Topical anesthetics for pediatric laser treatment.

Topical anesthetic agent causes transient insensibility to pain in a limited area of skin, and provides effective anesthesia in a short onset time, short duration, with seldom local or systemic side effects on intact skin and is simple to use. Topical formulations may offer significant benefits for prevention of procedural pain. Currently, they are considered to be the most effective anesthesia for laser treatments. Unfortunately, there is no standard anesthetic technique for this procedure. Lasers are being widely used in numerous dermatological and esthetics treatments in childhood. The advancement of new knowledge in laser technology have contributed to the development of new lasers that are commonly used in a pediatric population, such as Pulsed Dye, Carbon-dioxide and Nd:YAG laser. The most commonly used topical anesthetics in young patients for minimally or moderately painful laser cutaneous procedures are Lidocaine, Prilocaine, Tetracaine gel and combinations thereof.

Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children: A Serbian Single-Center Experience from 2010 to 2017.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the epidemiological, clinical, endoscopic, and pathohistological characteristics of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in Serbia. METHOD: All children aged 0-18 years diagnosed with EoE in the period between 2010 and 2017 at the University Children's Hospital in Belgrade, Serbia, were retrospectively enrolled. RESULTS: EoE was diagnosed in 35 children (12.45 ± 3.77 years) with a male predominance (74%). The median incidence rate was estimated to be 0.85 per 100,000 children per year with the highest rate estimated at 3.17 per 100,000 children in 2017. Dysphagia (71.4%) and food impaction (40%) were dominant symptoms. Inflammatory endoscopic changes were found in 74.3% and fibrostenotic changes in 62.9% of the children. The esophageal biopsy rate was low (6.8%), especially in children with reflux and nonspecific symptoms. Subepithelial fibrosis was found in only 20% of the patients. Since 2016, the number of biopsy samples has increased, but the sampling rate of lamina propria is still low (<50%). The correlation between the number of biopsies and lamina propria acquisition was strong (rs = 0.773, p < 0.05). In 2 immunocompetent adolescents, EoE was diagnosed after successful treatment of infectious esophagitis. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in the incidence of EoE in Serbian children is evident. The biopsy rate in children with nonspecific and reflux symptoms should be increased, as well as the number of biopsy samples for the detection of subepithelial fibrosis. In immunocompetent children with infectious esophagitis, EoE should be suspected and endoscopy may be recommended after successful treatment of infection.

Reduced sodium/proton exchanger NHE3 activity causes congenital sodium diarrhea.

Congenital sodium diarrhea (CSD) refers to an intractable diarrhea of intrauterine onset with high fecal sodium loss. CSD is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Syndromic CSD is caused by SPINT2 mutations. While we recently described four cases of the non-syndromic form of CSD that were caused by dominant activating mutations in intestinal receptor guanylate cyclase C (GC-C), the genetic cause for the majority of CSD is still unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the genetic cause for non-GC-C non-syndromic CSD in 18 patients from 16 unrelated families applying whole-exome sequencing and/or chromosomal microarray analyses and/or direct Sanger sequencing. SLC9A3 missense, splicing and truncation mutations, including an instance of uniparental disomy, and whole-gene deletion were identified in nine patients from eight families with CSD. Two of these nine patients developed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) at 4 and 16 years of age. SLC9A3 encodes Na(+)/H(+) antiporter 3 (NHE3), which is the major intestinal brush-border Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. All mutations were in the NHE3 N-terminal transport domain, and all missense mutations were in the putative membrane-spanning domains. Identified SLC9A3 missense mutations were functionally characterized in plasma membrane NHE null fibroblasts. SLC9A3 missense mutations compromised NHE3 activity by reducing basal surface expression and/or loss of basal transport function of NHE3 molecules, whereas acute regulation was normal. This study identifies recessive mutations in NHE3, a downstream target of GC-C, as a cause of CSD and implies primary basal NHE3 malfunction as a predisposition for IBD in a subset of patients.

Comparison of ketamine and ketofol for deep sedation and analgesia in children undergoing laser procedure.

