First report of outcomes in patients with stage IIIb AL amyloidosis treated with Dara-VCD front-line therapy.

Although Dara-VCD (daratumumab-bortezomib-cyclophosphamide-dexamethasone) has revolutionized the treatment of newly diagnosed Amyloid Light chain (AL) amyloidosis, patients with stage IIIb disease were excluded in the pivotal trial. We performed a multicentre retrospective cohort study to investigate the outcomes of 19 consecutive patients treated with Dara-VCD front-line therapy who had stage IIIb AL at diagnosis. More than two thirds presented with New York Heart Association Class III/IV symptoms, and had a median of two organs involved (range, 2-4). The haematologic overall response rate was 100%, with 17/19 patients (89.5%) achieving a very good partial response (VGPR) or better. Haematologic responses were achieved rapidly, as evidenced by 63% of evaluable patients with involved serum free light chains (iFLC) < 2 mg/dl and the difference between involved and uninvolved serum free light chains (dFLC) <1 mg/dl at three months. Among 18 evaluable patients, 10 (56%) achieved a cardiac organ response and six (33%) cardiac VGPR or better. The median time to first cardiac response was 1.9 months (range, 0.4-7.3). At a median follow-up of 12 months for surviving patients, estimated one-year overall survival was 67.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 43.8-84.7]. The incidence of grade 3 or higher infections was 21%, with no infection-related mortality thus far. In summary, Dara-VCD has a promising efficacy and safety profile in stage IIIb AL, and should be studied in prospective trials.

Carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone plus transplant in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

In this phase 2 multicenter study, we evaluated the incorporation of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) into a carfilzomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone (KRd) regimen for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). Transplant-eligible patients with NDMM received 4 cycles of KRd induction, ASCT, 4 cycles of KRd consolidation, and 10 cycles of KRd maintenance. The primary end point was rate of stringent complete response (sCR) after 8 cycles of KRd with a predefined threshold of ≥50% to support further study. Seventy-six patients were enrolled with a median age of 59 years (range, 40-76 years), and 35.5% had high-risk cytogenetics. The primary end point was met, with an sCR rate of 60% after 8 cycles. Depth of response improved over time. On intent-to-treat (ITT), the sCR rate reached 76%. The rate of minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity using modified ITT was 70% according to next-generation sequencing (<10-5 sensitivity). After median follow-up of 56 months, 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 72% and 84% for ITT, 85% and 91% for MRD-negative patients, and 57% and 72% for patients with high-risk cytogenetics. For high-risk patients who were MRD negative, 5-year rates were 77% and 81%. Grade 3 to 4 adverse events included neutropenia (34%), lymphopenia (32%), infection (22%), and cardiac events (3%). There was no grade 3 to 4 peripheral neuropathy. Patients with NDMM treated with KRd with ASCT achieved high rates of sCR and MRD-negative disease at the end of KRd consolidation. Extended KRd maintenance after consolidation contributed to deepening of responses and likely to prolonged PFS and OS. Safety and tolerability were manageable. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01816971.

Clinical features associated with COVID-19 outcome in multiple myeloma: first results from the International Myeloma Society data set.

The primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) is an infection. Therefore, there is great concern about susceptibility to the outcome of COVID-19-infected patients with MM. This retrospective study describes the baseline characteristics and outcome data of COVID-19 infection in 650 patients with plasma cell disorders, collected by the International Myeloma Society to understand the initial challenges faced by myeloma patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Analyses were performed for hospitalized MM patients. Among hospitalized patients, the median age was 69 years, and nearly all patients (96%) had MM. Approximately 36% were recently diagnosed (2019-2020), and 54% of patients were receiving first-line therapy. Thirty-three percent of patients have died, with significant geographic variability, ranging from 27% to 57% of hospitalized patients. Univariate analysis identified age, International Staging System stage 3 (ISS3), high-risk disease, renal disease, suboptimal myeloma control (active or progressive disease), and 1 or more comorbidities as risk factors for higher rates of death. Neither history of transplant, including within a year of COVID-19 diagnosis, nor other anti-MM treatments were associated with outcomes. Multivariate analysis found that only age, high-risk MM, renal disease, and suboptimal MM control remained independent predictors of adverse outcome with COVID-19 infection. The management of MM in the era of COVID-19 requires careful consideration of patient- and disease-related factors to decrease the risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection, while not compromising disease control through appropriate MM treatment. This study provides initial data to develop recommendations for the management of MM patients with COVID-19 infection.

