Anticoagulation and Bleeding during Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Insights from the PROTECMO Study.

Rationale: Definitive guidelines for anticoagulation management during veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) are lacking, whereas bleeding complications continue to pose major challenges. Objectives: To describe anticoagulation modalities and bleeding events in adults receiving VV ECMO. Methods: This was an international prospective observational study in 41 centers, from December 2018 to February 2021. Anticoagulation was recorded daily in terms of type, dosage, and monitoring strategy. Bleeding events were reported according to site, severity, and impact on mortality. Measurements and Main Results: The study cohort included 652 patients, and 8,471 days on ECMO were analyzed. Unfractionated heparin was the initial anticoagulant in 77% of patients, and the most frequently used anticoagulant during the ECMO course (6,221 d; 73%). Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was the most common test for monitoring coagulation (86% of days): the median value was 52 seconds (interquartile range, 39 to 61 s) but dropped by 5.3 seconds after the first bleeding event (95% confidence interval, -7.4 to -3.2; P < 0.01). Bleeding occurred on 1,202 days (16.5%). Overall, 342 patients (52.5%) experienced at least one bleeding event (one episode every 215 h on ECMO), of which 10 (1.6%) were fatal. In a multiple penalized Cox proportional hazard model, higher aPTT was a potentially modifiable risk factor for the first episode of bleeding (for 20-s increase; hazard ratio, 1.07). Conclusions: Anticoagulation during VV ECMO was a dynamic process, with frequent stopping in cases of bleeding and restart according to the clinical picture. Future studies might explore lower aPTT targets to reduce the risk of bleeding.

Outcomes of the same-day discharge following mastectomy before, during and after COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The majority of patients undergoing mastectomy before the COVID-19 pandemic were admitted for 23-h observation to the hospital. Indications for observation included drain care education, pain control and observation for possible early surgical complications. This study compared the rates of outpatient mastectomy before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic and indirectly evaluated the safety of same-day discharge. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients undergoing mastectomy using Current Procedural Terminology code 19303. RESULTS: A total of 357 patients were included: 113 were treated pre-COVID-19, 82 patients during COVID-19 and 162 post-COVID-19. The rate of outpatient mastectomies tripled during the pandemic from 17% to 51% (p < 0.001); after the pandemic remain high at 48%. The rate of bilateral mastectomies decreased during the pandemic to 30% from 48% prepandemic (p = 0.015). Pectoralis muscle block utilization increased during the COVID-19 period from 36% to 59% (p = 0.002). No difference in complication rates, including surgical site infections, hematomas, and readmissions, pre and during COVID. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of outpatient mastectomy increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. During this timeframe, perioperative complications did not increase, suggesting the safety of this practice. After the pandemic, the rate of outpatient mastectomy continued to be significantly higher than pre-COVID.

The Effect of Borderline Pulmonary Hypertension on Survival in Chronic Lung Disease.

BACKGROUND: The impact of the new "borderline" hemodynamic class for pulmonary hypertension (PH) (mean pulmonary artery pressure [mPAP], 21-24 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance, [PVR], ≥3 wood units, [WU]) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) is unclear. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of borderline PH (BLPH) on survival in COPD and ILD patients. METHOD: Survival was analyzed from retrospective data from 317 patients in 12 centers (Italy, Spain, UK) comparing four hemodynamic groups: the absence of PH (NoPH; mPAP <21 mm Hg or 21-24 mm Hg and PVR <3 WU), BLPH (mPAP 21-24 mm Hg and PVR ≥3 WU), mild-moderate PH (MPH; mPAP 25-35 mm Hg and cardiac index [CI] ≥2 L/min/m2), and severe PH (SPH; mPAP ≥35 mm Hg or mPAP ≥25 mm Hg and CI <2 L/min/m2). RESULTS: BLPH affected 14% of patients; hemodynamic severity did not predict survival when COPD and ILD patients were analyzed together. However, survival in the ILD cohort for any PH level was worse than in NoPH (3-year survival: NoPH 58%, BLPH 32%, MPH 28%, SPH 33%, p = 0.002). In the COPD cohort, only SPH had reduced survival compared to the other groups (3-year survival: NoPH 82%, BLPH 86%, MPH 87%, SPH 57%, p = 0.005). The mortality risk correlated significantly with mPAP in ILD (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.776, 95% CI: 2.057-3.748, p < 0.001) and notably less in COPD patients (HR: 1.015, 95% CI: 1.003-1.027, p = 0.0146). CONCLUSIONS: In ILD, any level of PH portends worse survival, while in COPD, only SPH presents a worse outcome.

