Genomic analysis of the emergence and evolution of multidrug resistance during a Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreak including carbapenem and colistin resistance.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize at the genomic level the evolution of multiresistance during an outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae in a burns intensive care unit. The outbreak involved a DHA-1 ß-lactamase-producing strain that later acquired carbapenem and fosfomycin resistance, and in one case colistin resistance. METHODS: The genomes of two isolates were sequenced and compared with a previously sequenced genome. The role of hypermutability was investigated by measuring the mutation frequencies of the isolates and comparison with a collection of control strains. RESULTS: Sequence comparison identified four single-nucleotide variants and two transposon insertions. Analysis of the variants in the whole collection related carbapenem and fosfomycin resistance to a nonsense mutation in the ompK36 porin gene and colistin resistance to an IS1 insertion in the mgrB gene. The plasmid carrying the blaDHA-1 gene was unstable in the absence of antibiotics, and analysis of isolates that had lost the plasmid showed that the porin mutation alone was not sufficient to generate carbapenem resistance. The mutation frequencies were similar among all the strains analysed. CONCLUSIONS: Carbapenem resistance required production of the DHA-1 ß-lactamase and decreased permeability, but fosfomycin resistance depended only on permeability. Resistance to colistin might be related to an alteration in the regulation of the phoPQ system. Hypermutation is not related to the selection of porin mutants. Plasmid instability might be due to the high number of mobile elements and suggests a major role for antibiotic selection pressure in the emergence and evolution of this outbreak.

hCLE/CGI-99, a human protein that interacts with the influenza virus polymerase, is a mRNA transcription modulator.

The human protein hCLE was previously identified by its interaction with the PA subunit of influenza virus polymerase. It exhibits a sequence similarity of 38% with the yeast Spt16 component of the FACT complex, which is involved in transcriptional regulation. Therefore, we studied the possible relationship of hCLE with the transcription machinery. Here we show that hCLE and different phosphorylated forms of the RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) largest subunit, co-immunoprecipitate and colocalize by confocal microscopy analysis. Furthermore, hCLE was found in nuclear sites of active mRNA synthesis, as demonstrated by its colocalization with spots of in situ Br-UTP incorporation. Silencing of hCLE expression by RNA interference inhibited the synthesis of RNAP II transcripts around 50%. Accordingly, the expression profiling in hCLE-silenced cells studied by microarray analysis showed that, among the genes that exhibited a differential expression under hCLE silencing, more than 90% were down-regulated. Collectively these results indicate that hCLE works as a positive modulator of the RNA polymerase II activity.

Dihydroceramide accumulation mediates cytotoxic autophagy of cancer cells via autolysosome destabilization.

Autophagy is considered primarily a cell survival process, although it can also lead to cell death. However, the factors that dictate the shift between these 2 opposite outcomes remain largely unknown. In this work, we used Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, the main active component of marijuana, a compound that triggers autophagy-mediated cancer cell death) and nutrient deprivation (an autophagic stimulus that triggers cytoprotective autophagy) to investigate the precise molecular mechanisms responsible for the activation of cytotoxic autophagy in cancer cells. By using a wide array of experimental approaches we show that THC (but not nutrient deprivation) increases the dihydroceramide:ceramide ratio in the endoplasmic reticulum of glioma cells, and this alteration is directed to autophagosomes and autolysosomes to promote lysosomal membrane permeabilization, cathepsin release and the subsequent activation of apoptotic cell death. These findings pave the way to clarify the regulatory mechanisms that determine the selective activation of autophagy-mediated cancer cell death.

Genome Sequence of Klebsiella pneumoniae KpQ3, a DHA-1 ß-Lactamase-Producing Nosocomial Isolate.

Klebsiella pneumoniae KpQ3 is a multidrug-resistant isolate obtained from a blood culture of a patient in a burn unit in the Hospital Universitario La Paz (Madrid, Spain) in 2008. The genome contains multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including a plasmid-mediated DHA-1 cephalosporinase gene.

Mitochondrial inheritance is required for MEN-regulated cytokinesis in budding yeast.