Phase 2 multicentre study of single-agent ofatumumab in previously untreated follicular lymphoma: CALGB 50901 (Alliance).

Rituximab monotherapy has proven efficacy in treatment-naïve, asymptomatic advanced-stage follicular lymphoma (FL). Ofatumumab is a fully humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody with increased CD20 affinity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. This phase 2 trial (NCT01190449) evaluated ofatumumab in patients with untreated, low/intermediate-risk FL International Prognostic Index (FLIPI), advanced-stage FL to determine single-agent efficacy. Patients with measurable disease in stages III/IV or bulky stage II, regardless of Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes Folliculaires criteria, received 4 weekly 1000 mg doses followed by four extended induction doses once every 8 weeks. Primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR) to 1000 mg; secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and safety. Fifty-one patients were enrolled. Fifteen patients were randomized to 500 mg prior to discontinuing that arm for slow accrual. Among 36 patients on the 1000 mg arm, ORR was 84%, median PFS was 1·9 years and median response duration was 23·7 months. All patients remain alive. No grade 4 infusion reactions or grade 3/4 infections occurred. Grade 3 infusion reactions occurred in 25% in the 1000 mg arm only (all first infusion); all but two patients continued on study. Discontinuation was 6% for the total study population. Ofatumumab monotherapy administered by extended induction in untreated, low/intermediate-risk FLIPI, advanced-stage FL is well tolerated and active. Activity appears similar to that reported with single-agent rituximab.

Phase 1 study of selinexor plus carfilzomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

Selinexor, an oral Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export, targets Exportin 1 (XPO1, also termed CRM1). Non-clinical studies support combining selinexor with proteasome inhibitors (PIs) and corticosteroids to overcome resistance in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). We conducted a phase I dose-escalation trial of twice-weekly selinexor in combination with carfilzomib and dexamethasone (SKd) to determine maximum tolerated dose in patients with RRMM (N = 21), with an expansion cohort to assess activity in carfilzomib-refractory disease and identify a recommended phase II dose (RP2D). During dose escalation, there was one dose-limiting toxicity (cardiac failure). The RP2D of twice-weekly SKd was selinexor 60 mg, carfilzomib 20/27 mg/m2 and dexamethasone 20 mg. The most common grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse events included thrombocytopenia (71%), anaemia (33%), lymphopenia (33%), neutropenia (33%) and infections (24%). Rates of ≥minimal response, ≥partial response and very good partial response were 71%, 48% and 14%, respectively; similar response outcomes were observed for dual-class refractory (PI and immunomodulatory drug)/quad-exposed (carfilzomib, bortezomib, lenalidomide and pomalidomide) patients (n = 17), and patients refractory to carfilzomib in last line of therapy (n = 13). Median progression-free survival was 3·7 months, and overall survival was 22·4 months in the overall population. SKd was tolerable and re-established disease control in RRMM patients, including carfilzomib-refractory patients. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02199665).

Elotuzumab monotherapy in patients with smouldering multiple myeloma: a phase 2 study.

Smouldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is associated with increased risk of progression to multiple myeloma within 2 years, with no approved treatments. Elotuzumab has been shown to promote natural killer (NK) cell stimulation and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vitro. CD56dim (CD56dim /CD16+ /CD3- /CD45+ ) NK cells represent the primary subset responsible for elotuzumab-induced ADCC. In this phase II, non-randomized study (NCT01441973), patients with SMM received elotuzumab 20 mg/kg intravenously (cycle 1: days 1, 8; monthly thereafter) or 10 mg/kg (cycles 1, 2: weekly; every 2 weeks thereafter). The primary endpoint was the relationship between baseline proportion of bone marrow-derived CD56dim NK cells and maximal M protein reduction; secondary endpoints included overall response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS). Fifteen patients received 20 mg/kg and 16 received 10 mg/kg; combined data arepresented. At database lock (DBL, September 2014), no association was found between baseline CD56dim NK cell proportion and maximal M protein reduction. With minimum 28 months' follow-up (DBL: January 2016), ORR (90% CI) was 10% (2·7-23·2) and 2-year PFS rate was 69% (52-81%). Upper respiratory tract infections occurred in 18/31 (58%) patients. Four (13%) patients experienced infusion reactions, all grade 1-2. Elotuzumab plus lenalidomide/dexamethasone is under investigation for SMM.