Single incision for oncologic breast conserving surgery and sentinel node biopsy in early stage breast cancer: A minimally invasive approach.

INTRODUCTION: Breast conserving surgery (BCS) has a postoperative morbidity up to 30%. We report the feasibility of a single-incision approach for tumor excision and axillary sentinel node biopsy (SNB) sampling intended to minimize patient morbidity and complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A tertiary surgical oncology single surgeon database was retrospectively reviewed for all patients undergoing BCS and SNB between January 2013 and December 2015. The single-incision approach used a single breast incision to resect the tumor and the Lymphazurin-tagged SNB. The multi-incision group used a breast incision and a separate axillary incision. RESULTS: The single-incision approach was associated with shorter operative time (56 vs 64 minutes, P = 0.026). Sentinel node retrieval was achieved in 100% in both groups. The single-incision technique was used primarily in the upper outer quadrant (N = 41, 85.4%), but was also selectively applied in other quadrants (N = 5). There was no significant difference in complication rates between the two procedures (P = 0.425), and there were no instances of conversion from single-incision to standard BCS-SNB. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive breast conserving surgery is feasible for patients with early breast cancer located in the upper outer quadrants. This technique may reduce postoperative morbidity and improved cosmetic result.

Morbidity and Outcomes Following Axillary Lymphadenectomy for Melanoma: Weighing the Risk of Surgery in the Era of MSLT-II.

BACKGROUND: Limited data exist characterizing complications after axillary lymphadenectomy for melanoma. With high rates of complications reported after dissection for breast cancer and data suggesting that completion lymphadenectomy may have limited therapeutic benefit, this study characterized morbidity to facilitate clinical decision-making. METHODS: Using a broad definition for complications, patients who underwent axillary dissection for melanoma at a single center (from 2003 to 2015) were assessed through retrospective chart review. Patients were stratified by potential risk factors for complications; outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-four axillary dissections in 239 patients were identified. Assessed risk factors for complications included age > 55 years (n = 133, 52%), body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 (n = 90, 40%), diabetes (n = 40, 16%), smoking (n = 81, 32%), extremity primary (n = 71, 28%), therapeutic lymphadenectomy (n = 105, 41%), and adjuvant radiation (n = 33, 13%). Wound complications were observed in 51 patients with 38 (15%) seromas, 3 (1%) dehiscences, and 10 (4%) hematomas. There were 5 (2%) reoperations, all for hematoma. Thirty-day readmission rate was 6% (n = 14). Importantly, lymphedema occurred in only 13 (5%) patients. Wound dehiscence occurred only in smokers (p = 0.03) and was associated with adjuvant radiation (p = 0.04). Twenty-eight (11%) patients developed frozen shoulder, which was related to smoking (p = 0.02). Lymphedema was more likely in patients after therapeutic dissection (p = 0.04). All other risk factors were not associated with increased complications. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis supports historical data that axillary dissection for melanoma is a low-risk procedure, with smoking, therapeutic lymphadenectomy, and adjuvant radiation associated with increased morbidity. Although morbidity of lymphadenectomy is often cited as a reason to alter surgical approach or even forgo intervention, this may be less of a concern for axillary dissection.

A Minimally Invasive Approach for Inguinal Lymphadenectomy in Melanoma and Genitourinary Malignancy: Long-Term Outcomes in an Attempted Randomized Control Trial.

