will determine what mental health issues are of interest and the models of work applicable. There need to be more longitudinal studies and consideration of factors which the worker brings to the workplace (psychosocial issues, personality traits), as well as interpersonal issues and consideration of systemic, organizational, political and economic factors, including leadership styles.