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BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) in prisons usually occurs at higher rates than in the general population, especially in developing countries. TB has been reported as the most common cause of death among prisoners. Studies have shown limitations for early detection of TB in prisons that seem to result from mistaken concepts about TB, delayed diagnosis mainly due to the naturalization of lack of healthcare for this population METHODS: A scoping review was performed using the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute to assess "What are the scientific evidences on the epidemiology of TB in the prison system?". Then, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the prevalence of TB (active and latent) TB in prisoners. The results are presented as prevalence, in percentage, through random effects models, with a confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS: Regarding active TB, the results of the metanalysis showed that countries with a high burden of TB had a prevalence of 3.54% [2.71; 4.63], countries not considered to be high burden TB countries had a prevalence of 1.43% [0.86; 2.37]. Latent TB had a prevalence of 51.61% [39.46; 63.58] in high TB burden countries and a prevalence of 40.24% [23.51; 59.61] in countries with low TB burden. In terms of development, in low- and lower-middle-income countries, the prevalence of active TB was 3.13% [1.84; 5.29] and in high- and upper-middle income countries the prevalence was 2.25% [1.70; 2.99]. The prevalence of latent TB in high- and middle-income countries was 43.77% [28.61; 60.18] and of 49.42% [45.91; 52.94] in low and lower middle-income countries. CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that TB, and probably other infectious diseases, find fertile ground in prisons where previous acquire social disadvantages seem to thrive-therefore, TB in prisons is a global public health problem and effective strategies are needed to control the disease are needed targeting the prison environment, including rapid health assessments to understand each context and to implement tailored and precision interventions.
Assuntos
Tuberculose Latente , Prisioneiros , Tuberculose , Humanos , Tuberculose Latente/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Latente/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , PrisõesRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To identify risk-prone areas for the spread of tuberculosis, analyze spatial variation and temporal trends of the disease in these areas and identify their determinants in a high burden city. METHODS: An ecological study was carried out in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. The population was composed of pulmonary tuberculosis cases reported in the Tuberculosis Patient Control System between 2006 and 2017. Seasonal Trend Decomposition using the Loess decomposition method was used. Spatial and spatiotemporal scanning statistics were applied to identify risk areas. Spatial Variation in Temporal Trends (SVTT) was used to detect risk-prone territories with changes in the temporal trend. Finally, Pearson's Chi-square test was performed to identify factors associated with the epidemiological situation in the municipality. RESULTS: Between 2006 and 2017, 1760 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were reported in the municipality. With spatial scanning, four groups of clusters were identified with relative risks (RR) from 0.19 to 0.52, 1.73, 2.07, and 2.68 to 2.72. With the space-time scan, four clusters were also identified with RR of 0.13 (2008-2013), 1.94 (2010-2015), 2.34 (2006 to 2011), and 2.84 (2014-2017). With the SVTT, a cluster was identified with RR 0.11, an internal time trend of growth (+ 0.09%/year), and an external time trend of decrease (- 0.06%/year). Finally, three risk factors and three protective factors that are associated with the epidemiological situation in the municipality were identified, being: race/brown color (OR: 1.26), without education (OR: 1.71), retired (OR: 1.35), 15 years or more of study (OR: 0.73), not having HIV (OR: 0.55) and not having diabetes (OR: 0.35). CONCLUSION: The importance of using spatial analysis tools in identifying areas that should be prioritized for TB control is highlighted, and greater attention is necessary for individuals who fit the profile indicated as "at risk" for the disease.
Assuntos
Tuberculose Pulmonar , Tuberculose , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cidades/epidemiologia , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the temporal trend of tuberculosis cases according to sex and age group and evidence the level of disease before the Covid-19 pandemic in a TB high endemic city. METHODS: This was a time series study carried out in a city in northeast Brazil. The population was composed of cases of tuberculosis, excluding those with HIV-positive status, reported between the years 2002 and 2018. An exploratory analysis of the monthly rates of tuberculosis detection, smoothed according to sex and age group, was performed. Subsequently, the progression of the trend and prediction of the disease were also characterized according to these aspects. For the trends forecast, the seasonal autoregressive linear integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and the usual Box-Jenkins method were used to choose the most appropriate models. RESULTS: A total of 1620 cases of tuberculosis were reported, with an incidence of 49.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in men and 34.0 per 100,000 in women. Regarding the incidence for both sexes, there was a decreasing trend, which was similar for age. Evidence resulting from the application of the time series shows a decreasing trend in the years 2002-2018, with a trend of stability. CONCLUSIONS: The study evidenced a decreasing trend in tuberculosis, even before the Covid-19 pandemic, for both sex and age; however, in a step really slow from that recommended by the World Health Organization. According to the results, the disease would have achieved a level of stability in the city next years, however it might have been aggravated by the pandemic. These findings are relevant to evidence the serious behavior and trends of TB in a high endemic scenario considering a context prior to the Covid-19 pandemic.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Tuberculose , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Tuberculose/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Tuberculosis (TB) in children presents specificities in its diagnosis, which makes it prone to underreporting: therefore, the disease in this group is still a serious public health problem in several countries. We aimed to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal trend of childhood TB in Brazil. An ecological study with time series, spatial analysis, and description of cases in Brazil between 2010-2021 was conducted. A total of 1,054,263 TB cases were reported in the period, with 30,001 (2.8%) in children. The yearly average was 2,500 cases, with a trend toward an increase in the incidence rate in 2018 and 2019 and a decline in 2020. Children under 5 years old represented 38.2% of cases, 5.2% were indigenous, and 424 children (1.4%) died. Sputum culture was performed for 18.4% of pulmonary TB. The incidence rates were higher in municipalities in the north and midwest regions, with high occurrence locations (hot spots), especially on borders with other countries. There was a reduction in childhood TB in 2020, possibly related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategies are needed for the identification and monitoring of childhood TB, with reinforcement of professional training for assistance and control, especially in the most vulnerable locations and groups.