BACKGROUND: Open inguinal lymphadenectomy (OIL) has a high incidence of complications. The authors adapted and reported a minimally invasive technique [videoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (VIL)] for use with melanoma, subsequently pursuing a randomized, prospective trial comparing open and minimally invasive approaches in an attempt to confirm retrospective findings illustrating reduced complications with the minimally invasive approach. METHODS: A randomized, prospective trial (NCT01526486) was designed to compare outcomes for patients undergoing VIL versus OIL. Patients with a diagnosis of malignancies requiring inguinal lymphadenectomy at Emory University were enrolled in the study, and informed consent was obtained. Failure to accrue sufficient patients resulted in suspension of the randomization process. Clinicopathologic, procedural, and outcomes data on VILs were prospectively collected. The primary outcome was wound complications, and the secondary outcome was recurrence-free survival. RESULTS: The results are limited to VILs. In this study, 102 patients underwent 137 procedures. Most of the complications were Clavien-Dindo 1 or 2, accounting for 89.7% of all postoperative issues. The wound infection rate was 47.4%. Skin necrosis or wound dehiscence occurred after 13 of the procedures (9.5%). For the patients with melanoma, the median overall survival was 68.8 months, and the recurrence-free survival was 18.5 months. The median inguinal recurrence-free survival was not reached. The median stage-specific recurrence-free survival was not reached for stage IIIA, was 22.8 months for stage IIIB, and was 8.8 months for stage IIIC disease (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The long-term findings presented in this report expand on and confirm previously published results demonstrating decreased morbidity and oncologic noninferiority of VIL, further validating the technique for patients requiring lymphadenectomy.

Excising Additional Margins at Initial Breast-Conserving Surgery (BCS) Reduces the Need for Re-excision in a Predominantly African American Population: A Report of a Randomized Prospective Study in a Public Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Margin status is an important prognostic factor for local recurrence after breast conserving surgery (BCS) for breast cancer. We designed a prospective randomized trial to evaluate the effect of shave margins on positive margins and locoregional recurrence (LRR). METHODS: Patients were randomized to BCS or BCS with resection of 5 additional margins (BCS + M). Tumor margins were classified as negative [>2 mm for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS); >1 mm for invasive carcinoma] based on guidelines at the time of accrual. RESULTS: A total of 75 patients with stage 0-III breast cancer (76 samples) were randomized, mean age 59.6 years with median follow-up 39.5 months. Overall, 21 patients (27.6 %) had positive margins: 14 had undergone BCS and 7 BCS + M (p = 0.005). Of the 21 patients with positive margins, 19 had DCIS on final pathology (OR 7.56; 95 % CI 1.52-37.51).All patients with positive margins were offered re-excision; 11 had negative final margins after re-excision surgery. Overall, 6 patients (8.3 %) developed LRR with recurrence being more common in the BCS group when compared with the BCS + M group (17.2 vs 2.3 %; p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Taking additional cavity shave margins at the time of initial excision resulted in a reduction in positive margin rate, a decrease in return to operating room for re-excision, and lower LRR.

Invasive Scalp Melanoma: Role for Enhanced Detection Through Professional Training.

BACKGROUND: Scalp and neck melanomas (SNMs) have a relatively poor prognosis compared to other sites, and represent an anatomically challenging area for detection. The aim of this study was to identify the role of the hairdresser in detection of SNMs. METHODS: A tertiary surgical oncology institutional database was retrospectively reviewed for all patients undergoing resection of a scalp, posterior neck, or retro auricular invasive primary melanoma between 2008 and 2014. RESULTS: SNMs accounted for 128 melanoma patients during the study period, with median age 66 years, 88 % male, and median Breslow thickness 1.55 mm. Hairdressers detected 10 % of all SNMs, with hairdresser-detected SNMs presenting 13 years younger (53 vs. 66 years, P = 0.015), and with a trend towards lower Breslow depth (1.15 vs. 1.63) and more frequent discovery in AJCC Stage Ia or Ib (66.7 % vs. 44.8 %) than otherwise-detected SNMs. Women with SNMs were 1.8-fold more likely than men to have their SNMs detected by a hairdresser (P = 0.001), and presented at higher AJCC clinical stage than men and required wider surgical resection margins (P = 0.011). Women with hairdresser-detected SNMs were younger, with lower Breslow thickness and lower AJCC Clinical Stage than women with otherwise-detected SNM. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that hairdressers play a critical role in detection of invasive primary scalp and neck melanoma, accounting for 10 % of all melanomas referred to a tertiary surgical oncology center. Quality improvement initiatives aimed at increasing early detection of scalp and neck melanoma should include members of the cosmetology community.

The long-term treatment of a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus and glutaric aciduria type 1: the effect of insulin.