Twice-weekly ixazomib in combination with lenalidomide-dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

Weekly ixazomib with lenalidomide-dexamethasone (Rd) is feasible and has shown activity in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients. This phase 1/2 study (NCT01383928) evaluated the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of twice-weekly ixazomib plus Rd in NDMM; 64 patients were enrolled across both phases. Patients received twice-weekly oral ixazomib 3·0 or 3·7 mg plus lenalidomide 25 mg and dexamethasone 20 mg (10 mg in cycles 9-16) for up to sixteen 21-day cycles, followed by maintenance with twice-weekly ixazomib alone. No dose-limiting toxicities were reported in cycle 1; the RP2D was 3·0 mg based on overall tolerability across multiple cycles. In 62 evaluable patients, the confirmed overall response rate was 94% (68% ≥very good partial response; 24% complete response). Median progression-free survival was 24·9 months. Responses (median duration 36·9 months for patients receiving the RP2D) deepened during treatment. Grade 3 drug-related adverse events (AEs) occurred in 64% of patients, including: rash, 13%; peripheral neuropathy, 8%; hyperglycaemia, 8%. There were no grade 4 drug-related AEs. Thirteen patients discontinued due to AEs. Twice-weekly ixazomib-Rd offers substantial activity with promising long-term outcomes in NDMM patients but may be associated with greater toxicity compared with weekly ixazomib-Rd in this setting.

Lenalidomide after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Data are lacking on whether lenalidomide maintenance therapy prolongs the time to disease progression after autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma. METHODS: Between April 2005 and July 2009, we randomly assigned 460 patients who were younger than 71 years of age and had stable disease or a marginal, partial, or complete response 100 days after undergoing stem-cell transplantation to lenalidomide or placebo, which was administered until disease progression. The starting dose of lenalidomide was 10 mg per day (range, 5 to 15). RESULTS: The study-drug assignments were unblinded in 2009, when a planned interim analysis showed a significantly longer time to disease progression in the lenalidomide group. At unblinding, 20% of patients who received lenalidomide and 44% of patients who received placebo had progressive disease or had died (P<0.001); of the remaining 128 patients who received placebo and who did not have progressive disease, 86 crossed over to lenalidomide. At a median follow-up of 34 months, 86 of 231 patients who received lenalidomide (37%) and 132 of 229 patients who received placebo (58%) had disease progression or had died. The median time to progression was 46 months in the lenalidomide group and 27 months in the placebo group (P<0.001). A total of 35 patients who received lenalidomide (15%) and 53 patients who received placebo (23%) died (P=0.03). More grade 3 or 4 hematologic adverse events and grade 3 nonhematologic adverse events occurred in patients who received lenalidomide (P<0.001 for both comparisons). Second primary cancers occurred in 18 patients who received lenalidomide (8%) and 6 patients who received placebo (3%). CONCLUSIONS: Lenalidomide maintenance therapy, initiated at day 100 after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, was associated with more toxicity and second cancers but a significantly longer time to disease progression and significantly improved overall survival among patients with myeloma. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00114101.).

Absolute lymphocyte count after BCMA CAR-T therapy is a predictor of response and outcomes in relapsed multiple myeloma.

