Ease in Emergency Hospital Visits Due to Covid-19 Following Implementation of a Telemedicine Service in Ceará, Brazil.

Background: We assessed the impact of implementing a virtual emergency room (VER) in easing emergency room (ER) visits in patients suspected of having COVID-19. Materials and Methods: Retrospective observational cohort study conducted in May 2020 and in March 2021, during the first and second waves in Brazil. Patients could choose to either visiting ER or using the VER (implemented in March 2021). Medical records were revised for demographic and clinical data. The primary outcome was the number of visits. Results: A total of 32,822 visits were evaluated. HR was more than three times less in the VER group with <10% VER clients going to ER. The trend and volume of use of the emergency sector in the periods did not show a statistically significant difference, despite the higher number of cases in the second period. Conclusion: This telemedicine strategy led to a reduction in visits to the ER. Also, our results suggest the safety of this intervention.

Prevalence, socioeconomic factors and obstetric outcomes associated with adolescent motherhood in Ceará, Brazil: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent motherhood (AM) remains a public health problem, especially in low and middle income countries, where approximately 95% of these births occur. Evidence from studies with population representativeness about events associated with AM is limited. We assessed the prevalence of AM, as well as its association with Socioeconomic Factors and Obstetric Outcomes. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study on maternal and child health of women aged 10 to 49 years, living in the state of Ceará, in northeastern Brazil was carried out to assess the prevalence of AM, as well as its association with Socioeconomic Factors and Obstetric Outcomes. The definition of adolescence used in the study was the one utilized by the WHO. In addition to the interview, data were double-checked according to the information in the government's pregnancy health booklet. Sample-adjusted logistic models to determine the association of socioeconomic factors and AM, as well as the association of AM with obstetric outcomes, with a causal approach to multivariate analyses, were used. RESULTS: The prevalence of adolescent motherhood was 18.6%. Poverty and household crowding were associated with greater chances of AM (p values of 0.038 and <  0.001, respectively), as well as not being in a stable relationship (OR 2.26 (95%CI: 1.67, 3.07), p <  0.001). AM showed a greater chance of not using community health services (p <  0.001), had fewer prenatal consultations (ß - 0.432 (95%CI: - 0.75, - 0.10)) and started prenatal care at a later date (ß 0.38 (95%CI: 0.21, 0.55), p <  0.001)). AM are also less likely to be tested for HIV and more likely to have urinary tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions aimed at socially-vulnerable adolescents are suggested. However, if pregnant, adolescents should receive proactive and differentiated prenatal care.

Screen time and early childhood development in Ceará, Brazil: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Globally, children's exposure to digital screens continues to increase and is associated with adverse effects on child health. We aimed to evaluate the association of screen exposure with child communication, gross-motor, fine-motor, problem-solving, and personal-social development scores. METHODS: We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional study with cluster sampling among children 0-60 months of age living in the state of Ceará, Brazil. Child screen time was assessed by maternal report and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations were used to define excessive screen time exposure. Child development was assessed with the Brazilian Ages and Stages Questionnaire. Generalized linear regression was used to determine the association of screen exposure with developmental outcomes. We also examined the potential non-linear relationship of screen time with development scores using spline analyses. RESULTS: A total of 3155 children 0-60 months of age had screen time exposure evaluated and 69% percent were identified as exposed to excessive screen time. This percentage of excess screen time increased with child age from 41.7% for children 0-12 months to 85.2% for children 49-60 months. Each additional hour of screen time was associated with lower child communication (standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.03; 95% CI: - 0.04, - 0.02), problem solving (SMD: -0.03; 95% CI: - 0.05, - 0.02) and personal-social (SMD: -0.04; 95% CI: - 0.06, - 0.03) domain scores. CONCLUSIONS: Excess screen time exposure was highly prevalent and independently associated with poorer development outcomes among children under 5 years of age in Ceará, Brazil.

Dealing with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a rapid response team operation in Brazil: Quality in practice.

