Exosome Mediated Cancer Therapeutic Approach:Present Status and Future Prospectives.

The unique extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes formed by the sequential invagination of the plasma membrane are diverse and encompass important constituents with biological functions. Speculations on its cell independent biological functions are significant and pose them as vital biomarkers and as drug delivery vehicles especially in cancer. EVs possess theragnostic values and are known to elicit specific immune response. Exosomes can also serve as potential nanocarriers for delivering miRNA, siRNA, anti-cancer drugs and membrane-associated proteins. Exosomes play a crucial role in regulating tumour progression, metastasis, and angiogenesis. This review thus portrays the multiple facets of exosomes, in concert with the source for exosomes production and further on its regulation and intercellular communication. The review also explores the recent advances, present status and the future prospective in the application of exosomes in cancer therapeutics and cancer diagnostics.

Inhibition of Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation in Chromobacterium violaceum by Fruit Extracts of Passiflora edulis.

Chromobacterium violaceum (C. violaceum) is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped facultatively anaerobic bacterium implicated with recalcitrant human infections. Here, we evaluated the anti-QS and antibiofilm activities of ethyl acetate extracts of Passiflora edulis (P. edulis) on the likely inactivation of acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-regulated molecules in C. violaceum both by in vitro and in silico analyses. Our investigations showed that the sub-MIC levels were 2, 1, and 0.5 mg/mL, and the concentrations showed a marked reduction in violacein pigment production by 75.8, 64.6, and 35.2%. AHL quantification showed 72.5, 52.2, and 35.9% inhibitions, inhibitions of EPS production (72.8, 36.5, and 25.9%), and reductions in biofilm formation (90.7, 69.4, and 51.8%) as compared to a control. Light microscopy and CLSM analysis revealed dramatic reduction in the treated biofilm group as compared to the control. GC-MS analysis showed 20 major peaks whose chemical structures were docked as the CviR ligand. The highest docking score was observed for hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester bonds in the active site of CviR with a binding energy of -8.825 kcal/mol. Together, we found that hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester remarkably interacted with CviR to inhibit the QS system. Hence, we concluded that hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester of P. edulis could likely be evaluated for treating C. violaceum infections.