The aim of our study was to research and evaluate cardiovascular and respiratory stability, clinical efficacy, and safety of two different anesthetic agents in pediatric patients who underwent Pulse dye (wavelength 595 nm, pulse duration 0-40 ms, power 0-40 J) and CO2 (wavelength 10,600 nm, intensity-fraxel mod with SX index 4 to 8, power 0-30 W) laser procedure. This prospective non-blinded study included 203 pediatric patients ASA I-II, aged between 1 month and 12 years who underwent short-term procedural sedation and analgesia for the laser procedure. After oral premedication with midazolam, 103 children were analgo-sedated with ketamine and fentanyl (K group) and 100 with ketofol and fentanyl (KT group). Vital signs, applied drug doses, pulse oximetry, and parental satisfaction questionnaire were used to compare these two groups. Statistical differences were tested using Student's t test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the cut-off value of the duration of anesthesia predicting apnea. Tachycardia was recorded in a significantly higher number of patients who received ketamine as the anesthetic agent (35.9 vs. 3% respectively). Hypertension was also significantly more frequent in patients who received ketamine in comparison with patients who received ketofol (25.2 vs. 3%). Laryngospasm was not observed in both examined groups. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in satisfaction of parents and doctors. Apnea and respiratory depression occurred significantly more frequent in ketofol than in ketamine group (12 vs. 0.97% and 13 vs. 0%). Based on ROC analysis for apnea, we found a significantly higher number of patients with apnea in the ketofol group when duration of anesthesia was longer than 17 min. Our study has shown that ketofol is more comfortable than ketamine in short-term laser procedures in children, causing less hemodynamic alteration with mild respiratory depression and less post-procedural adverse events.

Pediatric Crohn's Disease in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract: Clinical, Laboratory, Endoscopic, and Histopathological Analysis.

Crohn's disease (CD) is a progressive, multifactorial, immune-mediated disease characterized by chronic inflammation of any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Pediatric patients present with a more extensive form of the disease, especially in the upper GI tract with various histopathological inflammatory patterns. Our study aims to analyze the clinical, laboratory, endoscopic, and histopathological findings in children with diagnosed CD and compare results on the initial and follow-up tests. We have included 100 children and adolescents with CD, with performed endoscopic and histopathological (HP) procedures. The results of multiple biopsies executed in these 8 years were matched and compared. We found a statistically significant frequency reduction in stool changes (65.52% to 18.18%), weight loss (35.24% to 4%), and abdominal pain (41.86% to 6.67%) as presenting symptoms. There was an improvement in all laboratory values: fecal calprotectin (1000 to 60,8 µg/g), C-reactive protein (12.2 to 1.9 mg/L), and albumin (36 to 41 g/L). On esophagogastroduodenoscopy and ileo-colonoscopy 36.59% and 64.86% patients had specific findings, respectively. A total of 32 patients had evidence of Crohn's disease in the upper GI tract. Non-caseating granulomas were found on 9% of oesophageal, 18% of gastric, and 12% of duodenal biopsies. In the lower GI tract, we have observed a disease progression in the rectum (72.29 to 82.22%) and descending colon (73.49 to 80%). There was no registered disease progression in the upper GI tract. Our study demonstrated a significant decline in the frequency of symptoms and an improvement in laboratory values on the follow-up examinations. More than a third of our patients had specific endoscopic and HP findings in the upper GI tract, and an additional 23% had HP findings highly suggestive of CD. We demonstrated the importance of regular clinical, laboratory, endoscopic, and histopathological assessments of pediatric CD patients.

The First Case of Schaumann Bodies in Pediatric Very Early Onset Crohn's Disease: Case Report and Literature Review.

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel condition with increasing global incidence. Diagnosing CD is challenging and requires close collaboration between clinicians and pathologists due to the lack of specific diagnostic criteria. Histologically, CD is characterized by transmural inflammation, crypt distortion, metaplasia, and granulomas, although granulomas are not always present. Schaumann bodies (SB), initially described in sarcoidosis, are rare in CD but have been reported in about 10% of cases. This case report presents a 4-year-old female with chronic hemorrhagic diarrhea, severe anemia, and elevated inflammatory markers. Endoscopic and histological evaluations suggested CD, with the presence of SB in the gastric mucosa. Further investigations ruled out sarcoidosis, confirming a diagnosis of multi-segmental, very early onset CD with atypical histological features. SB are inclusions composed of calcium carbonate crystals and conchoid bodies, typically found within giant cells. The presence of SB in the mucosa is rare, limiting their diagnostic significance in endoscopic biopsies. Differential diagnosis should exclude other granulomatous diseases such as intestinal tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. This case highlights the importance of considering SB in the diagnosis of CD, particularly in pediatric patients.