QUALITY PROBLEM OR ISSUE: Up to 13 July 2020, >12 million laboratory-confirmed cases of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) infection have been reported worldwide, 1 864 681 in Brazil. We aimed to assess an intervention to deal with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operations of a rapid response team (RRT). INITIAL ASSESSMENT: An observational study with medical record review was carried out at a large tertiary care hospital in Fortaleza, a 400-bed quaternary hospital, 96 of which are intensive care unit beds. All adult patients admitted to hospital wards, treated by the RRTs during the study period, were included, and a total of 15 461 RRT calls were analyzed. CHOICE OF SOLUTION: Adequacy of workforce sizing. IMPLEMENTATION: The hospital adjusted the size of its RRTs during the period, going from two to four simultaneous on-duty medical professionals. EVALUATION: After the beginning of the pandemic, the number of treated cases in general went from an average of 30.6 daily calls to 79.2, whereas the extremely critical cases went from 3.5 to 22 on average. In percentages, the extremely critical care cases went from 10.47 to 20%, with P < 0.001. Patient mortality remained unchanged. The number of critically ill cases and the number of treated patients increased 2-fold in relation to the prepandemic period, but the effectiveness of the RRT in relation to mortality was not affected. LESSONS LEARNED: The observation of these data is important for hospital managers to adjust the size of their RRTs according to the new scenario, aiming to maintain the intervention effectiveness.

Bed management team with Kanban web-based application.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effectiveness of the bed management process that uses a web-based application with Kanban methodology to reduce hospitalization time of hospitalized patients. DESIGN: Before-after study was performed. SETTING: The study was conducted between July 2013 and July 2017, at the Unimed Regional Hospital of Fortaleza, which has 300 beds, of which 60 are in the intensive care unit (ICU). It is accredited by International Society for Quality in Healthcare. POPULATION: Patients hospitalized in the referred period. INTERVENTION: Bed management with an application that uses color logic to signal at which stage of high flow the patients meet, in which each patient is interpreted as a card of the classical Kanban theory. It has an automatic user signaling system for process movement, and a system for monitoring and analyzing discharge forecasts. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Length of hospital stay, number of customer complaints related to bed availability. RESULTS: After the intervention, the hospital's overall hospital stay time was reduced from 5.6 days to 4.9 days (P = 0.001). The units with the greatest reduction were the ICUs, with reduction from 6.0 days to 2.0 (P = 0.001). The relative percentage of complaints regarding bed availability in the hospital fell from 27% to 0%. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the use of an electronic tool based on Kanban methodology and accessed via the web by a bed management team is effective in reducing patients' hospital stay time.

Analyzing households' food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of public policies to mitigate it: evidence from Ceará, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of conditional cash transfer policies to mitigate the food insecurity (FI) among families living in poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ceará, Brazil. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out through telephone contact during the period of May-July 2021, during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ceará. Families in a situation of high social and economic vulnerability participated in this study (monthly per capita income of less than US$16.50). FI was assessed using the EBIA, a Brazilian validated questionnaire. The participation of families in government programs and public policies was also investigated. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association of the several factors assessed with food insecurity. RESULTS: The prevalence of any food insecurity in this sample was 89.1% (95% Confidence interval (95% CI: 86.2 - 92.1) and of severe food insecurity, 30.3% (95% CI: 26.0 - 34.6). The Mais Infância card program, adopted as a cash transfer supplement in the state of Ceará, was significantly associated with food insecurity (OR 4.2 (95% CI: 1.7 - 10.2), with a p-value of 0.002. In addition, families affected by job losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic presented higher odds of FI. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, 89% of evaluated families presented food insecurity. Conditional cash transfer programs were associated with FI. We highlight the need for policies and interventions to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food insecurity. Such policies can adopt appropriate criteria for defining the participants, as well as connect the participants to an appropriate set of broader social protection measures.

Prevalence and factors associated with adverse early childhood experiences: a population-based study in Ceará, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and identify associated factors. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study comprised data from a sample of 3,200 households with 3,566 children under 6 years of age, representative of the state of Ceará, Brazil. A multistage sampling approach was used, with stratification among the state capital, Fortaleza, and the 28 countryside municipalities, in which 160 census tracts were randomly selected, each one with a cluster of 20 households. The outcome variable was structured based on adverse childhood experiences as suggested by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, according to the number of situations to which the child was exposed: 0-2, 3-5, and 6-9. Ordinal logistic regression multivariate model was applied to assess associations. RESULTS: Among the 3,566 children studied, 89.7% (95%CI 88.7-90.7) were exposed to at least one adverse experience, of which the most prevalent were neglect, and emotional/physical abuse. The main factors associated were maternal advanced age and smoking, paternal absence, low education level of the head of the family, food insecurity and lack of a social support network. CONCLUSION: The study found a high occurrence of adverse early childhood experiences, particularly among preschool children born to mothers of older age, solo, who smoke and in a situation of social and economic vulnerability, including food insecurity, who should be target of control and prevention measures.

