Autopsy of tetanus with foot gangrene as portal of entry.

Non-traumatic chronic skin lesions are the second most common cause of tetanus. Herein, we describe an 85-year-old woman who presented with a chronically infected skin lesion. She developed tetanus while in hospital and died of respiratory failure, after refusing mechanical ventilation. Routine immunization against tetanus began in Japan during 1968; hence many people born before 1968 are unvaccinated. Mortality due to tetanus is high and the proportion with protective antibodies is low in older adults. Therefore, we recommend tetanus vaccination for older persons in Japan who have chronic skin lesions and have never been vaccinated.

REGN-COV2 antibody cocktail in patients with SARS-CoV-2: Observational study from a single institution in Japan.

INTRODUCTION: A new treatment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19), REGN-COV2, a cocktail consisting of two neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been approved for patients at a risk of developing more severe disease. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients recently diagnosed with COVID-19 with risk factors for severe infection, who were treated with the REGN-COV2 antibody cocktail between July and September 2021. The REGN-COV2 antibody cocktail was administered to patients within 7 days of disease onset, with an oxygen saturation of >93%, and with at least one comorbidity. We investigated the percentage of patients with COVID-19-related hospitalization or death, the duration of symptoms after treatment, and the adverse effects of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 108 patients were reviewed. Of them, 64% were aged ≥50 years, 31% had obesity, 36% had hypertension, and 18% had diabetes. In addition, 49% had multiple risk factors for severe COVID-19. Overall, 12 patients (11%) needed COVID-19-related hospitalization. No adverse effects of treatment were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that treatment with the REGN-COV2 antibody cocktail is safe and beneficial in patients at a risk of developing severe COVID-19.

[Three cases of COVID-19 in elderly patients with delayed release from isolation due to persistent positive polymerase chain reaction findings].

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has spread worldwide, with no sign of its control in Japan yet. Eight elderly COVID-19 patients over 90 years of age were treated at our hospital. We herein report three cases with characteristic progression. Case 1 was a 91-year-old female patient diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia previously who did not show improvement with medication; thus, she was transferred to our hospital 16 days after the onset. She was diagnosed with COVID-19 using the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Favipiravir, methylprednisolone, and unfractionated heparin were administered, but she only tested negative 68 days after the onset, at which point she was discharged. However, she was transferred back to our hospital 80 days after the onset since she tested positive again. She was transferred to another hospital 110 days after the onset without testing negative. Case 2 was a 102-year-old female. Despite being a mild case, it took 32 days to obtain negative PCR findings, leading to a decline in the activities of daily living. Case 3 was a 90-year-old male patient treated with favipiravir, dexamethasone, and unfractionated heparin, but his condition deteriorated. He never tested negative for PCR and ultimately died 20 days after the onset. Reports suggest that PCR positivity does not necessarily indicate infectivity, but there are no clear criteria for lifting a quarantine. Therefore, PCR negativity is often sought for "peace of mind." In the current situation where hospitals are fully occupied, clear criteria for lifting the quarantine should be promptly determined. After the completion of treatment, it is more important to monitor symptoms and take standard precautions, such as daily health monitoring, wearing a mask, and keeping an appropriate distance from others, than to obtain a negative PCR result.

Psychological Effects on Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Single-center Study at a Tertiary Hospital in Tokyo, Japan.

Objective The present study analyzed the psychological status of healthcare workers in Japan and the influencing factors during the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic. Methods An online survey was conducted from July 22 to August 21, 2020. A total of 328 of the 1,029 medical staff members in our university hospital participated in the study. Their mental health was assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with the mental health outcomes. Results Of the respondents, 78.0% reported psychological distress. Overall, we found that women, non-physicians, those who lived alone, and younger respondents had significantly greater psychological distress than their counterparts. The multivariate regression analysis showed that four factors were extracted as independent 12-item General Health Questionnaire-related factors: the lack of a sense of mission as a medical professional, the burden of the change in the quality of work, the lack of understanding about virus infectivity, and a strong sense of duty. Conclusion In summary, we found a high prevalence of psychological distress among healthcare workers during the 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak in Japan. Independent risk factors for psychological distress were the burden of the change in the quality of work, the lack of understanding about virus infectivity, a sense of responsibility, and the lack of a strong motivation and drive to help.