The Usefulness of the Eosinophilic Esophagitis Histology Scoring System in Predicting Response to Proton Pump Inhibitor Monotherapy in Children with Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an immune-mediated esophageal disease with rising incidence. While proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the first-line treatment, a significant proportion of patients do not respond. This study aimed to determine if the EoE Histology Scoring System (EoEHSS) can predict PPI responsiveness. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 89 pediatric patients diagnosed with EoE between 2016 and 2022. Patients were categorized into PPI responders (PPIREoE) and non-responders (PPINREoE) based on post-treatment biopsies. EoEHSS values from biopsies of the esophagus (distal, middle, and proximal segments) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: No significant differences in EoEHSS scores were observed for the distal and proximal esophagus between the groups. However, the middle esophagus showed a significantly higher EoEHSS grade score in the PPINREoE group, indicating a more pronounced disease severity. Specific histological features, particularly eosinophilic abscesses and surface layering of the middle segment of the esophagus, were significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Performing a biopsy of each esophageal segment, particularly the middle, is crucial for diagnostic precision and predicting PPI responsiveness. The EoEHSS can serve as a valuable tool in predicting therapy response, emphasizing the need for personalized therapeutic approaches in EoE management.

Evaluation of factors for poor outcome in preterm newborns with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus associated with late-onset neonatal sepsis.

PURPOSE: Preterm newborns, due to many factors, are at increased risk for poor neural development, intraventricular hemorrhages, infections, and higher rate of mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with poor outcome in preterm neonates with late-onset neonatal sepsis (LONS) who had posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and underwent neurosurgical procedures for treatment of the hydrocephalus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Preterm neonates who had undergone insertion of ventriculoperitoneal shunt or Ommaya reservoir, during the 10-year period at University Children's Hospital, were retrospectively analyzed. According to the presence or absence of LONS, patients were divided into LONS group and non-LONS group. In both groups, we analyzed demographic and clinical data as well as nondependent factors. Additionally, we evaluated the patients who had lethal outcome in respect to all the analyzed factors. RESULTS: A total of 74 patients were included in the study, 35 in LONS group and 39 in control group. Patients in LONS group were born significantly earlier with lower birth weight, needed significantly higher O2 inspiratory concentration, and had longer duration of mechanical ventilation when compared to the nonseptic group. Five patients in LONS group had lethal outcome, and for these patients we identified a grade American Society of Anaesthesiologists score of 4 (P=0.000), ductus arteriosus persistens (P=0.000), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P=0.003), and pneumothorax (P=0.003) as independent preoperative risk factors for lethal outcome. CONCLUSION: Neurosurgical procedures are relatively safe in neonates with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus without LONS after birth. However, if LONS is present, various conditions such as preoperative high grade American Society of Anaesthesiologists score, ductus arteriosus persistens, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and pneumothorax markedly increase the risk for a lethal outcome after the operation.

The comparative analyses of different diagnostic approaches in detection of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the different diagnostic approaches in detection of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children presented with symptoms suggesting gastroesophageal reflux disease. METHODS: The study design was cross sectional. The study retrospectively included all children who underwent combined multiple intraluminal impedance and pH (pH-MII) monitoring due to gastrointestinal and/or extraesophageal symptoms suggesting gastroesophageal reflux disease at University Children's Hospital in Belgrade, from July 2012 to July 2016. RESULTS: A total of 218 (117 boys/101 girls), mean age 6.7 years (range 0.06-18.0 years), met the inclusion criteria. Gastroesophageal reflux disease was found in 128 of 218 children (57.4%) by pH-MII and in 76 (34.1%) children by pH metry alone. Using pH-MII monitoring as gold standard, sensitivity of pH-metry was lowest in infants (22.9%), with tendency to increase in older age groups (reaching 76.4% in children ≥ 9 years). The sensitivity of pH-metry alone in children with extraesophageal symptoms was 38.1%, while the sensitivity of pH-metry in children with gastrointestinal symptoms was 63.8%. Reflux esophagitis was identified in 31 (26.1%) of 119 children who underwent endoscopy. Logistic regression analysis showed that best predictors of endoscopic reflux esophagitis are the longest acid episode (OR = 1.52, p<0.05) and DeMeester reflux composite score (OR = 3.31, p<0.05). The significant cutoff values included DeMeester reflux composite score ≥ 29 (AUC 0.786, CI 0.695-0.877, p<0.01) and duration of longest acid reflux ≥ 18 minutes (AUC 0.784, CI 0.692-0.875, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study suggested that compared with pH-metry alone, pH-MII had significantly higher detection rate of gastroesophageal reflux disease, especially in infants. Our findings also showed that pH-MII parameters correlated significantly with the endoscopically confirmed erosive esophagitis.