UNLABELLED: The coexistence of two diseases associated with different metabolic disorders is a very rare event. Some associations, although sporadic, can be particularly challenging both in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic management and in terms of theoretical perspective. Here, we report a child affected by type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1). The child was diagnosed with classical T1DM at 15 months of age, with a tendency toward hypoglycemia. A few months later, during an acute intercurrent infective episode, the child displayed acute hypotonia of the lower limbs and limbs dystonia. A brain MRI showed bilateral striatal necrosis, suggesting GA1 diagnosis. Treatment with a low-lysine dietary regimen and carnitine supplementation was started and resulted in an improvement in metabolic control and a reduction of hypoglycemic episodes along with an increasing in insulin daily dose. After 2 years, the neurological outcome consisted of a reduction in dystonic movements and a metabolic stability of both diseases. CONCLUSION: This case provides some insight into the reciprocal interconnections between the two metabolic disorders. Similar pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the neuronal injury might have impacted each other, and a strict relationship between a specific aspect of GA1-impaired metabolism and glucose homeostasis might explain how the tailored management of GA1 was not only effective in controlling the disease, but it also resulted in an improvement in the control of the glycemic profile. What in known: • Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) usually presents in childhood with severe and possibly irreversible neuronal damage, triggered by a catabolic stress • The association of GA1 with other diseases, including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), is a rare event, complicating the treatment management What is new: • Insulin treatment has a role in preventing GA1 metabolic decompensation, even in the catabolic condition of hypoglycemia • Promoting GA1 metabolic equilibrium by tailoring drug and dietary treatment in our patient affect by T1DM has a positive impact also in improving glycemic balance.

Tanning beds: A call to action for further educational and legislative efforts.

BACKGORUND AND OBJECTIVES: Melanoma is steadily increasing over the past decade. Recent studies confirmed a link between tanning bed use and melanoma. We sought to determine the prevalence and frequency of tanning bed among young patients with melanoma. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed tanning bed use among young melanoma patients compared to controls selected from the hospital medical records. A telephone survey investigated family history of melanoma or skin cancer, hair color, eye color, skin type, tanning bed use, and patient awareness of dangers of tanning bed use. RESULTS: A total of 601 melanoma cases were identified; 265 (44%) completed the telephone survey as did 195 (31%) controls. Of these 460 subjects, 260 were female. Females were 3.0 times more likely to have used a tanning bed. Melanoma patients had natural light color hair, blue-green eyes, and 2.0 times more likely to use a tanning bed than controls. Among the tanning bed users, 90% were aware of danger of tanning bed. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that tanning beds were more likely to be used by young women, the majority of whom are aware of the associated risks. Eliminating the use of tanning beds should be considered to decrease the incidence of melanoma.

Enhanced down-regulation of ALCAM/CD166 in African-American Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Variation in tumor biology in African-American (AA) and Caucasian (CAU) women with breast cancer is poorly defined. Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) is a bad prognostic factor of breast cancer yet it has never being studied in the AA population. We tested the hypothesis that ALCAM expression would be markedly lower in cases of AA breast cancer when compared to CAU. METHODS: Cases of breast cancer among AA (n = 78) and CAU (n = 95) women were studied. Immunohistochemical staining was used to semi-quantitatively score ALCAM expression in tumor and adjacent non-tumor breast tissues. Clinico-pathological characteristics including histological type, histological grade, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2-neu status were abstracted, and their association with ALCAM expression tested. RESULTS: Univariate analysis revealed that the level of ALCAM expression at intercellular junctions of primary tumors correlates with histological grade (AA; p = 0.04, CUA; p = 0.02), ER status (AA; p = 0.0004, CAU; p = 0.0015), PR status (AA; p = 0.002, CUA p = 0.034) and triple-negative tumor status (AA; p = 0.0002, CAU; p = 0.0006,) in both ethnic groups. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that ethnicity contribute significantly to ALCAM expression after accounting for basal-like subtype, age, histological grade, tumor size, and lymph node status. Compared to CAU tumors, the AA are 4 times more likely to have low ALCAM expression (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Markedly low expression of ALCAM at sites of cell-cell contact in primary breast cancer tumors regardless of differentiation, size and lymph node involvement may contribute to the more aggressive phenotype of breast cancer among AA women.

Metabolic stroke in a late-onset form of isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency.

We report the first case of late-onset isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency (ISOD) presenting with a stroke-like episode. Clinical, biochemical and neuroradiological features at diagnosis and during follow-up after dietary treatment intervention are described. Furthermore, pathogenic mechanisms possibly leading to stroke in ISOD are discussed.

1 or 2 cm margins of excision for T2 melanomas: do they impact recurrence or survival?