ABSTRACT: B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts) used in multiple myeloma (MM) are rapidly becoming a mainstay in the treatment of relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease, and CAR-T expansion after infusion has been shown to inform depth and duration of response (DoR), but measuring this process remains investigational. This multicenter study describes the kinetics and prognostic impact of absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) in the first 15 days after CAR-T infusion in 156 patients with relapsed MM treated with the BCMA-targeting agents ciltacabtagene autoleucel and idecabtagene vicleucel. Patients with higher maximum ALC (ALCmax) had better depth of response, progression-free survival (PFS), and DoR. Patients with ALCmax >1.0 × 103/µL had a superior PFS (30.5 months vs 6 months; P < .001) compared with those with ≤1.0 × 103/µL, whereas patients with ALCmax ≤0.5 × 103/µL represent a high-risk group with early disease progression and short PFS (hazard ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 2-5.8; P < .001). In multivariate analysis, ALCmax >1.0 × 103/µL and nonparaskeletal extramedullary disease were the only independent predictors of PFS and DoR after accounting for international staging systemic staging, age, CAR-T product, high-risk cytogenetics, and the number of previous lines. Moreover, our flow cytometry data suggest that ALC is a surrogate for BCMA CAR-T expansion and can be used as an accessible prognostic marker. We report, to our knowledge, for the first time the association of ALC after BCMA CAR-T infusion with clinical outcomes and its utility in predicting response in patients with R/R MM.

Cellular Mass Response to Therapy Correlates With Clinical Response for a Range of Malignancies.

PURPOSE: Cancer patients with advanced-stage disease have poor prognosis, typically having limited options for efficacious treatment, and genomics-based therapy guidance continues to benefit only a fraction of patients. Next-generation ex vivo approaches, such as cell mass-based response testing (MRT), offer an alternative precision medicine approach for a broader population of patients with cancer, but validation of clinical feasibility and potential impact remain necessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the clinical feasibility and accuracy of using live-cell MRT to predict patient drug sensitivity. Using a unified measurement workflow with a 48-hour result turnaround time, samples were subjected to MRT after treatment with a panel of drugs in vitro. After completion of therapeutic course, clinical response data were correlated with MRT-based predictions of outcome. Specimens were collected from 104 patients with solid (n = 69) and hematologic (n = 35) malignancies, using tissue formats including needle biopsies, malignant fluids, bone marrow aspirates, and blood samples. Of the 81 (78%) specimens qualified for MRT, 41 (51%) patients receiving physician-selected therapies had treatments matched to MRT. RESULTS: MRT demonstrated high concordance with clinical responses with an odds ratio (OR) of 14.80 (P = .0003 [95% CI, 2.83 to 102.9]). This performance held for both solid and hematologic malignances with ORs of 20.67 (P = .0128 [95% CI, 1.45 to 1,375.57]) and 8.20 (P = .045 [95% CI, 0.77 to 133.56]), respectively. Overall, these results had a predictive accuracy of 80% (P = .0026 [95% CI, 65 to 91]). CONCLUSION: MRT showed highly significant correlation with clinical response to therapy. Routine clinical use is technically feasible and broadly applicable to a wide range of samples and malignancy types, supporting the need for future validation studies.

Using a Modified Delphi Panel to Estimate Health Service Utilization for Patients with Advanced and Non-Advanced Systemic Light Chain Amyloidosis.

Purpose: Patients with diagnosed with systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis at advanced Mayo stages have greater morbidity and mortality than those diagnosed at non-advanced stages. Estimating service use by severity is difficult because Mayo stage is not available in many secondary databases. We used an expert panel to estimate healthcare utilization among advanced and non-advanced AL amyloidosis patients. Patients and Methods: Using the RAND/UCLA modified Delphi method, expert panelists completed 180 healthcare utilization estimates, consisting of inpatient and outpatient visits, testing, chemotherapy, and procedures by disease severity and organ involvement during two treatment phases (the 1 year after starting first line [1L] therapy and 1 year following treatment [post-1L]). Estimates were also provided for post-1L by hematologic treatment response (complete or very good partial response [CR/VGPR], partial, no response or relapse [PR/NR/R]). Areas of disagreement were discussed during a meeting, after which ratings were completed a second time. Results: During 1L therapy, 55% of advanced patients had ≥1 hospitalization and 38% had ≥2 admissions. Rates of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) in advanced patients were 5%, while pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placement were 15%. During post-1L therapy, rates of hospitalization in advanced patients remained high (≥1 hospitalization: 20-43%, ≥2 hospitalizations: 10-20%), and up to 10% of advanced patients had a HSCT. Ten percent of these patients underwent pacemaker/ICD placement. Conclusion: Experts estimated advanced patients, who would not be good candidates for HSCT, would have high rates of hospitalization (traditionally the most expensive type of healthcare utilization) and other health service use. The development of new treatment options that can facilitate organ recovery and improve function may lead to decreased utilization.