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(1) Background: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in the world. The study analyzed the factors associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis in the prison population of the state of Paraná. (2) Methods: Ecological study of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases registered in the Paraná Information System, Brazil (2008 to 2018). We performed descriptive statistics of quantitative parameters calculated with absolute frequencies. Additionally, we used binary regression logistics, where the odds ratio with its respective confidence interval was calculated. (3) Results: Of the 653 cases registered as cases of tuberculosis in the incarcerated population, 98 were drug-resistant tuberculosis. We observed that educational level of up to 8 to 11 years of schooling, negative bacterial culture (test outcome) and no tobacco use were factors associated with the non-development of drug-resistant tuberculosis, while clinically confirmed pulmonary TB and positive sputum smear microscopy in the fourth month of follow-up showed an association for the development of drug resistance. (4) Conclusions: The study showed that clinically confirmed pulmonary TB and a positive sputum smear microscopy in the fourth month of follow-up were associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Prisioneiros , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Tuberculose Pulmonar , Tuberculose , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Escarro/microbiologia , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologiaRESUMO
(1) Background: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in the world. This study evaluated the temporal trends, distribution, and spatial associations of drug-resistant tuberculosis in liberty-deprived populations in the state of Paraná, Brazil. (2) Methods: An ecological study was developed using all cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis in penal establishments reported by the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System between 2008 and 2018. For the time trend, the Prais-Winsten method was used. To verify the spatial association, the Getis-Ord Gi* technique was used. (3) Results: During the study period, 653 cases of tuberculosis were reported in the studied population, of which 98 (15%) were drug-resistant. Prais-Winsten autoregression identified an increasing trend, with APC = 15.08% (95% CI: 0.02-0.09) from 2008 to 2018; when analyzed from 2012 to 2018, the trend increased even more, with APC = 23.31% (95% CI: 0.01-0.16). Hotspots were also noted in the north, east, and west macro-regions of the state. (4) Conclusions: The presence of drug-resistant tuberculosis, as well as an increasing trend of these cases, was evidenced in all regions of the state among liberty-deprived populations,. The spatial analysis revealed priority areas for drug-resistant tuberculosis in penal establishments.
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OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence of burnout and its relationship with the academic satisfaction of nursing students in traditional and integrated curricula. METHOD: Quantitative, observational, cross-sectional, and analytical descriptive study with nursing undergraduates in two public universities. The data were collected in the classroom through a characterization survey, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Nursing Student Satisfaction Scale, and analyzed through inferential and descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The participants included 301 undergraduate students. The prevalence of burnout in the traditional curriculum was 30.2%; in the integrated one, this was 16.2%. Academic efficacy (p=0.004), satisfaction with curriculum and teaching (p=0.011), and professional and social integration (p<0.001) were higher for students in the integrated curriculum. Satisfaction with the educational environment was higher in the traditional curriculum (p=0.012). Burnout was statistically associated with low academic satisfaction in all dimensions. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of burnout has differed significantly among students in the analyzed curriculum models and is directly associated with academic satisfaction or lack thereof. Educators should develop preventive actions against burnout in future nurses focusing on the promotion of academic satisfaction.
Assuntos
Esgotamento Profissional , Estudantes de Enfermagem , Esgotamento Profissional/epidemiologia , Esgotamento Psicológico , Estudos Transversais , Currículo , Humanos , Satisfação Pessoal , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Given the rapid spread of new coronavirus within the prison system, this study's objective was to identify spatial clusters for the occurrence of COVID-19 in the incarcerated population and analyze temporal trends of confirmed cases in the Brazilian prison system. This ecological study considered the five Brazilian macro-regions to be units of analysis, with its 26 states and the Federal District. The population was composed of all COVID-19 cases confirmed from April 14th to August 31st, 2020. The source used to collect data was the COVID-19 Monitoring Panel from the National Prison Department. Descriptive analysis, scan statistics, and time series were performed. A total of 18,767 COVID-19 cases were reported among the incarcerated population, 4,724 in São Paulo. The scan statistic analysis resulted in 14 spatial risk clusters for COVID-19 among persons deprived of liberty; the highest-risk cluster was in the Federal District. Although the country ends the series with a decreasing behavior, a growing trend was verified in most of the study period. The conclusion is that there is a need to implement mass testing among the incarcerated population while continually monitoring and recording COVID-19 cases.
Tendo em vista a rápida disseminação do novo coronavírus no sistema prisional, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos identificar aglomerados espaciais para ocorrência da COVID-19 na população privada de liberdade (PPL) e analisar a tendência temporal dos casos confirmados no sistema penitenciário do Brasil. Estudo ecológico que considerou como unidades de análise as cinco macrorregiões do Brasil, seus 26 estados e o Distrito Federal. A população foi composta por todos os casos de COVID-19 confirmados, no período de 14 de abril a 31 de agosto de 2020. A fonte de dados utilizada foi o Painel de Monitoramento dos casos de COVID-19 nos sistemas prisionais do Departamento Penitenciário Nacional. Realizou-se análise descritiva, estatística de varredura e análise da tendência temporal. Foram notificados 18.767 casos de COVID-19 na PPL, dos quais 4.724 ocorreram no estado de São Paulo. A estatística de varredura possibilitou a identificação de 14 clusters espaciais de risco para COVID-19 na PPL, sendo o aglomerado de maior risco formado pelo Distrito Federal. Embora o país finalize a série com um comportamento decrescente, observa-se que no período de investigação a tendência apresentou um comportamento maioritariamente crescente. Evidencia-se a necessidade de testagem em massa, monitoramento e registro contínuo dos casos de COVID-19 na PPL do país.