BACKGROUND: NCCN guidelines recommend 1 or 2 cm margins for melanomas 1-2 mm (T2 melanomas) in depth; however, no head-to-head comparison has been performed. We hypothesized 1- or 2-cm margins would have similar local recurrence (LR) and overall survival (OS). METHODS: An institutional database was queried for patients with 1.0-2.0 mm melanomas treated from July 1995 to January 2011. All had wide excision and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Patients without documented surgical margins or follow-up were excluded. Clinicopathologic and recurrence data were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of 2,118 patients, 1,225 met study criteria. Of these, 576 had complete data: 224 (38.9%) had 1 cm margins and 352 (61.1%), 2 cm margins. Median follow-up was 38 months. Mean age was 52.6 years (range 11.3-86.7). Mean thickness was 1.27 and 1.48 mm (1 and 2 cm, respectively, p<0.001) with ulceration more common in the 2 cm group (12.3 and 21.3%, respectively; p=0.009). LR was 3.6 and 0.9% in the 1 cm versus 2 cm group, respectively (p=0.044). OS was 29.1 months with 1 cm and 43.7 months in the 2 cm group. On multivariate analysis, only head and neck location and nodal status were associated with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: In this series, 1 cm margins were associated with a small increase in LR that did not impact OS. This is concordant with the NCCN recommendations; however, a prospective, randomized trial would be optimal.

21-Gene recurrence scores: racial differences in testing, scores, treatment, and outcome.

BACKGROUND: African American (AA) women experience higher breast cancer mortality than white (W) women. These differences persist even among estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers. The 21-gene recurrence score (RS) predicts recurrence in patients with ER-positive/lymph node-negative breast cancer according to RS score-low risk (RS, 0-18), intermediate risk (RS, 19-31), and high risk (RS, >31). The high-risk group is most likely to benefit from chemotherapy, to achieve minimal benefit from hormonal therapy, and to exhibit lower ER levels (intrinsically luminal B cancers). In the current study, the authors investigated racial differences in RS testing, scores, treatment, and outcome. METHODS: Tumor registry data from 3 Atlanta hospitals identified women who were diagnosed with breast cancers during 2005 through 2009. Medical record abstraction provided information on RS and other tumor/treatment factors. Statistical analyses used chi-square/exact tests and logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 2186 patients, including 1192 AA women and 992 W women, 853 women had stage I or II, ER-positive/lymph node-negative disease and, thus, were eligible for RS testing (AA = 372 [31.2%]; W = 481 [48.5%]; P < .0001); and 272 women (31.8%) received testing (AA = 76 [20.4%]; W = 196 [40.7%]; P < .0001). Tumors were distributed into the following groups according to risk: low risk (n = 133), medium risk (n = 113), and high risk (n = 26). The mean RS did not differ by race, but risk groups did (low-risk group: 46.1% vs 50% for AA women and W women, respectively; high-risk group: 15.8% vs 7.1%, respectively; P = .043). In multivariate analyses, AA race (odds ratio, 3.6) was associated independently with high risk scores. CONCLUSIONS: AA women were half as likely as W women to receive 21-gene RS testing but were 2-fold more likely to be categorized as high risk. The current data suggested that testing guidelines are not applied equivalently, testing bias may attenuate racial differences in RS, and disparate outcomes may be explained in part by differences in RS, although compliance and pharmacogenomics also may play a role.

Application of the WHOQOL-100 for the assessment of quality of life of adult patients with inherited metabolic diseases.