Relevance of Bone Marrow Biopsies for Response Assessment in US National Cancer Institute National Clinical Trials Network Follicular Lymphoma Clinical Trials.

PURPOSE: Bone marrow biopsies (BMB) are performed before/after therapy to confirm complete response (CR) in patients with lymphoma on clinical trials. We sought to establish whether BMB add value in assessing response or predict progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) outcomes in follicular lymphoma (FL) subjects in a large, multicenter, multitrial cohort. METHODS: Data were pooled from seven trials of 580 subjects with previously untreated FL through Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology (Alliance) and SWOG Cancer Research Network (SWOG) completing enrollment from 2008 to 2016. RESULTS: Only 5/580 (0.9%) had positive baseline BMB, CR on imaging, and subsequent positive BMB (P < .0001). Therefore, BMB were irrelevant to response in 99% of subjects. A sensitivity analysis of 385 FL subjects treated on an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study was included. In the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group cohort, 5/385 (1.3%) had BMB that affected response assessment. Since some subjects do not undergo confirmatory BMB, we performed a landmark survival analysis from first radiologic CR with data from 580 subjects from Alliance and SWOG. Of subjects with CR on imaging (n = 187), PFS and OS were not significantly different among those with negative BMB to confirm CR (n = 47) versus those without repeat BMB (n = 140; PFS: adjusted hazard ratio, 1.10, 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.94, log-rank P = .686; OS: hazard ratio, 0.59, 95% CI, 0.23 to 1.53, log-rank P = .276). CONCLUSION: We conclude that BMB add little value to response assessment in subjects with FL treated on clinical trials and we recommend eliminating BMB from clinical trial requirements. BMB should also be removed from diagnostic guidelines for FL except in scenarios in which it may change management including confirmation of limited stage and assessment of cytopenias. This would reduce cost, patient discomfort, resource utilization, and potentially remove a barrier to trial enrollment.

Advances in the molecular characterization of multiple myeloma and mechanism of therapeutic resistance.

Recent insight in the genomic landscape of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) and its precursor conditions, monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS), and smoldering myeloma have allowed the identification of patients with precursor conditions with a high risk of progression. These cases with "progressor" MGUS/SMM have a higher average mutation burden, have higher rates of mutations in specific genes such as MAPK, DNA repair, MYC, DIS3, and are enriched for specific mutational signatures when compared to non-progressors and are comparable to those found in NDMM. The highly preserved clonal heterogeneity seen upon progression of SMM, combined with the importance of these early variables, suggests that the identification of progressors based on these findings could complement and enhance the currently available clinical models based on tumor burden. Mechanisms leading to relapse/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) are of clinical interest given worse overall survival in this population. An Increased mutational burden is seen in patients with RRMM when compared to NDMM, however, there is evidence of branching evolution with many of these mutations being present at the subclonal level. Likewise, alterations in proteins associated with proteosome inhibitor and immunomodulatory drugs activity could partially explain clinical resistance to these agents. Evidence of chromosomal events leading to copy number changes is seen, with the presence of TP53 deletion, mutation, or a combination of both being present in many cases. Additional chromosomal events such as 1q gain and amplification may also interact and lead to resistance.

Outcomes of renal transplantation in patients with AL amyloidosis: an international collaboration through The International Kidney and Monoclonal Gammopathy Research Group.