Assuntos
COVID-19/epidemiologia , Pandemias/estatística & dados numéricos , Prisões/estatística & dados numéricos , SARS-CoV-2 , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Prisões/tendências , Conglomerados Espaço-TemporaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence after the implementation of the rapid molecular test (RMT-TB), to identify whether tuberculosis presents seasonal variation and to classify the territory according to case density and risk areas in Macapá, Amapá. METHODS: Ecological study of tuberculosis cases registered in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN - Information System for Notifiable Diseases) between 2001 and 2017. We used the Prais-Winsten test to classify the temporal trend of incidence and the interrupted time series to identify changes in the temporal trend before and after the implementation of the rapid molecular test, and to verify seasonality in the municipality. The Kernel estimator was used to classify case density and scan statistics to identify areas of tuberculosis risk. RESULTS: A total of 1,730 cases were identified, with a decreasing temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence (-0.27% per month, 95%CI -0.13 to -0.41). The time series showed no change in level after the implementation of the GeneXpert®MTB/RIF molecular test; however, the incidence increased in the post-test period (+2.09% per month, 95%CI 0.92 to 3.27). Regarding the seasonal variation, it showed growth (+13.7%/month, 95%CI 4.71 to 23.87) from December to June, the rainy season - called amazon winter season -, and decrease (-9.21% per month, CI95% -1.37 to -16.63) in the other periods. We classified areas with high density of cases in the Central and Northern districts using Kernel and identified three protection clusters, SC1 (RR = 0.07), SC2 (RR = 0.23) and SC3 (RR = 0.36), and a high-risk cluster, SC4 (RR = 1.47), with the scan statistics. CONCLUSION: The temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence was decreasing in the time series; however, detection increased after the introduction of RMT-TB, and tuberculosis showed seasonal behavior. The case distribution was heterogeneous, with a tendency to concentrate in vulnerable and risk territories, evidencing a pattern of disease inequality in the territory.
Assuntos
Tuberculose , Brasil , Humanos , Incidência , Sistemas de Informação , Estações do Ano , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiological situation of leprosy (Hansen's Disease), in a hyperendemic metropolis in the Central-West region of Brazil. We studied trends over eleven years, both in the detection of the disease and in disabilities, analyzing disparities and/or differences regarding gender and age. This is an ecological time series study conducted in Cuiabá, capital of the state of Mato Grosso. The population consisted of patients diagnosed with leprosy between the years 2008 and 2018. The time series of leprosy cases was used, stratifying it according to gender (male and female), disability grade (G0D, G1D, G2D, and not evaluated) and age. The calendar adjustment technique was applied. For modeling the trends, the Seasonal-Trend decomposition procedure based on Loess (STL) was used. We identified 9.739 diagnosed cases, in which 58.37% were male and 87.55% aged between 15 and 59 years. Regarding detection according to gender, there was a decrease among women and an increase in men. The study shows an increasing trend in disabilities in both genders, which may be related to the delay in diagnosis. There was also an increasing number of cases that were not assessed for disability at the time of diagnosis, which denotes the quality of the services.
Assuntos
Hanseníase/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pessoas com Deficiência/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças Endêmicas , Feminino , Humanos , Hanseníase/psicologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To develop a web software prototype to support retirement planning. METHOD: This is a methodological research, applied and based on the principles of prototyping model, which followed the steps of communication, planning, prototype creation, functional tests and consolidation of web software version 1. RESULTS: The functions of the web software prototype were defined from a flowchart and scope. In the creation stage, the screens that integrated the prototype, composed by interview, were projected from the filling of the Retirement Resources Inventory, screen of access to support planning materials, including lectures, scientific texts, and technical materials, retirement news screen, experiences screen, which allow users to post retirement expectations and comment on other users' posts. After performing tests, the prototype was made available at www.aposentarsecomsaude.com.br . CONCLUSION: the web software prototype consists of an interactive environment in which the user feels active in the reflection process about the retirement along the different screens. With clear language and expressions that are easily understood by the public, they are applicable to users of different professional profiles.