BACKGROUND: As advances in neonatal and pediatric care for patients affected by inherited metabolic diseases (IMD) improve their outcome and allow for better survival rates, there is a growing interest in the quality of life (QoL) of patients reaching adulthood. In order to address this subject we designed a study to evaluate the QoL of a group of adult IMD patients who are receiving various treatments, in a comprehensive manner. METHODS: A mixed-method study was conducted to assess the QoL in adult IMD patients. The multidimensional World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-100) was applied for quantitative evaluations, and an additional semi-standardized interview, was conducted for qualitative measurement of patients' perceptions of the impact of illness on their daily life, and the perceived adherence to their treatment recommendations. A total of 82 patients affected by IMD were enrolled. The inherited metabolic disorders included principally amino acids disorders, urea cycle defects, organic acidurias, carbohydrates disorders, and lysosomal disorders. The WHOQOL-100 and the semi-standardized interview were administered in a clinical setting to adult patients with IMD. RESULTS: The mean for the whole group indicates that adult patients with IMD can have a normal value of General QoL. Despite this value, the results of each domain show lower scores in the domains of perception of independence and quality of social relationships. We made a further analysis to compare the patients with dietary treatment with the patients with pharmacological treatment, and we observed a statistically significant difference in General QoL, in the Physical, Independence, Spiritual domains and in the facet of Medication. These results suggest that Global QoL measures might not be sufficient to assess the QoL for adult patients with IMD. Furthermore, the implementation of a qualitative semi-standardized interview, especially suitable for adult patients, added important features on illness perception and on perceived adherence to the treatment by adult IMD patients. CONCLUSION: In this study we underlined the importance of applying multidimensional instruments, like WHOQOL-100, to evaluate the quality of life of adult patients with IMD. The WHOQOL-100 has been demonstrated to be a valid instrument to measure the QoL of IMD patients. Moreover, the administration of a tailored psychometric instrument in combination with a qualitative interview may help us to better characterize special issues related to IMD. Indeed, other factors beyond the physical manifestations of the disease, such as psychological wellbeing, social behavior, illness perception and adherence to the treatment, strongly influence QoL and may serve as valid targets for intervention to improve patients' care. We believe this kind of approach is especially useful for adult patients with inherited metabolic diseases.

Feasibility of accelerated partial breast irradiation in a large inner-city public hospital.

BACKGROUND: Breast conserving therapy (BCT) that include breast conserving surgery followed by adjuvant radiation therapy has revolutioned medicine by allowing women to avoid mastectomy. Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) has emerged as a valid alternative to whole-breast irradiation that requires a shorter time commitment. We report our novel experience with APBI at a large public hospital that serves low-income and potentially noncompliant patients. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of women who underwent BCT for stage 0-IIA breast cancer from August 2007 to August 2010 treated with APBI with a brachytherapy catheter. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients (20 African American) were considered for APBI. Average age was 61 years. Four patients could not undergo APBI for technical reasons and completed whole-breast irradiation over a 5 week period. Median follow-up was 19 months. Nine patients (37.5 %) had ductal carcinoma-in-situ, and 15 patients (62.5 %) had invasive ductal carcinoma with an average tumor size of 1.1 cm. All patients had negative margins of >2 mm. Two patients (8 %) treated with the brachytherapy catheter had in-breast tumor recurrence. Thus, all 24 patients initially identified for APBI successfully completed adjuvant radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Patient compliance with postoperative irradiation is key to minimize local recurrence after BCT for breast cancer. This success with a brachytherapy catheter in underserved women in a U.S. public hospital setting indicates that outcomes of compliance and complications are comparable to nationally published results.

Locoregional recurrence after mastectomy with immediate transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: The locoregional recurrence (LRR) rate after mastectomy is reported to be similar with immediate reconstruction. We aimed to identify characteristics of LRR after transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) reconstruction. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing immediate TRAM reconstruction for breast cancer who were diagnosed with LRR. RESULTS: We identified 18 LRR (4.6 %) in 18 of 390 patients who underwent immediate TRAM reconstructions for breast cancer from 1998 to 2008. The median follow-up was 69.2 months. The mean age at time of mastectomy was 49.5 years. All LRR were detected by physical examination. The LRR occurred in the TRAM subcutaneous tissue (n = 9), five in the ipsilateral axillary lymph node and four in the supraclavicular lymph node. Of the 18 patients who developed LRR, 14 (77.7 %) presented with stage 0-1-2 and 4 (22.2 %) with stage 3 disease at the time of the original mastectomy. The average time for a LRR to present was 35.8 months after initial mastectomy and reconstruction. For patients who initially presented with stage 3 disease, the average time to LRR was shorter (22.9 months). Nine patients (50.0 %) were found to have metastatic disease at the time of the LRR, and 6 (33.3 %) died of disease. CONCLUSIONS: All TRAM LRR were detected by routine physical examination by the patient or the surgeon. Our findings suggest that routine history and clinical breast examination of the breast reconstructed with a TRAM flap along with patient self-awareness are reliable in the diagnosis of LRR.

Time to treatment for patients receiving BCS in a public and a private university hospital in Atlanta.