Prevalence and socioeconomic determinants of development delay among children in Ceará, Brazil: A population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of child development delay and to identify socioeconomic determinants. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study of children 2 to 72 months of age residing in the state of Ceará, Brazil. In total, 3200 households were randomly selected for participation in the study and had child development assessed with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) version 3. Development delay was defined as a score of less than -2 standard deviations below the median of the Brazilian ASQ standard. We present population-level prevalence of delay in five development domains and assess socioeconomic determinants. RESULTS: A total of 3566 children completed the ASQ development assessment of which 9.2% (95% CI: 8.1-10.5) had at least one domain with development delay. The prevalence of delay increased with age in all domains and males were at higher risk for communication, gross motor and personal-social development delays as compared to females (p-values <0.05). We found robust associations of indicators of socioeconomic status with risk of development delay; increasing monthly income and higher social class were associated with reduced risk of delay across all domains (28,2% in the poorest and 21,2% in richest for any delay, p-values <0.05 for all domains). In addition, children in poor households that participated in conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs appeared to have reduced risk of delay as compared to children from households that were eligible, but did not participate, in CCT programs. CONCLUSIONS: There is a relatively high population-level prevalence of development delay in at least one domain among children 0-6 years of age in Ceará, Brazil. Integrated child development, social support, and poverty reduction interventions may reduce the population-level prevalence of development delay in Ceará and similar settings.

Zika Virus Infection and Microcephaly: A Case-Control Study in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Brazil presented an alarming number of newborns with microcephaly in the years 2015 and 2016. The investigation of the cases raised the suspicion of the association of these cases with maternal infections by the zika virus. Also, in 2015, there was an epidemic of zika virus infection in Brazil, reinforcing this hypothesis. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with the diagnosis of microcephaly in newborns, including zika virus infection. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study. The cases were defined as children who received clinical and imaging diagnosis of microcephaly, born after October 2015 in Ceará, Brazil, which recorded the highest number of microcephaly cases in Brazil during the outbreak. The cases were identified in medical records of public and private maternity hospitals and in child development stimulation clinics tracked until June 2017. Epidemiological, clinical, and socioeconomic variables were collected, visiting their homes and confirming data from their medical records. Controls were children without microcephaly identified in the vicinity of the residence of each case. Logistic regression models were used to control confounding. FINDINGS: We evaluated 58 cases and 116 controls. The odds of having a baby with microcephaly was 14 times higher among mothers who had zika virus infection (p < 0.001), after multivariate analysis. Arboviruses infections symptoms, as fever (p = 0.220), skin change (p < 0.001), and joint pain (p = 0.002) also demonstrated an association with microcephaly. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal infection zika virus was associated with a diagnosis of microcephaly. Our study contributes to the investigation of the epidemiological factors associated with the diagnosis of microcephaly.