Mitochondrial inheritance, the transfer of mitochondria from mother to daughter cell during cell division, is essential for daughter cell viability. The mitochore, a mitochondrial protein complex containing Mdm10p, Mdm12p, and Mmm1p, is required for mitochondrial motility leading to inheritance in budding yeast. We observe a defect in cytokinesis in mitochore mutants and another mutant (mmr1Delta gem1Delta) with impaired mitochondrial inheritance. This defect is not observed in yeast that have no mitochondrial DNA or defects in mitochondrial protein import or assembly of beta-barrel proteins in the mitochondrial outer membrane. Deletion of MDM10 inhibits contractile-ring closure, but does not inhibit contractile-ring assembly, localization of a chromosomal passenger protein to the spindle during early anaphase, spindle alignment, nucleolar segregation, or nuclear migration during anaphase. Release of the mitotic exit network (MEN) component, Cdc14p, from the nucleolus during anaphase is delayed in mdm10Delta cells. Finally, hyperactivation of the MEN by deletion of BUB2 restores defects in cytokinesis in mdm10Delta and mmr1Delta gem1Delta cells and reduces the fidelity of mitochondrial segregation between mother and daughter cells in wild-type and mdm10Delta cells. Our studies identify a novel MEN-linked regulatory system that inhibits cytokinesis in response to defects in mitochondrial inheritance in budding yeast.

Cannabinoid action induces autophagy-mediated cell death through stimulation of ER stress in human glioma cells.

Autophagy can promote cell survival or cell death, but the molecular basis underlying its dual role in cancer remains obscure. Here we demonstrate that delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main active component of marijuana, induces human glioma cell death through stimulation of autophagy. Our data indicate that THC induced ceramide accumulation and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha) phosphorylation and thereby activated an ER stress response that promoted autophagy via tribbles homolog 3-dependent (TRB3-dependent) inhibition of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) axis. We also showed that autophagy is upstream of apoptosis in cannabinoid-induced human and mouse cancer cell death and that activation of this pathway was necessary for the antitumor action of cannabinoids in vivo. These findings describe a mechanism by which THC can promote the autophagic death of human and mouse cancer cells and provide evidence that cannabinoid administration may be an effective therapeutic strategy for targeting human cancers.

Integrin regulation of caveolin function.

Caveolae are unique organelles that are found in the plasma membrane of many cell types. They participate in various processes such as lipid recycling, cellular signalling and endocytosis. A variety of signalling molecules localize to caveolae in response to various stimuli, providing a potential mechanism for the spatial regulation of signal transduction pathways. Caveolin-1, a constitutive protein of caveolae, has been implicated in the regulation of cell growth, lipid trafficking, endocytosis and cell migration. Phosphorylation of caveolin-1 on Tyr 14 is involved in integrin-regulated caveolae trafficking and also in signalling at focal adhesions in migrating cells. In this review, we focus on recent studies that describe the role of caveolin-1 in integrin signal transduction, and how this interplay links extracellular matrix anchorage to cell proliferation, polarity and directional migration.

Polymorphism and structural maturation of bunyamwera virus in Golgi and post-Golgi compartments.

The Golgi apparatus is the assembly site for a number of complex enveloped viruses. Using high-preservation methods for electron microscopy, we have detected two previously unknown maturation steps in the morphogenesis of Bunyamwera virus in BHK-21 cells. The first maturation takes place inside the Golgi stack, where annular immature particles transform into dense, compact structures. Megalomicin, a drug that disrupts the trans side of the Golgi complex, reversibly blocks transformation, showing that a functional trans-Golgi is needed for maturation. The second structural change seems to take place during the egress of viral particles from cells, when a coat of round-shaped spikes becomes evident. A fourth viral assembly was detected in infected cells: rigid tubular structures assemble in the Golgi region early in infection and frequently connect with mitochondria. In Vero cells, the virus induces an early and spectacular fragmentation of intracellular membranes while productive infection progresses. Assembly occurs in fragmented Golgi stacks and generates tubular structures, as well as the three spherical viral forms. These results, together with our previous studies with nonrelated viruses, show that the Golgi complex contains key factors for the structural transformation of a number of enveloped viruses that assemble intracellularly.