Delays in treatment for breast cancer can lead to poorer patient outcome. We analyzed time to treatment among female patients receiving breast-conserving surgery in two different hospital settings, public versus private. Retrospective chart review revealed 270 patients diagnosed during 2004-2008. Three consecutive time intervals were defined (Initial abnormal imaging [I] to core biopsy [II] to surgery /pathology staging [III] to oncology evaluation for adjuvant treatment). Multivariate analyses investigated hospital type and demographic factors. Overall median treatment time was 83 days, Interval II accounting for the longest (43 days). Only 55% of patients received the entire spectrum of care within 90 days; for each consecutive 30-day interval, percentages varied dramatically: 80.7%, 31.1%, and 68.9%.Public hospital patients experienced longer overall time to treatment than private patients (94 versus 77 days, p < 0.001); these differences persisted throughout the intervals. Longer wait times were experienced by African Americans versus Caucasians (89 versus 64 days, p = 0.003), unmarried versus married patients (93 versus 70 days, p < 0.001), and Medicaid-insured patients, p < 0.001. In multivariate analyses, hospital type, race, marital status, and insurance predicted timely treatment within one or more intervals. For patients undergoing breast-conserving therapy, time to treatment differs between private and public settings. However, barriers to timely treatment arise from both system-based issues and patient socio-demographic factors. Studies are needed to evaluate and intervene on this intricate connection.

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) of the breast: a series of 24 patients.

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is a benign mesenchymal proliferative lesion of the breast. In 2005, only 109 cases had been reported since its initial description in 1986 by Vuitch et al. Our 24 cases represent one of the largest series to be reported from a single institution. We retrospectively reviewed data from 2004 to 2010 of patients diagnosed with PASH by surgical excision or image-guided biopsy. All pathological specimens were reviewed by a single pathologist. The samples were stained for estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR), CD34, and the lymphatic marker D2-40. All but one of 24 (96%) patients presented with breast masses either on imaging or clinically. Fourteen of the 24 patients (58%) were diagnosed on surgical excision, 10 (42%) diagnosed with core needle biopsy, and five (20%) were diagnosed using both techniques. The tumors ranged in size from 0.3 cm to 7.0 cm. All women except two were premenopausal or perimenopausal at diagnosis. Nineteen samples were available for hormonal receptor staining and of these 18 of 19 (95%) were ER or PR positive. PASH was diagnosed in two men, a transgender male on hormones and the other with gynecomastia. The patients' ages ranged from 18 to 86 years old. In addition to PASH other benign histopathological findings include stromal fibrosis and atypical ductal or lobular hyperplasia. Imaging revealed no distinguishing feature for PASH with benign histology. One patient had synchronous ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS). Patients were treated with local excision or observation. This study suggests that PASH is primarily a diagnosis of premenopausal and perimenopausal women. Our series supports a hormonal basis for its development due to the positive staining for hormonal receptors. Management is conservative surgery for larger masses with careful observation being an option in patients not at high risk for breast cancer.

Treatment adherence and outcome in women with inflammatory breast cancer: does race matter?

BACKGROUND: The authors compared treatment adherence rates and outcome in Caucasian and African American patients with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). METHODS: The records of 55 (25 Caucasian and 30 African American) IBC patients treated with curative intent from 1995 to 2009 were reviewed. All patients received neoadjuvant doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and/or taxane-based chemotherapy, and mastectomy with or without radiotherapy. The median follow-up period for Caucasian and African American patients was similar (39.5 months and 36.1 months, respectively). RESULTS: There was no difference between races in median age, tumor size, grade, and receptor status at diagnosis. The number of patients who completed neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy did not differ by race (84% of Caucasians vs 86.7% of African Americans) nor did the median length of time to complete trimodality treatment (263 [range, 207-422] days for Caucasians vs 262 [range, 165-371] days for African Americans). There was a trend toward slightly higher pathological complete response rates in Caucasian than African American women (20% in Caucasians vs 6.7% in African Americans, P = .23). Despite slightly better response rates to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, Caucasian patients did not have higher 3-year local control rates (70% in Caucasians vs 64% in African Americans, P = .73). However, there was a trend toward higher 3-year overall survival in Caucasian versus African American patients (73% in Caucasians vs 55% in African Americans, P = .09) and higher distant metastasis-free survival (60% in Caucasians vs 40% in African Americans, P = .19). CONCLUSIONS: This study is among the largest to examine patients with IBC by race. Being Caucasian or African American did not appear to impact treatment adherence. However, African American patients tended to have poorer response to standard treatment and worse outcome than Caucasian patients.