Effectiveness of rapid response teams in reducing intrahospital cardiac arrests and deaths: a systematic review and meta-analysis. / Efetividade do uso de times de resposta rápida para reduzir a ocorrência de parada cardíaca e mortalidade hospitalar: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of rapid response teams using early identification of clinical deterioration in reducing the occurrence of in-hospital mortality and cardiorespiratory arrest. DATA SOURCES: The MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Center for Reviews and Dissemination databases were searched. STUDY SELECTION: We included studies that evaluated the effectiveness of rapid response teams in adult hospital units, published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, from 2000 to 2016; systematic reviews, clinical trials, cohort studies, and prepost ecological studies were eligible for inclusion. The quality of studies was independently assessed by two researchers using the Newcastle-Ottawa, modified Jadad, and Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews scales. DATA EXTRACTIONS: The results were synthesized and tabulated. When risk measures were reported by the authors of the included studies, we estimated effectiveness as 1-RR or 1-OR. In pre-post studies, we estimated effectiveness as the percent decrease in rates following the intervention. RESULTS: Overall, 278 studies were identified, 256 of which were excluded after abstract evaluation, and two of which were excluded after full text evaluation. In the meta-analysis of the studies reporting mortality data, we calculated a risk ratio of 0.85 (95%CI 0.76 - 0.94); and for studies reporting cardiac arrest data the estimated risk ratio was 0.65 (95%CI 0.49 - 0.87). Evidence was assessed as low quality due to the high heterogeneity and risk of bias in primary studies. CONCLUSION: We conclude that rapid response teams may reduce in-hospital mortality and cardiac arrests, although the quality of evidence for both outcomes is low.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade de times de resposta rápida com uso de identificação precoce de deterioração clínica, na redução das ocorrências de parada cardiorrespiratória e morte no hospital. FONTES DE DADOS: Realizaram-se buscas nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane Library e Center for Reviews and Dissemination. SELEÇÃO DE ESTUDOS: Incluímos trabalhos que avaliaram a efetividade de times de resposta rápida em unidades hospitalares de pacientes adultos, publicados em inglês, português ou espanhol, no período entre 2000 e 2016. Consideraram-se elegíveis revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos, estudos de coorte e ecológicos pré-pós. A qualidade dos trabalhos foi avaliada de forma independente por dois dos pesquisadores com utilização das escalas Newcastle-Ottawa e Jadad modificada, e da ferramenta Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews. EXTRAÇÃO DOS DADOS: Os resultados foram resumidos e tabulados. Quando os autores dos estudos incluídos relataram medidas de risco, estimamos a efetividade como 1-RR ou 1-OR. Nos estudos pré-pós, estimamos a efetividade como a diminuição porcentual nas taxas após a intervenção. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se um total de 278 trabalhos, dos quais 256 foram excluídos após avaliação do resumo, e dois outros após avaliação do texto completo. Na metanálise dos estudos que relataram dados de mortalidade, calculamos uma proporção de risco de 0,85 (IC95% 0,76 - 0,94); para os trabalhos que relataram dados de parada cardíaca, o cálculo da proporção de risco foi de 0,65 (IC95% 0,49 - 0,87). A evidência foi de baixa qualidade em razão da heterogeneidade e do risco de viés nos ensaios primários. CONCLUSÃO: Os times de resposta rápida podem reduzir a incidência de morte e parada cardíaca no hospital, embora a qualidade da evidência seja baixa para ambos os desfechos.

Abdominal cavity simulator for skill progression in videolaparoscopic sutures in Brazil.

PURPOSE: To develop and test a model of teaching by means of an abdominal cavity simulator. METHODS: This study had two stages: development of a teaching model and an experimental prospective study that aimed to evaluate the residents' competence. The participants were divided into 3 groups: first-year resident, second-year resident, and senior surgeon. The two groups of resident physicians received training in the simulator, under instructor supervision for skill acquisition, according to the model proposed in first stage. The surgeons did not receive this intervention. The correlations and associations were verified through simple and multiple linear regressions. The learning curves were analysed using Cox regression models. The impact of the epidemiological characteristics was tested. RESULTS: All residents reached the maximum score at the end of 16 steps and were comparable to the experimental (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Residents who underwent training using the methodology of the proposed teaching model, which is based on realistic simulation, acquired proficiency in the accomplishment of endosutures in up to 16 hours of training in the laboratory.