Effective systemic therapies suppress toxic light chain production leading to an increased proportion of patients with light chain (AL) amyloidosis who survive longer albeit with end-stage renal disease. There is a critical need to identify patients in this population who benefit from renal transplantation. This multicenter, observational study from five countries includes 237 patients with AL amyloidosis who underwent renal transplantation between 1987 and 2020. With a median follow-up of 8.5 years, the median overall survival from renal transplantation was 8.6 years and was significantly longer in patients with complete and very good partial hematologic responses (CR + VGPR) compared to less than VGPR (9 versus 6.8 years; HR: 1.5, P = 0.04 [95% CI: 1-2.1]) at renal transplantation. Median graft survival was 7.8 years and was better in the CR + VGPR group (8.3 vs 5.7 years, HR: 1.4, P = 0.05 [95% CI: 1-2]). The frequency and time to amyloid recurrence in the graft was also lower (16% vs 37%, p = 0.01) and longer (median time not achieved vs 10 years, p = 0.001) in the CR + VGPR group. Comparing CR vs. VGPR there was no difference in overall or graft survival. Although 69 patients (29%) experienced hematologic relapse, treatment effectively prevented graft loss in the majority (87%). Renal transplantation in selected AL amyloidosis patients is associated with extended overall and renal graft survival. Patients with hematologic CR or VGPR have the most favorable outcomes, and these patients should be considered for renal transplantation.

A pipeline for malignancy and therapy agnostic assessment of cancer drug response using cell mass measurements.

Functional precision medicine offers a promising complement to genomics-based cancer therapy guidance by testing drug efficacy directly on a patient's tumor cells. Here, we describe a workflow that utilizes single-cell mass measurements with inline brightfield imaging and machine-learning based image classification to broaden the clinical utility of such functional testing for cancer. Using these image-curated mass measurements, we characterize mass response signals for 60 different drugs with various mechanisms of action across twelve different cell types, demonstrating an improved ability to detect response for several slow acting drugs as compared with standard cell viability assays. Furthermore, we use this workflow to assess drug responses for various primary tumor specimen formats including blood, bone marrow, fine needle aspirates (FNA), and malignant fluids, all with reports generated within two days and with results consistent with patient clinical responses. The combination of high-resolution measurement, broad drug and malignancy applicability, and rapid return of results offered by this workflow suggests that it is well-suited to performing clinically relevant functional assessment of cancer drug response.

Biomarkers for Risk Stratification in Patients With Previously Untreated Follicular Lymphoma Receiving Anti-CD20-based Biological Therapy.

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent B-cell neoplasm of germinal center origin. Standard treatment regimens consist of anti-CD20 therapy with or without chemotherapy. While high response rates to initial therapy are common, patients ultimately relapse or have progressive disease. Clinical risk factors such as the Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) have been identified, but there is a need for prognostic and predictive biomarkers. We studied markers of lymphoma cells and tumor microenvironment by immunohistochemistry in tissue samples from patients enrolled in 1 of 4 phase 2 trials of anti-CD20-based biological therapy for previously untreated grades 1 to 2 or 3A FL. Results were correlated with progression-free survival (PFS) and PFS status at 24 months. The 4 trials included 238 patients (51.1% male, median age: 55 y) with stage III, IV, or bulky stage II disease. By FLIPI, 24.6% had low-risk, 56.8% had intermediate-risk, and 18.6% had high-risk disease. The outcome differed significantly for patients treated with lenalidomide and rituximab (CALGB 50803) compared with the other 3 trials (median: PFS not reached vs. 3.0 y, hazard ratio=3.47, 95% confidence interval: 2.11-5.72); therefore, data were stratified by clinical trial (CALGB 50803 vs. all others) and adjusted for FLIPI risk group. Among 154 patients with available tissue, interfollicular BCL6 positivity, interfollicular CD10 positivity, and elevated Ki67 proliferation index ≥30% within neoplastic follicles were each associated with inferior PFS and a high risk of the early event by PFS status at 24 months. We identify promising biomarkers for FL risk stratification that warrant further validation in phase 3 trials.

Gene expression profiling impacts treatment decision making in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients in the prospective PROMMIS trial.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy associated with several risk factors including genetic aberrations which impact disease response and survival. Thorough risk classification is essential to select the best clinical strategy to optimize outcomes. The SKY92 molecular signature classifies patients as standard- or high-risk for progression. The PRospective Observational Multiple Myeloma Impact Study (PROMMIS; NCT02911571) measures impact of SKY92 on risk classification and treatment plan. Newly diagnosed MM patients had bone marrow aspirates analyzed for SKY92. Physicians completed a questionnaire for each patient capturing risk classification, hypothetical treatment plan, and physician confidence in the treatment plan, before and after unblinding SKY92. One hundred forty seven MM patients were enrolled. Before unblinding SKY92, physicians regarded 74 (50%) patients as clinical standard-risk. After unblinding SKY92, 16 patients were re-assigned as high-risk by the physician, and for 15 of them treatment strategy was impacted, resulting in an escalated treatment plan. For the 73 (50%) clinical high-risk patients, SKY92 indicated 46 patients to be standard-risk; for 31 of these patients the treatment strategy was impacted consistent with a de-escalation of risk. Overall, SKY92 impacted treatment decisions in 37% of patients (p < 0.001). For clinical decision-making, physicians incorporated SKY92, and the final assigned clinical risk was in line with SKY92 for 89% of patients. Furthermore, SKY92 significantly increased the confidence of the physicians' treatment decisions (p < 0.001). This study shows potential added value of SKY92 in MM for treatment decision making.

