RESUMO
BACKGROUND: This paper describes the transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV) to two blood recipients from a healthy donor that later presented to the blood bank with jaundice. METHODS: The RNA of HAV was detected by qualitative nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested RT-PCR) and quantified by real-time RT-PCR. HAV RNA samples were genotyped by direct sequencing of PCR products. A sequence from a fragment of 168 bp from the VP1/2A HAV region was used to construct a phylogenetic tree. CASE REPORT: A 31-year-old male donor accepted for donation of a whole blood unit returned to the blood bank with clinical jaundice 20 days after donation. His serological and NAT tests were negative for HBV and HCV. Serological tests for HAV IgM and IgG were negative on donation sample but positive on follow-up sample, confirming donor's HAV acute infection. Both recipients of red blood cells (R1) and platelet concentrate (R2) from the same implicated donation were HAV IgM-negative and IgG-positive. Qualitative PCR was positive on samples from all three individuals and phylogenetic analysis of viruses proved HAV transmission to the two recipients of blood products. HAV viral load on donor follow-up sample and the platelet recipient was 1.3 and 1.5 × 10(3) IU/ml, respectively. The RBC recipient, also infected by HCV, was undergoing bone marrow transplantation and died from fulminant hepatitis, 26 days after the implicated HAV transfusion. CONCLUSION: The blood donor, a garbage collector, spontaneously returned to the blood bank when developing jaundice. This highlights the importance of donor education to immediately report to blood banks of any signs and symptoms related to infectious disease developed after blood donation. The fact that one immunocompromised patient with HCV infection died from fulminant hepatitis after receiving a HAV-contaminated platelet transfusion underpins the importance of a HAV vaccination program for these group of patients.
RESUMO
Interações medicamentosas (IM) exacerbam o risco de eventos adversos graves relacionados ao uso de benzodiazepínicos. Este estudo objetivou conhecer aspectos relacionados à utilização de flumazenil em pacientes hospitalizados. Através do método observacional, foram analisados prescrições e prontuários de 31 pacientes internados entre junho/2008 e junho/2010 quanto à indicação do flumazenil, aos fatores que podem ter contribuído para intoxicação por benzodiazepínicos e à frequência de IM potenciais (IMP). A frequência de indicação para reversão de sedação excessiva foi aproximadamente 1,3 prescrições por 1.000 pacientes. Foram identificadas IMP em 84% dessas prescrições. Para sete casos, não houve prescrição prévia de benzodiazepínicos. O exame permitiu a identificação dos eventos com necessidade do manejo da sedação excessiva relacionados à ocorrência de IMP entre benzodiazepínicos e outros medicamentos para um elevado percentual de pacientes. Observou-se que idade elevada, quadro clínico com muitas comorbidades e administração de medicamentos com interações bem definidas estiveram associados à hipersedação...
Drug interactions (DIs) heighten the risk of severe adverse events connected with use of benzodiazepines. This observational study aimed to ascertain aspects of use of flumazenil in hospital inpatients. The prescriptions and medicalrecords of 31 patients admitted between June 2008 and June 2010 were examined for indication of flumazenil, factors that could have contributed to benzodiazepine intoxication, and potential drug interaction (PDI) frequency. In 1.3 prescriptions per 1,000 patients the indication was for reversal of excessive sedation. PDIs were observed in 84% of these prescriptions. In 7 cases there was no prior prescription of benzodiazepines. The examination identified events requiring management of excessive sedation associated with occurrence of PDI between benzodiazepines and other drugs in a high percentage of patients. It was observed that more advanced age, clinical condition with many comorbidities, and administration of drugs with well-defined interactions were observed to associate with over-sedation...
Interacciones medicamentosas (IM) incrementan el riesgo de efectos adversos graves. Este estudio observacional investigó los aspectos relacionados con el uso de flumazenil en los pacientes hospitalizados. Se analizaron las prescripciones y prontuarios de 31 pacientes ingresados entre junio/2008 y junio/2010. La frecuencia de la indicación de reversión de la sedación excesiva fue de 1,3 prescripciones por 1.000 pacientes. Se identificaron IMP en 84% de estas prescripciones. En siete casos no hubo prescripción previa de benzodiazepínicos. Este estudio permitió la identificación de la sedación excesiva asociada con la aparición de IMP entre los benzodiazepínicos y otras drogas para un alto porcentaje de pacientes. Se ha observado que la edad avanzada, cuadro clínico con muchas comorbilidades y administración de fármacos con interacciones bien definidas se asociaron con excesiva sedación...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Adulto Jovem , Cuidados de Enfermagem , Flumazenil , Interações Medicamentosas , Receptores de GABA-A , Brasil , Epidemiologia DescritivaRESUMO
O presente estudo analisou a incorporação e o gasto com medicamentos de relevância financeira, entre outubro de 2008 e setembro de 2009, em um hospital universitário federal de grande porte e alta complexidade situado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram consultadas fontes de consumo e custo da unidade para determinação dos gastos no período. Os medicamentos foram classificados pelo método ABC e, para aqueles de maior relevância financeira, buscaram-se informações sobre o processo de seleção, por meio dos documentos da Comissão de Farmácia e Terapêutica (CFT), para entendimento da dinâmica da incorporação. Foram gastos cerca de sete milhões de reais na aquisição de medicamentos, excetuando-se soluções parenterais de grande volume. O mesilato de imatinibe foi o medicamento de maior despesa anual, representando 23% do total gasto no período para tratamento de menos de 30 pacientes. Outros 56 itens de alto valor financeiro, somados ao imatinibe, representaram 15% do total de medicamentos e 85% do gasto anual, destacando-se os antineoplásicos e imunomoduladores. Foi observada grande escassez de dados sobre os critérios de seleção e monitoramento do uso de medicamentos de maior relevância nos gastos, apesar da instituição da CFT no hospital há mais de dez anos.
The present study analyzed incorporation and usage of financially relevant medicines in a large and highly complex university hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between October 2008 and September 2009. All available sources of consumption and cost of the hospital were consulted in order to determine the expenses in this period. An ABC analysis was carried out to classify the medicines and the selection process of those with financial relevance was examined through Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee (PTC) documents, to better understand the dynamics of incorporation of medicines. Approximately seven million reais were spent on medicines during the period, with the exception of large volume parenteral solutions. Imatinib mesylate accounted for the greatest annual expense, being responsible for 23% of usage in the period, used for chronic treatment of less than 30 patients. Added to imatinibe, the other 56 financially relevant items accounted for 15% of medicines and 85% of annual usage, with highlight to antineoplastics and immunomodulators. There was a notable lack of data regarding selection criteria and monitoring of use of financially relevant medicines, despite the presence of PTC in the hospital for more than a decade.