Prevalence and factors associated with adverse early childhood experiences: a population-based study in Ceará, Brazil / Prevalência e fatores associados a experiências adversas na primeira infância: um estudo de base populacional no Ceará, Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and identify associated factors. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study comprised data from a sample of 3,200 households with 3,566 children under 6 years of age, representative of the state of Ceará, Brazil. A multistage sampling approach was used, with stratification among the state capital, Fortaleza, and the 28 countryside municipalities, in which 160 census tracts were randomly selected, each one with a cluster of 20 households. The outcome variable was structured based on adverse childhood experiences as suggested by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, according to the number of situations to which the child was exposed: 0-2, 3-5, and 6-9. Ordinal logistic regression multivariate model was applied to assess associations. Results: Among the 3,566 children studied, 89.7% (95%CI 88.7-90.7) were exposed to at least one adverse experience, of which the most prevalent were neglect, and emotional/physical abuse. The main factors associated were maternal advanced age and smoking, paternal absence, low education level of the head of the family, food insecurity and lack of a social support network. Conclusion: The study found a high occurrence of adverse early childhood experiences, particularly among preschool children born to mothers of older age, solo, who smoke and in a situation of social and economic vulnerability, including food insecurity, who should be target of control and prevention measures.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de experiências adversas na infância e identificar fatores associados. Métodos: O estudo transversal de base populacional compreendeu os dados de uma amostra de 3.200 domicílios com 3.566 crianças menores de seis anos, representativa do estado do Ceará, Brasil. Foi utilizado um processo de amostragem multiestágio, com estratificação entre a capital do estado, Fortaleza, e os 28 municípios do interior, nos quais foram sorteados 160 setores censitários, cada qual com um conglomerado de 20 domicílios. A variável desfecho foi estruturada com base nas situações de experiências adversas na infância sugeridas pelo grupo Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, de acordo com o número de situações a que a criança foi exposta: 0-2, 3-5 e 6-9. O modelo multivariado de regressão logística ordinal foi utilizado para avaliar as associações. Resultados: Das 3.566 crianças estudadas, 89,7% (intervalo de confiança — IC95% 88,7-90,7) foram expostas a pelo menos uma experiência adversa, sendo as mais prevalentes negligência e abuso emocional/físico. Os principais fatores associados às experiências adversas na infância foram a idade materna mais elevada e o tabagismo materno, a ausência paterna, a baixa escolaridade do chefe da família, a insegurança alimentar e a falta de rede de apoio social. Conclusão: O estudo encontrou alta ocorrência de experiências adversas na primeira infância, principalmente entre crianças nascidas de mães de idade mais elevada e tabagistas, sem a presença paterna, e em situação de vulnerabilidade social e econômica, como a insegurança alimentar, que deve ser alvo prioritário de medidas de prevenção e controle.

Custo-efetividade de teste rápido de detecção de Klebsiella spp. para rastreio hospitalar / Cost effectiveness of rapid testing for detection of Klebsiella spp. for hospital screening

Introdução: A resistência bacteriana é um problema mundial, atingindo principalmente países em desenvolvimento. Estima-se que no futuro vai matar mais que o câncer e custar 100 trilhões de dólares até 2050. Objetivo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar a razão de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) do rastreio de infecção por Klebsiella pneumoniae produtora de carbapenemase (KPC) conforme protocolo vigente para produção de carbamapenase em comparação com a utilização de protocolo de triagem utilizando teste rápido (PCR em tempo real). Métodos: Foi realizado estudo do tipo análise de custo-efetividade, utilizando um modelo de árvore de decisão e foram utilizados no estudo dados secundários de fontes governamentais e da literatura científica, considerando-se a perspectiva do sistema de saúde público. A população foi composta por adultos internados em hospitais em risco de infecção por KPC. Resultados: O presente trabalho identificou que o uso de testes de identificação de KPC com técnicas em tempo real é dominante em relação ao teste convencional, com razão de custo-efetividade incremental de R$ -426,53/0,3, ou seja, 1.421,76 reais por caso corretamente identificado favorável a teste molecular. Conclusões: O uso de testes rápidos para detecção de KPC pode ser considerado como um método de rastreio eficiente.

Introduction: Bacterial resistance is a worldwide problem, affecting mainly developing countries. It is estimated that in the future will kill more than cancer and cost US$ 100 trillion by 2050. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the screening of Klebsiella pneumoniae that produces carbapenemase (KPC) infection according to the current protocol for carbamapenase production compared to the use of screening protocol using rapid test (real-time PCR). Methods: A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using a decision tree model. Secondary data from governmental sources and the scientific literature will be used in the study, considering the perspective of the public health system. The population was composed of adult hospitalized patients at risk of KPC infection. Results: The present work identified that the use of KPC identification tests with real-time techniques are dominant in relation to the conventional test, with cost ratio incremental effectiveness of R$ -426.53/0.3, that is, 1,421.76 reais per case correctly identified favorable to the molecular test. Conclusions: The use of rapid tests for detection of KPC Can be regarded as an efficient screening method.