Plasma Cell Myeloma Presenting With Amyloid-Laden Crystal-Negative Histiocytosis.

OBJECTIVES: Crystal-storing histiocytosis (CSH) is rare in plasma cell dyscrasias, with only 3 cases reported in the setting of amyloid. No cases of crystal-negative histiocytosis coincident with multiple myeloma and amyloidosis have been reported previously. METHODS: A 58-year-old woman presented with pain due to destructive bone lesions and was found to have plasma cell myeloma (PCM) and marrow amyloid deposition associated with crystal-negative histiocytosis. Differential diagnoses included Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Erdheim-Chester disease, and Rosai Dorfman disease. BRAF mutations were negative, and there was no evidence of paraprotein crystals, arguing against typical CSH. RESULTS: The patient was treated with bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone, and she subsequently underwent autologous stem cell transplant and ixazomib maintenance. She achieved complete remission with improvement of her symptoms and preserved remission after following up at 60 months. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a case of crystal-negative histiocytosis associated with PCM. CSH is a rare disorder associated with paraprotein-producing conditions in which immunoglobulins aggregate as intracellular crystals in the lysosomes of organ-specific phagocytic macrophages. Light chain tropism in PCM can also lead to the development of amyloid deposition in organs and, in rare cases, is associated with light chain aggregation as intracellular crystals in macrophages.

Efficacy and safety of carfilzomib-based regimens in frail patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma.

Frailty is most prevalent among elderly multiple myeloma (MM) patients, and frail patients have a higher risk of poor outcomes due to reduced performance status or comorbidities. This post hoc analysis assessed efficacy and safety of carfilzomib combinations in frail patients with relapsed and/or refractory MM from the phase 3 ASPIRE (carfilzomib [27 mg/m2]-lenalidomide-dexamethasone [KRd27] vs lenalidomide-dexamethasone [Rd]), ENDEAVOR (carfilzomib [56 mg/m2]-dexamethasone [Kd56] vs bortezomib-dexamethasone [Vd]), and ARROW (once-weekly carfilzomib [70 mg/m2]-dexamethasone [Kd70] vs carfilzomib [27 mg/m2]-dexamethasone [Kd27]) studies. A frailty algorithm incorporating age, Charlson comorbidity index, and performance status classified patients as fit, intermediate, or frail. Results are presented for frail patients (ASPIRE, n = 196; ENDEAVOR, n = 330; ARROW, n = 141). In ASPIRE, median progression-free survival (PFS) (hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval) was 24.1 (KRd27) vs 15.9 months (Rd) (0.78; 0.54-1.12); median overall survival (OS) was 36.4 vs 26.2 months (0.79; 0.57-1.08). In ENDEAVOR, median PFS was 18.7 (Kd56) vs 6.6 months (Vd) (0.50; 0.36-0.68); median OS was 33.6 vs 21.8 months (0.75; 0.56-1.00). In ARROW, median PFS was 10.3 (once-weekly Kd70) vs 6.6 months (twice-weekly Kd27) (0.76; 0.49-1.16). In all 3 studies, rates of grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events were consistent with those observed in the primary studies. The ASPIRE, ENDEAVOR, and ARROW primary analyses demonstrated favorable benefit-risk profiles with carfilzomib-containing regimens compared with controls. Across clinically relevant subgroups, including those by frailty status, consistent efficacy and safety were observed with KRd27, Kd56, and weekly Kd70, and treatment with these regimens should not be restricted by frailty status.