Assuntos
Tomada de Decisões , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Aposentadoria , Design de Software , Brasil , Instrução por Computador , Humanos , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Motivação , Sistemas On-Line , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the prevalence of burnout and its relationship with the academic satisfaction of nursing students in traditional and integrated curricula. Method: Quantitative, observational, cross-sectional, and analytical descriptive study with nursing undergraduates in two public universities. The data were collected in the classroom through a characterization survey, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Nursing Student Satisfaction Scale, and analyzed through inferential and descriptive statistics. Results: The participants included 301 undergraduate students. The prevalence of burnout in the traditional curriculum was 30.2%; in the integrated one, this was 16.2%. Academic efficacy (p=0.004), satisfaction with curriculum and teaching (p=0.011), and professional and social integration (p<0.001) were higher for students in the integrated curriculum. Satisfaction with the educational environment was higher in the traditional curriculum (p=0.012). Burnout was statistically associated with low academic satisfaction in all dimensions. Conclusion: The prevalence of burnout has differed significantly among students in the analyzed curriculum models and is directly associated with academic satisfaction or lack thereof. Educators should develop preventive actions against burnout in future nurses focusing on the promotion of academic satisfaction.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la prevalencia del burnout y su relación con la satisfacción académica de los estudiantes de enfermería del currículo tradicional y del integrado. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, transversal y descriptivo-analítico con estudiantes de enfermería de dos universidades públicas. Los datos se recogieron en el salón de clases a través de un cuestionario de caracterización, el Maslach Burnout Inventory , y de la Nursing Student Satisfaction Scale , y se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: Participaron 301 estudiantes universitarios. La prevalencia del burnout en el currículo tradicional fue del 30,2% y del 16,2% en el integrado. La eficacia académica (p=0,004), la satisfacción con el currículo y la enseñanza (p=0,011) y la interacción social y profesional (p<0,001) fueron mayores entre los estudiantes del currículo integrado. La satisfacción con el entorno de aprendizaje fue mayor para el currículo tradicional (p=0,012). El burnout se asoció estadísticamente con insatisfacción académica en todas sus dimensiones. Conclusión: La prevalencia del burnout difiere significativamente para los estudiantes de las organizaciones curriculares analizadas y se asocia directamente con la satisfacción o insatisfacción académica. Los educadores deben desarrollar acciones preventivas contra el burnout para los futuros enfermeros centradas en la promoción de la satisfacción académica.
RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência de burnout e sua relação com a satisfação acadêmica em estudantes de enfermagem de currículo tradicional e integrado. Método: Estudo quantitativo, observacional, transversal e descritivo-analítico com graduandos de enfermagem de duas universidades públicas. Os dados foram coletados em sala de aula por um questionário de caracterização, o Maslach Burnout Inventory e a Nursing Student Satisfaction Scale , e analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: Participaram 301 graduandos. A prevalência de burnout no currículo tradicional foi de 30,2% e, no integrado, de 16,2%. Eficácia acadêmica (p=0,004), satisfação com o currículo e ensino (p=0,011) e interação social e profissional (p<0,001) foram maiores entre os estudantes do currículo integrado. A satisfação com o ambiente de aprendizagem foi maior no currículo tradicional (p=0,012). Burnout esteve associado estatisticamente à baixa satisfação acadêmica em todas as suas dimensões. Conclusão: A prevalência de burnout diferiu significativamente entre os estudantes das organizações curriculares analisadas e está diretamente associada com a (in)satisfação acadêmica. Os educadores devem desenvolver ações preventivas contra o burnout para os futuros enfermeiros, focadas na promoção da satisfação acadêmica.
Assuntos
Educação em Enfermagem , Satisfação Pessoal , Estresse Psicológico , Estudantes de Enfermagem , CurrículoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the prevalence of burnout and its relationship with the academic satisfaction of nursing students in traditional and integrated curricula. Method: Quantitative, observational, cross-sectional, and analytical descriptive study with nursing undergraduates in two public universities. The data were collected in the classroom through a characterization survey, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Nursing Student Satisfaction Scale, and analyzed through inferential and descriptive statistics. Results: The participants included 301 undergraduate students. The prevalence of burnout in the traditional curriculum was 30.2%; in the integrated one, this was 16.2%. Academic efficacy (p=0.004), satisfaction with curriculum and teaching (p=0.011), and professional and social integration (p<0.001) were higher for students in the integrated curriculum. Satisfaction with the educational environment was higher in the traditional curriculum (p=0.012). Burnout was statistically associated with low academic satisfaction in all dimensions. Conclusion: The prevalence of burnout has differed significantly among students in the analyzed curriculum models and is directly associated with academic satisfaction or lack thereof. Educators should develop preventive actions against burnout in future nurses focusing on the promotion of academic satisfaction.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la prevalencia del burnout y su relación con la satisfacción académica de los estudiantes de enfermería del currículo tradicional y del integrado. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, transversal y descriptivo-analítico con estudiantes de enfermería de dos universidades públicas. Los datos se recogieron en el salón de clases a través de un cuestionario de caracterización, el Maslach Burnout Inventory , y de la Nursing Student Satisfaction Scale , y se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: Participaron 301 estudiantes universitarios. La prevalencia del burnout en el currículo tradicional fue del 30,2% y del 16,2% en el integrado. La eficacia académica (p=0,004), la satisfacción con el currículo y la enseñanza (p=0,011) y la interacción social y profesional (p<0,001) fueron mayores entre los estudiantes del currículo integrado. La satisfacción con el entorno de aprendizaje fue mayor para el currículo tradicional (p=0,012). El burnout se asoció estadísticamente con insatisfacción académica en todas sus dimensiones. Conclusión: La prevalencia del burnout difiere significativamente para los estudiantes de las organizaciones curriculares analizadas y se asocia directamente con la satisfacción o insatisfacción académica. Los educadores deben desarrollar acciones preventivas contra el burnout para los futuros enfermeros centradas en la promoción de la satisfacción académica.
RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência de burnout e sua relação com a satisfação acadêmica em estudantes de enfermagem de currículo tradicional e integrado. Método: Estudo quantitativo, observacional, transversal e descritivo-analítico com graduandos de enfermagem de duas universidades públicas. Os dados foram coletados em sala de aula por um questionário de caracterização, o Maslach Burnout Inventory e a Nursing Student Satisfaction Scale , e analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: Participaram 301 graduandos. A prevalência de burnout no currículo tradicional foi de 30,2% e, no integrado, de 16,2%. Eficácia acadêmica (p=0,004), satisfação com o currículo e ensino (p=0,011) e interação social e profissional (p<0,001) foram maiores entre os estudantes do currículo integrado. A satisfação com o ambiente de aprendizagem foi maior no currículo tradicional (p=0,012). Burnout esteve associado estatisticamente à baixa satisfação acadêmica em todas as suas dimensões. Conclusão: A prevalência de burnout diferiu significativamente entre os estudantes das organizações curriculares analisadas e está diretamente associada com a (in)satisfação acadêmica. Os educadores devem desenvolver ações preventivas contra o burnout para os futuros enfermeiros, focadas na promoção da satisfação acadêmica.