Análise do estado de cobertura vacinal de crianças menores de três anos no município de Fortaleza em 2017 / Analysis of the state of vaccination coverage of children under three years old in the city of Fortaleza in 2017 / Análisis del estado de cobertura de vacunación de niños menores de tres años de edad en la ciudad de Fortaleza en 2017

Objetivo: Analisar o estado atual da cobertura vacinal (CV) de crianças menores de três anos no município de Fortaleza, CE, e sua relação com a condição socioeconômica das famílias. Métodos: Pesquisa transversal de base populacional com amostragem aleatória. As informações foram obtidas por meio da aplicação de questionários e conferência de Cadernetas de Saúde quanto ao estado vacinal, bem como de dados ecológicos de desenvolvimento humano. A CV foi estimada em crianças na faixa etária de 19 a 36 meses. Resultados: Observou-se que 45,2% das crianças estudadas apresentavam-se com a CV recomendada pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS). Além disto, verificou-se fatores socioeconômicos determinantes de cobertura vacinal e que áreas descobertas de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde apresentaram pior cobertura. Conclusão: O presente estudo revela que é necessário fortalecer as ações que aumentem as cobertura vacinais no município.

Objective: To analyze the current state of the vaccination coverage (VC) of children under three years old in the city of Fortaleza, CE, and its relation with the socioeconomic status of the families. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional survey with random sampling, information was obtained through questionnaires applied and Health Booklets conferred to the vaccination status, as well as ecological human development data. VC was estimated in children between the ages of 19 and 36 months. Results: It was observed that 45.2% of studied children presented a VC recommended by the Ministry of Health. In addition, socioeconomic factors which are determinants of vaccine coverage were identified and that areas not covered by community health agents have worse coverage. Conclusion: The present study reveals that it is necessary to strengthen actions that increase VC in the municipality.

Objetivo: Analizar el estado actual de la cobertura vacunal (CV) de niños menores de tres años en el municipio de Fortaleza y su relación con la condición socioeconómica de las familias. Métodos: Investigación transversal de base poblacional con muestreo aleatorio, se obtuvo información a través de cuestionarios aplicados y Cuadernos de Salud conferidos al estado vacunal, así como datos ecológicos de desarrollo humano. La CV fue estimada en niños en el grupo de edad de 19 a 36 meses. Resultados: Se observó que el 45,2% de los niños estudiados se presentaban con la CV recomendada por el Ministerio de Salud. Además, que factores socioeconómicos son determinantes de cobertura vacunal y que áreas descubiertas de agentes comunitarios de salud presentan peor cobertura. Conclusión: El presente estudio revela que es necesario fortalecer las acciones que aumenten las CV en el municipio.

Efetividade do uso de times de resposta rápida para reduzir a ocorrência de parada cardíaca e mortalidade hospitalar: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise / Effectiveness of rapid response teams in reducing intrahospital cardiac arrests and deaths: a systematic review and meta-analysis

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade de times de resposta rápida com uso de identificação precoce de deterioração clínica, na redução das ocorrências de parada cardiorrespiratória e morte no hospital. Fontes de dados: Realizaram-se buscas nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane Library e Center for Reviews and Dissemination. Seleção de estudos: Incluímos trabalhos que avaliaram a efetividade de times de resposta rápida em unidades hospitalares de pacientes adultos, publicados em inglês, português ou espanhol, no período entre 2000 e 2016. Consideraram-se elegíveis revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos, estudos de coorte e ecológicos pré-pós. A qualidade dos trabalhos foi avaliada de forma independente por dois dos pesquisadores com utilização das escalas Newcastle-Ottawa e Jadad modificada, e da ferramenta Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews. Extração dos dados: Os resultados foram resumidos e tabulados. Quando os autores dos estudos incluídos relataram medidas de risco, estimamos a efetividade como 1-RR ou 1-OR. Nos estudos pré-pós, estimamos a efetividade como a diminuição porcentual nas taxas após a intervenção. Resultados: Identificou-se um total de 278 trabalhos, dos quais 256 foram excluídos após avaliação do resumo, e dois outros após avaliação do texto completo. Na metanálise dos estudos que relataram dados de mortalidade, calculamos uma proporção de risco de 0,85 (IC95% 0,76 - 0,94); para os trabalhos que relataram dados de parada cardíaca, o cálculo da proporção de risco foi de 0,65 (IC95% 0,49 - 0,87). A evidência foi de baixa qualidade em razão da heterogeneidade e do risco de viés nos ensaios primários. Conclusão: Os times de resposta rápida podem reduzir a incidência de morte e parada cardíaca no hospital, embora a qualidade da evidência seja baixa para ambos os desfechos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of rapid response teams using early identification of clinical deterioration in reducing the occurrence of in-hospital mortality and cardiorespiratory arrest. Data sources: The MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Center for Reviews and Dissemination databases were searched. Study selection: We included studies that evaluated the effectiveness of rapid response teams in adult hospital units, published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, from 2000 to 2016; systematic reviews, clinical trials, cohort studies, and prepost ecological studies were eligible for inclusion. The quality of studies was independently assessed by two researchers using the Newcastle-Ottawa, modified Jadad, and Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews scales. Data extractions: The results were synthesized and tabulated. When risk measures were reported by the authors of the included studies, we estimated effectiveness as 1-RR or 1-OR. In pre-post studies, we estimated effectiveness as the percent decrease in rates following the intervention. Results: Overall, 278 studies were identified, 256 of which were excluded after abstract evaluation, and two of which were excluded after full text evaluation. In the meta-analysis of the studies reporting mortality data, we calculated a risk ratio of 0.85 (95%CI 0.76 - 0.94); and for studies reporting cardiac arrest data the estimated risk ratio was 0.65 (95%CI 0.49 - 0.87). Evidence was assessed as low quality due to the high heterogeneity and risk of bias in primary studies. Conclusion: We conclude that rapid response teams may reduce in-hospital mortality and cardiac arrests, although the quality of evidence for both outcomes is low.

