Acute Effects of Ballistic vs. Passive Static Stretching Involved in a Prematch Warm-up on Vertical Jump and Linear Sprint Performance in Soccer Players.

ABSTRACT: López Mariscal, S, Sánchez Garcia, V, Fernández-García, JC, and Sáez de Villarreal, E. Acute effects of ballistic vs. passive static stretching involved in a prematch warm-up on vertical jump and linear sprint performance in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 147-153, 2021-The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of introducing passive static and ballistic stretching in a standard soccer match warm-up. The variables addressed were the counter movement jump (CMJ), Abalakov jump, and the 40-m linear sprint. The sample was composed of 33 male subjects, divided into 2 age groups. U16 and adult players formed the groups, to cross check whether there were differences between them. Each group was further subdivided into 2 groups regarding the type of stretching carried out during the stretching phase. Before the warm-up, the tests previously described were assessed. In the experimental phase, standard stretching was carried out, consisting of an initial phase in which players had to execute continuous running; a general phase in which players had to make articulate moves; a technical phase in which players had to execute exercises with the ball; a 5 vs. 5 small-sided game was carried out during the tactical phase; and in the final phase, activation exercises and sprints were carried out by the players. Eventually, the same variables were assessed again once the warm-up was finished. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 types of stretching included in the prematch warm-up. It can be concluded that ballistic and passive static stretching (<10 seconds) did not cause, under these circumstances, any effect in the assessed variables related to soccer performance (linear sprint, CMJ, and Abalakov). This has to be considered by coaches when devising soccer-related warm-ups.

Hipercloremia y mortalidad en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Mortality and hyperchloremia in the intensive care unit

Abstract Introduction: Administrating intravenous fluids is one of the most frequent practices in the care of critically ill patients, since most of them present shock or hypotension from any cause. The rapid and aggressive administration of these fluids may lead to adverse results, including acute renal failure and hydroelectrolytic disorders which are highly associated with fatal outcomes. Objectives: To establish the association between hyperchloremia and mortality in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Hospital Universitario de San José between August 2013 and January 2017, in addition to their demographic characteristics, the incidence of chloride abnormalities, and its association to renal failure. Methods: Analytic retrospective cohort study in the adult ICU at the Hospital Universitario de San José from August 1, 2013 to January 31, 2017. Results: A total of 839 patients were evaluated, 210 exposed and 629 not exposed. The relative risk of death for those who developed hyperchloremia was 3.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.16^.49) (P <0.001). The multivariate analysis generated an hazard ratio of 2.31 (95% CI 1.47-3.63) adjusted for age, sex, APACHE II at admission, sepsis, neurocritical state, and development of renal failure. Conclusion: Hyperchloremia is a frequent event in patients in the ICU; it may act as an independent variable for mortality in critical patients.

Resumen Introducción: La administración de líquidos endovenosos es de los actos que con mayor frecuencia se realizan en el cuidado de los pacientes críticamente enfermos, dado que gran parte de los mismos cursan con choque o hipotensión de cualquier causa, ésta se realiza de forma agresiva y rápida, dicha administración puede conllevar a eventos desfavorables como la falla renal aguda y alteraciones hidroelectrolíticas que están altamente relacionadas con desenlaces fatales. Objetivos: Establecer la asociación entre hipercloremia y mortalidad en los pacientes hospitalizados en cuidados intensivos del hospital Universitario de San José entre agosto de 2013 y enero de 2017, así como sus características demográficas, incidencia de anormalidades del cloro y su asociación con falla renal. Métodos: Estudio analítico de cohortes retrospectiva, en la Unidad de Cuidados intensivos (UCI) adultos del Hospital Universitario de San José, en el período comprendido entre el 1 de agosto de 2013 y el 31 de enero de 2017. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 839 pacientes, 210 expuestos y 629 no expuestos. El riesgo relativo para muerte en los que desarrollaron hipercloremia fue 3.12 (IC95% 2.16-4.49) (p <0.001). En el análisis multivariado se obtuvo un HR de 2.31 (IC95% 1.473.63) ajustado por las variables de edad, sexo, APACHE II al ingreso, sepsis, estado neurocrítico y desarrollo de falla renal. Conclusiones: La hipercloremia es un evento frecuente durante la atención de los pacientes en la unidad de cuidados intensivos; puede actuar como una variable independiente de mortalidad en los pacientes críticos.