Assuntos
Estresse Psicológico , Estudantes de Enfermagem , Educação em Enfermagem , Satisfação Pessoal , CurrículoRESUMO
Resumo Tendo em vista a rápida disseminação do novo coronavírus no sistema prisional, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos identificar aglomerados espaciais para ocorrência da COVID-19 na população privada de liberdade (PPL) e analisar a tendência temporal dos casos confirmados no sistema penitenciário do Brasil. Estudo ecológico que considerou como unidades de análise as cinco macrorregiões do Brasil, seus 26 estados e o Distrito Federal. A população foi composta por todos os casos de COVID-19 confirmados, no período de 14 de abril a 31 de agosto de 2020. A fonte de dados utilizada foi o Painel de Monitoramento dos casos de COVID-19 nos sistemas prisionais do Departamento Penitenciário Nacional. Realizou-se análise descritiva, estatística de varredura e análise da tendência temporal. Foram notificados 18.767 casos de COVID-19 na PPL, dos quais 4.724 ocorreram no estado de São Paulo. A estatística de varredura possibilitou a identificação de 14 clusters espaciais de risco para COVID-19 na PPL, sendo o aglomerado de maior risco formado pelo Distrito Federal. Embora o país finalize a série com um comportamento decrescente, observa-se que no período de investigação a tendência apresentou um comportamento maioritariamente crescente. Evidencia-se a necessidade de testagem em massa, monitoramento e registro contínuo dos casos de COVID-19 na PPL do país.
Abstract Given the rapid spread of new coronavirus within the prison system, this study's objective was to identify spatial clusters for the occurrence of COVID-19 in the incarcerated population and analyze temporal trends of confirmed cases in the Brazilian prison system. This ecological study considered the five Brazilian macro-regions to be units of analysis, with its 26 states and the Federal District. The population was composed of all COVID-19 cases confirmed from April 14th to August 31st, 2020. The source used to collect data was the COVID-19 Monitoring Panel from the National Prison Department. Descriptive analysis, scan statistics, and time series were performed. A total of 18,767 COVID-19 cases were reported among the incarcerated population, 4,724 in São Paulo. The scan statistic analysis resulted in 14 spatial risk clusters for COVID-19 among persons deprived of liberty; the highest-risk cluster was in the Federal District. Although the country ends the series with a decreasing behavior, a growing trend was verified in most of the study period. The conclusion is that there is a need to implement mass testing among the incarcerated population while continually monitoring and recording COVID-19 cases.
Assuntos
Humanos , Prisões/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Pandemias/estatística & dados numéricos , Betacoronavirus , Prisões/tendências , Brasil/epidemiologia , Incidência , Conglomerados Espaço-TemporaisRESUMO
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence after the implementation of the rapid molecular test (RMT-TB), to identify whether tuberculosis presents seasonal variation and to classify the territory according to case density and risk areas in Macapá, Amapá. METHODS: Ecological study of tuberculosis cases registered in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN - Information System for Notifiable Diseases) between 2001 and 2017. We used the Prais-Winsten test to classify the temporal trend of incidence and the interrupted time series to identify changes in the temporal trend before and after the implementation of the rapid molecular test, and to verify seasonality in the municipality. The Kernel estimator was used to classify case density and scan statistics to identify areas of tuberculosis risk. RESULTS: A total of 1,730 cases were identified, with a decreasing temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence (−0.27% per month, 95%CI −0.13 to −0.41). The time series showed no change in level after the implementation of the GeneXpert®MTB/RIF molecular test; however, the incidence increased in the post-test period (+2.09% per month, 95%CI 0.92 to 3.27). Regarding the seasonal variation, it showed growth (+13.7%/month, 95%CI 4.71 to 23.87) from December to June, the rainy season - called amazon winter season -, and decrease (−9.21% per month, CI95% −1.37 to −16.63) in the other periods. We classified areas with high density of cases in the Central and Northern districts using Kernel and identified three protection clusters, SC1 (RR = 0.07), SC2 (RR = 0.23) and SC3 (RR = 0.36), and a high-risk cluster, SC4 (RR = 1.47), with the scan statistics. CONCLUSION: The temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence was decreasing in the time series; however, detection increased after the introduction of RMT-TB, and tuberculosis showed seasonal behavior. The case distribution was heterogeneous, with a tendency to concentrate in vulnerable and risk territories, evidencing a pattern of disease inequality in the territory.
RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar a tendência temporal da incidência da tuberculose após a implementação do teste rápido molecular, identificar se a tuberculose apresenta variação sazonal e classificar o território de acordo com a densidade de casos e as áreas de risco em Macapá-AP. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico composto por casos de tuberculose registrados no SINAN entre 2001 e 2017. Foi utilizado o teste Prais-Winsten para classificar a tendência temporal da incidência e a Série Temporal Interrompida para identificar mudanças na tendência temporal antes e depois da implementação do teste rápido molecular, além de verificar a sazonalidade no município. Utilizou-se o estimador de Kernel para classificar a densidade de casos e estatística de varredura para identificar áreas de risco da tuberculose. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 1730 casos, observando-se que a tendência temporal da incidência de tuberculose foi decrescente (-0,27% por mês, IC95% −0,13 a −0,41). Não houve mudança de nível na série temporal após a implantação do teste molecular GeneXpert® MTB/RIF, porém, o período pós teste foi classificado como crescente em termos da incidência (+2,09% por mês, IC95% 0,92 a 3,27). Quanto à variação sazonal, apresentou crescimento (+13,7%/mês, IC95% 4,71 a 23,87) nos meses de dezembro a junho, referente ao período de chuvas - chamado inverno amazônico - e decréscimo (-9,21% por mês, IC95% −1,37 a −16,63) nos demais períodos. Por meio de Kernel, foram classificadas áreas com alta densidade de casos nos distritos Central e Norte e, com a estatística de varredura, foram identificados três aglomerados de proteção, AE1 (RR = 0,07), AE2 (RR = 0,23) e AE3 (RR = 0,36), e um aglomerado de alto risco, AE4 (RR = 1,47). CONCLUSÃO: A tendência temporal da incidência de tuberculose se revelou decrescente na série temporal, todavia, um crescimento na detecção foi observado após introdução do TRM-TB, e ainda se evidenciou que há comportamento sazonal da tuberculose. A distribuição dos casos foi heterogênea, com tendência de concentração em territórios vulneráveis e de risco, evidenciando um padrão de desigualdade da doença no território.
Assuntos
Humanos , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Estações do Ano , Brasil , Sistemas de Informação , IncidênciaRESUMO
RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a tendência, magnitude e severidade da COVID-19 em profissionais de enfermagem segundo os estados brasileiros e macrorregiões. Métodos: estudo ecológico de séries temporais e abordagem espacial. Foram levantados os casos e óbitos, no período de 20/03/2020 a 31/05/2020, disponibilizados pelo Observatório de Enfermagem do Conselho Federal de Enfermagem. Resultados: foram notificados 6149 casos e 138 óbitos de COVID-19 entre profissionais de enfermagem; observou-se tendência de crescimento progressivo de casos e mortes em todas as macrorregiões. Foi identificado um aglomerado de alto risco para ocorrência da doença entre profissionais no Amazonas, e um para mortalidade nos estados do Pará e Amapá. Conclusão: o estudo evidenciou tendências crescentes e áreas de risco por COVID-19, observando-se perfil diferenciado entre as regiões, o que se deve às medidas adotadas nas instituições para proteção dos seus trabalhadores.
RESUMEN: Objetivo: evaluar la tendencia, magnitud y gravedad del COVID-19 en profesionales de Enfermería de acuerdo con los estados y las macro-regiones de Brasil. Métodos: estudio ecológico de series temporales y con enfoque espacial. Se relevaron los casos y los fallecimientos durante el período del 20/03/2020 al 31/05/2020, puestos a disposición por el Observatorio de Enfermería del Consejo Federal de Enfermería. Resultados: se notificaron 6149 casos y 138 fallecimientos por COVID-19 entre profesionales de Enfermería; se observó una tendencia de aumento progresivo de casos y fallecimientos en todas las macro-regiones. Se identificó una región de concentración de alto riesgo de incidencia de la enfermedad entre los profesionales en el Amazonas, así como también de mortalidad en los estados de Pará y Amapá. Conclusión: el estudio puso en evidencia tendencias de aumento y áreas de riesgo por COVID-19, observándose un perfil diferenciado entre las regiones, lo que se debe a las medidas adoptadas en las instituciones para proteger a sus trabajadores de Enfermería.
ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the trend, magnitude and severity of COVID-19 in Nursing professionals according to the Brazilian states and macro-regions. Methods: an ecological study of time series and with a spatial approach. Cases and deaths were surveyed from 03/20/2020 to 05/31/2020, made available by the Nursing Observatory of the Federal Nursing Council. Results: a total of 6,149 cases and 138 deaths due to COVID-19 were reported among Nursing professionals; a trend of progressive growth of cases and deaths was observed in all macro-regions. A high risk cluster for the occurrence of the disease was identified among professionals in the Amazonas, and another for mortality in the states of Pará and Amapá. Conclusion: the study showed growing trends and areas of risk by COVID-19, observing a different profile across the regions, which is due to the measures adopted in the institutions to protect their Nursing workers.
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RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os fatores sociodemográficos e ocupacionais associados à adoção de recursos de bem-estar no planejamento da aposentadoria. Método: pesquisa transversal, exploratória, de abordagem quantitativa, realizada entre maio e novembro de 2018, com dados secundários coletados nas respostas ao Inventário de Recursos para a Aposentadoria (IRA), inserido no web software "Aposentar-se com Saúde". Utilizou-se o programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences versão 20.0 para análise estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: a adoção dos recursos de bem-estar no planejamento da aposentadoria esteve associada positivamente aos aspectos físico, social, emocional, cognitivo e motivacional e ao global. As variáveis sexo, titulação, religião, renda familiar e estar empregado representaram menor adoção de recursos de bem-estar. Conclusão: os resultados fundamentam o processo de trabalho do enfermeiro, ao contribuir para o direcionamento das ações de promoção à saúde do trabalhador e para a necessidade de planejamento para a adaptação à aposentadoria.