Abdominal cavity simulator for skill progression in videolaparoscopic sutures in Brazil

Abstract Purpose: To develop and test a model of teaching by means of an abdominal cavity simulator. Methods: This study had two stages: development of a teaching model and an experimental prospective study that aimed to evaluate the residents' competence. The participants were divided into 3 groups: first-year resident, second-year resident, and senior surgeon. The two groups of resident physicians received training in the simulator, under instructor supervision for skill acquisition, according to the model proposed in first stage. The surgeons did not receive this intervention. The correlations and associations were verified through simple and multiple linear regressions. The learning curves were analysed using Cox regression models. The impact of the epidemiological characteristics was tested. Results: All residents reached the maximum score at the end of 16 steps and were comparable to the experimental (p<0.001). Conclusion: Residents who underwent training using the methodology of the proposed teaching model, which is based on realistic simulation, acquired proficiency in the accomplishment of endosutures in up to 16 hours of training in the laboratory.

Spontaneous and induced abortion trends and determinants in the Northeast semiarid region of Brazil: a transversal series / Tendência de abortos espontâneos e induzidos na região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil: uma série transversal

Abstract Objectives: this study intends to estimate the rates, associated factors and trends of selfreported abortion rates in the northeast of Brazil. Methods: series of population-based surveys realized in Ceará, northeast of Brazil, one of the poorest states in the country. A sample of about 27,000 women of reproductive age was used. Abortion was assessed according to women´s information and rates were calculated using official population estimates. The trends and the association among socioeconomic and reproductive factors were studied using regressive models. Results: a trend for reduction in rates was identified. For induced abortion, the determinants were: not having a partner, condom in the last sexual intercourse, first child up to 25years old (AOR= 5.21; ACI: 2.9 - 9.34) and having less than 13years old at first sexual intercourse (AOR= 5.88; ACI: 3.29 - 10.51). For spontaneous abortion were: having studied less than 8 years, knowledge and use of morning-after pill (AOR= 26.44; ACI: 17.9 - 39.05) and not having any children (AOR= 3.43). Conclusions: rates may have been low due to self-reporting. Young age and knowledge about contraceptive methods were associated to both kinds of abortion, while education level along with spontaneous and marital status with induced. Programs to reduce abortion rates should focus on single younger women with low education.

Resumo Objetivos: este estudo objetiva estimar as taxas, fatores associados e tendência das taxas de aborto no Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: série de estudos transversais realizada no Ceará, um dos estados mais pobres do país. Uma amostra de cerca de 27000 mulheres em idade reprodutiva foi utilizada. A ocorrência de aborto foi aferida através de informação dada pela participante e taxas foram calculadas usando estimativas populacionais oficiais. As tendências e associações entre fatores socioeconômicos e reprodutivos foram estudadas através de modelos regressivos. Resultados: foi identificada tendência de redução nas taxas de abortamento. Para aborto induzido, os determinantes foram não ter um parceiro fixo, ter utilizado camisinha na última relação sexual, ter tido o primeiro filho com menos de 25 anos (AOR= 5,21; ACI: 2,9 - 9,34), e ter tido a primeira relação com menos de 13 anos (AOR= 5,88; ACI: 3,29 - 10,51). Para o espontâneo, ter estudado menos de oito anos, conhecimento sobre a pílula do dia seguinte (AOR= 26,44; ACI: 17,9 - 39,05), e não ter filhos (AOR= 3,43). Conclusões: as taxas podem ser subestimadas por serem auto relatadas. Estar na adolescência e ter conhecimento sobre métodos contraceptivos foram associados aos dois tipos de aborto, enquanto nível educacional com o espontâneo e estado conjugal com induzido. Programas para reduzir taxas de abortamento deveriam focar em mulheres solteiras e com baixa educação.

Obesidade em crianças de região de semiárido brasileiro: tendência temporal e determinantes

A obesidade infantil acarreta comorbidade na adolescência e vida adulta. Tem sido considerada uma epidemia. Vários países observaram um aumento de incidência entre crianças escolares e adolescentes. Este estudo pretende medir a prevalência de obesidade infantil, determinar seus fatores de risco, e traçar a tendência de transição nutricional entre crianças pré-escolares, no semiárido brasileiro.Métodos: As Pesmics, séries transversais de base populacional, ocorreram em1987, 1990, 1994, 2001 e 2007. Mais de13 mil crianças até três anos foram estudadas. Seleção amostral deu-se em múltiplos estágios: estratificada, sistemática e conglomerados. Coletaram-se dados do domicílio,mãe e criança.Índice peso/idade foram obtidos e categorizados. Análise dos determinantes deu-se pela construção de modelo teórico hierarquizado, analisados por regressão multinominal, pelo SPSS.A análise de tendência temporal deu-se por regressão de Poisson, no Minitab. Resultados: Desnutrição aguda caiu de 12,4% (95%CI 11,4-13,4) para 4,3% (95%CI 3,3-5,4), com tendência de redução em mais de 50%(p=0,021). Já a obesidade entre essas crianças aumentou quase 240%, com tendência temporal de aumento 12,01% (p=0,004).Fatores associados ao risco de obesidade infantil encontrados, em 1987, foram renda familiar (ORa=4,88), cesariana (Ora=4,23), peso ao nascer maior que 4kg (ORa=7,89) não falar, não andar. Em 2007, foram escolaridade materna, peso ao nascer, consumir carboidratos. Conclusões: A inversão da prevalência de desnutrição infantil para a condição de obesidade caracteriza a transição nutricional. Os fatores socioeconômicos associaram-se com maior risco para obesidade infantilde forma menos direta no ano de 2007, caracterizando o avanço dessa epidemia para áreas mais pobres.

Childhood obesity carries comorbidity in adolescence and adulthood. It has been considered an epidemic. Several countries observed an increased incidence among schoolchildren and teenagers. This study aims to measure the prevalence of childhood obesity, determine their risk factors, and trace the trend of nutritional transition between preschool children, in the Brazilian semi-arid region.Methods: The Pesmics, population-based, cross-sectional series occurred in 1987, 1990, 1994, 2001 and 2007. More than 13,000 children up to three years were studied.Sample selection occurred in multiple stages: systematic and stratified conglomerates. Data were collected from home, mother and child. Index weight/age were collected and categorized. Analysis of the determining factors was the construction of theoretical model for multinominal regression analyses tiered at SPSS. The analysis of temporal trend was byPoisson regression in Minitab. Results: acute Malnutrition fell from 12.4% (95%CI 11.4-13.4) to4.3% (95%CI 3.3-5.4), with a tendency of reduction of more than 50% (p=0.021). Otherwise, obesity among those childrenincreased almost 240%, with temporal trend of increasing 12.01% (p=0.004). Factors associated with the risk of childhood obesity found in 1987, were family income (ORa= 4.88), cesarean section (ORa= 4.23), birth weight greater than 4 kg (ORa = 7.89) not talk, not walk. In 2007, were maternal schooling, birth weight, consume carbohydrates. Conclusions: The inversion of prevalence of child malnutrition to obesity condition characterizes the nutritional transition. The socioeconomic factors associated with increased risk for childhood obesity was less representativein the year 2007, featuring the progress of this epidemic to poorest areas.