RESUMEN: Objetivo: analizar los factores sociodemográficos y ocupacionales asociados a la adopción de recursos de bienestar al planificar la jubilación. Método: investigación transversal, exploratoria y con enfoque cuantitativo, realizada entre mayo y noviembre de 2018 con datos secundarios recolectados de las respuestas al Inventario de Recursos para la Jubilación (Inventário de Recursos para a Aposentadoria, IRA), incluido en el software web "Aposentar-se com Saúde" ("Jubilarse con Salud"). Se utilizó la versión 20.0 del programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences para los análisis descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: la adopción de los recursos de bienestar al planificar la jubilación estuvieron relacionados de manera positiva con los siguientes aspectos; físico, social, emocional, cognitivo y motivacional, además de con el aspecto global. Las variables sexo, título, religión, ingresos familiares, y tener empleo representaron una menor adopción de recursos de bienestar. Conclusión: los resultados fundamenta el proceso de trabajo del profesional de enfermería, ya que contribuyen a direccionar las acciones de promoción de la salud del trabajador y la necesidad de planificar para adaptarse a la jubilación.
ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the sociodemographic and occupational factors associated with the adoption of well-being resources in retirement planning. Method: A cross-sectional, exploratory, and quantitative research carried out between May and November 2018, with secondary data collected in the answers to the Retirement Resources Inventory (Inventário de Recursos para a Aposentadoria, IRA), within the "Aposentar-se com Saúde" ("Retiring with Health") web software. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20.0, was used for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results: The adoption of well-being resources in retirement planning was positively associated with the physical, social, emotional, cognitive, motivational, and global aspects. The gender, degree, religion, family income, and being employed variables represented lower adoption of well-being resources. Conclusion: The results support the nurse's work process, by contributing to targeting actions to promote workers' health and the need for planning to adapt to retirement.
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Objetivo: descrever e comparar as características relacionadas aos óbitos por causas evitáveis, como a brocoaspiração, sufocação e síndrome da morte súbita, buscando a definição de um perfil comum. Método: trata-se de um estudo de caso, retrospectivo, no qual, foram analisadas as fichas de investigação de óbito infantil, declaração de óbito e declaração de nascido vivo por um período de doze anos. Resultados: dos 944 óbitos ocorridos, 70 (7,4%) deles tiveram como causa básica de morte a broncoaspiração (45), sufocação (11) ou síndrome da morte súbita (14). O perfil mais frequente encontrado foi: a idade do óbito - pós-neonatal; o local de morte - no domicilio; história de coleito presente; crianças em bom estado de saúde; idade materna entre 20 a 34 anos; baixo nível sócio econômico; fumantes; crianças do sexo masculino; cor branca. Conclusão: reconhecer o perfil desses óbitos irá auxiliar em estratégias de prevenção e redução dos óbitos infantis(AU)
Objective: to describe and compare the characteristics related to deaths due to preventable causes, such as brokering, suffocation and sudden death syndrome, seeking a definition of a common profile. Method: this is a retrospective, unqualified case study, being analyzed as records of infant death, declaration of death and declaration of live baby for a period of twelve years. Results: of the 944 deaths, 70 (7.4%) had basic death due to bronchoaspiration (45), suffocation (11) or sudden death syndrome (14). The most frequent profile was: the age of death - post-neonatal; the place of death - at the address; history of present coleite; children in good health; maternal age between 20 and 34 years; neutron partner; smoking; male children; White color. Conclusion: recognizing the list of auxiliary procedures data on strategies to prevent and reduce infant deaths(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Mortalidade Infantil , Causa Básica de Morte , Asfixia , Classificação Internacional de Doenças , Armazenamento e Recuperação da Informação , Morte SúbitaRESUMO
Objetivo desenvolver um protótipo de web software de apoio ao planejamento da aposentadoria. Método trata-se de uma pesquisa metodológica, aplicada, pautada nos princípios do modelo de prototipação, que seguiu as etapas de comunicação, planejamento, criação do protótipo, testes de funcionamento e consolidação da versão 1 do web software . Resultados as funções do protótipo do web software foram definidas a partir de um fluxograma e do escopo. Na etapa de criação foram projetadas as telas que integraram o protótipo, composto por entrevista, a partir do preenchimento do Inventário de Recursos para a Aposentadoria, tela de acesso aos materiais de apoio ao planejamento, incluindo palestras, textos científicos e materiais técnicos, tela de notícias sobre a aposentadoria, tela de vivências, as quais permitem aos usuários publicar expectativas em relação à aposentadoria e comentar publicações de outros usuários. Após a realização dos testes de funcionamento, o protótipo foi disponibilizado no endereço www.aposentarsecomsaude.com.br. Conclusão o protótipo do web software consiste em um ambiente interativo, no qual o usuário sente-se ativo no processo de reflexão sobre a aposentadoria ao longo das diferentes telas. Com linguagem e expressões claras, de fácil entendimento ao público distinto a que se destina, torna-se aplicável aos usuários de diferentes perfis profissionais.
Objective To develop a web software prototype to support retirement planning. Method This is a methodological research, applied and based on the principles of prototyping model, which followed the steps of communication, planning, prototype creation, functional tests and consolidation of web software version 1. Results The functions of the web software prototype were defined from a flowchart and scope. In the creation stage, the screens that integrated the prototype, composed by interview, were projected from the filling of the Retirement Resources Inventory, screen of access to support planning materials, including lectures, scientific texts, and technical materials, retirement news screen, experiences screen, which allow users to post retirement expectations and comment on other users' posts. After performing tests, the prototype was made available at www.aposentarsecomsaude.com.br . Conclusion the web software prototype consists of an interactive environment in which the user feels active in the reflection process about the retirement along the different screens. With clear language and expressions that are easily understood by the public, they are applicable to users of different professional profiles.
Objetivo desarrollar un prototipo de web software de apoyo a la planificación de la jubilación. Método se trata de una investigación metodológica, aplicada, pautada en los principios del modelo prototipado, que siguió las etapas de comunicación, planificación, creación del prototipo, pruebas de funcionamiento y consolidación de la versión 1 del web software . Resultados las funciones del prototipo del web software se definieron a partir de un diagrama de flujo y del ámbito. En la etapa de creación fueron proyectadas las pantallas que integraron el prototipo, compuesto por entrevista, completando el Inventario de Recursos para la Jubilación, pantalla de acceso a materiales de apoyo a la planificación, incluyendo conferencias, textos científicos y materiales técnicos; pantalla de noticias sobre la jubilación, pantalla de vivencias, las cuales permiten a los usuarios publicar expectativas en relación a la jubilación y comentar publicaciones de otros usuarios. Después de la realización de las pruebas de funcionamiento, el prototipo estuvo disponible en la dirección www.aposentarsecomsaude.com.br. Conclusión el prototipo del web software consiste en un ambiente interactivo, en el cual el usuario se siente activo en el proceso de reflexión sobre la jubilación a lo largo de las diferentes pantallas. Con lenguaje y expresiones claras, de fácil entendimiento al público distinto al que se destinan, se vuelve aplicable a los usuarios de diferentes perfiles profesionales.
Assuntos
Humanos , Design de Software , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Instrução por Computador , Tomada de Decisões , Brasil , Sistemas On-Line , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Acontecimentos que Mudam a VidaRESUMO
Introdução: A tuberculose é um grave problema de saúde pública no mundo. Associada às condições de vida, a ocorrência e transmissão da doença são mais elevadas no sistema penitenciário, o que torna o risco de adoecimento por tuberculose na população privada de liberdade maior em comparação à população em geral. Além desse cenário, observa-se a presença da drogaresistência. Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados à tuberculose drogarresistente na população privada de liberdade do estado do Paraná, a distribuição espacial e tendência temporal da ocorrência da doença. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de casos de tuberculose resistente a medicamentos registrados no Sistema de Informação do Paraná, Brasil (2008 a 2018). Realizou-se estatística descritiva dos parâmetros quantitativos calculados com frequências absolutas. Adicionalmente, utilizou-se a regressão logística binária, no qual, foi calculado o Odds Ratio com seu respectivo intervalo de confiança. Para identificar a tendência temporal, utilizou-se o método Prais-Winsten e para verificar a associação espacial, bem como, a presença de clusters, recorreu-se a técnica Getis-Ord Gi*. Resultados: Dos 653 casos registrados como casos de tuberculose na população privada de liberdade, 98 apresentaram a tuberculose na sua forma resistente. Observou-se que ter até 8 e 11 anos de estudo, não fazer uso de tabaco e cultura de escarro apresentaram menos chances para o desenvolvimento de TBDR enquanto que, a forma clínica pulmonar e baciloscopia positiva no quarto mês de seguimento apresentaram-se favoráveis para o desenvolvimento de TBDR. A autoregressão de Prais-Winsten identificou uma tendência crescente, com APC = 15,08% (IC 95%: 0,02-0,09) de 2008 a 2018; quando analisada de 2012 a 2018, a tendência aumentou ainda mais, com APC = 23,31% (IC95%: 0,01-0,16). Foram observados hotspots nas macrorregiões norte, leste e oeste do Estado. A tuberculose pulmonar clinicamente confirmada e baciloscopia positiva no quarto mês de seguimento mostraram-se associados ao desenvolvimento de resistência aos medicamentos. Conclusão: O estudo evidenciou os fatores associados à TB resistente. Observou-se tendência crescente dos casos de TB resistente. A análise espacial revelou padrão heterogêneo da distribuição da tuberculose resistente, e sua concentração principalmente nas regiões com unidades prisionais
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a serious public health problem in the world. Associated with living conditions, the occurrence and transmission of the disease are higher in the penitentiary system, which makes the risk of becoming ill from tuberculosis in the population deprived of liberty greater compared to the general population. In addition to this scenario, the presence of drug resistance is observed. Objective: to analyze the factors associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis in the population deprived of liberty in the state of Paraná, the spatial distribution and temporal trend of the disease's occurrence. Methods: Ecological study of cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis registered in the Information System of Paraná, Brazil (2008 to 2018). Descriptive statistics were performed on the quantitative parameters calculated with absolute frequencies. Additionally, binary logistic regression was used, where the Odds Ratio with its respective confidence interval was calculated. To identify the temporal trend, the Prais-Winsten method was used and to verify the spatial association, as well as the presence of clusters, the Getis-Ord Gi* technique was used. Results: Of the 653 cases registered as cases of tuberculosis in the prison population, 98 had tuberculosis in its resistant form. It was observed that having up to 8 and 11 years of study, not using tobacco and sputum culture were less likely to develop TBDR, while the pulmonary clinical form and positive bacilloscopy in the fourth month of follow-up were favorable for the development of TBDR. Prais-Winsten autoregression identified an increasing trend, with APC = 15.08% (95% CI: 0.02-0.09) from 2008 to 2018; when analyzed from 2012 to 2018, the trend increased even more, with APC = 23.31% (95% CI: 0.01-0.16). Hotspots were observed in the North, East and West macro-regions of the State. Clinically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis and positive bacilloscopy in the fourth month of follow-up were associated with the development of drug resistance. Conclusion: The study highlighted the factors associated with resistant TB. There was a growing trend in resistant TB cases. Spatial analysis revealed a heterogeneous pattern of distribution of resistant tuberculosis, and its concentration mainly in regions with prison units