Media Discourse on the Social Acceptability of Fecal Transplants.

Advances in human microbiome research have generated considerable interest in elucidating the role of bacteria in health and the application of microbial ecosystem therapies and probiotics. Fecal transplants involve the introduction of gut microbes from a healthy donor's stool to the patient and have been documented as effective for treating Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) and some other gastrointestinal disorders. However, the treatment has encountered regulatory hurdles preventing widespread uptake. We examined dominant representations of fecal transplants in Canadian media and found that fecal transplants are often represented as being inherently disgusting or distasteful (the "ick factor"). This "ick factor" is used to construct different messages about the treatment's social acceptability and legitimacy. We conclude that an over-emphasis on the "ick factor" constrains public discourse from a more nuanced discussion of the social challenges, scientific concerns, and regulatory issues surrounding the treatment.

Informed consent in biobank research: a deliberative approach to the debate.

As acknowledged in the literature, public consultation related to biobanks has been largely oriented to assuring and informing rather than seeking considered input. In April and May of 2007, the authors participated in running a deliberative public engagement event in British Columbia, Canada, which sought to enhance public input related to the governance of biobanks. The topic of the event was 'Biobanking in British Columbia (BC)' and at the event a random-digit dialed demographically stratified sample of 21 participants deliberated on what values and interests ought to be considered in the regulation and use of biobanks for health research. In this paper, we report results related to debate over the place of informed consent in biobank research. Drawing on a pre/post-survey and qualitative analysis of event transcripts, we show that participants indicated strong support for biobanks, for a general reduction in concern for withdrawal of samples, and placed a strong emphasis on the need for review of biobanks research that is independent of funders and researchers. In this context, there was persistent disagreement about when consent was required for new research activities.

Perspectives on engaging the public in the ethics of emerging biotechnologies: from salmon to biobanks to neuroethics.

In anticipation of increasing interest in public engagement, this article seeks to expand the current discussion in the neuroethics literature concerning what public engagement on issues related to neuroscience might entail and how they could be envisioned. It notes that the small amount of available neuroethics literature related to public engagement has principally discussed only communication/education or made calls for dialogue without exploring what this might entail on a practical level. The article links across three seemingly disparate examples-salmon, biobanks, and neuroethics-to consider and clarify the need for public engagement in neuroscience.

Assessing the quality of a deliberative democracy mini-public event about advanced biofuel production and development in Canada.

The importance of evaluating deliberative public engagement events is well recognized, but such activities are rarely conducted for a variety of theoretical, political and practical reasons. In this article, we provide an assessment of the criteria presented in the 2008 National Research Council report on Public Participation in Environmental Assessment and Decision Making (NRC report) as explicit indicators of quality for the 2012 'Advanced Biofuels' deliberative democracy event. The National Research Council's criteria were selected to evaluate this event because they are decision oriented, are the products of an exhaustive review of similar past events, are intended specifically for environmental processes and encompass many of the criteria presented in other evaluation frameworks. It is our hope that the results of our study may encourage others to employ and assess the National Research Council's criteria as a generalizable benchmark that may justifiably be used in forthcoming deliberative events exploring different topics with different audiences.

An activated Ras protein alters cell adhesion by dephosphorylating Dictyostelium DdCAD-1.

RasG-regulated signal transduction has been linked to a variety of growth-specific processes and appears to also play a role in the early development of Dictyostelium discoideum. In an attempt to uncover some of the molecular components involved in Ras-mediated signalling, several proteins have been described previously, including the cell adhesion molecule DdCAD-1, whose phosphorylation state was affected by the expression of the constitutively activated RasG, RasG(G12T). Here it has been shown that a cadA null strain lacks the phosphoproteins that were tentatively identified as DdCAD-1, confirming its previous designation. Further investigation revealed that cells expressing RasG(G12T) exhibited increased cell-cell cohesion, concomitant with reduced levels of DdCAD-1 phosphorylation. This increased cohesion was DdCAD-1-dependent and was correlated with increased localization of DdCAD-1 at the cell surface. DdCAD-1 phosphorylation was also found to decrease during Dictyostelium aggregation. These results revealed a possible role for protein phosphorylation in regulating DdCAD-1-mediated cell adhesion during early development. In addition, the levels of DdCAD-1 protein were substantially reduced in a rasG null cell line. These results indicate that RasG affects both the expression and dephosphorylation of DdCAD-1 during early development.

Loss of the Dictyostelium RasC protein alters vegetative cell size, motility and endocytosis.

In addition to its previously established roles in cAMP relay and cAMP chemotaxis, loss of signal transduction through the RasC protein was found to impact a number of vegetative cell functions. Vegetative rasC- cells exhibited reduced random motility, were less polarized and had altered F-actin distribution. Cells lacking RasC also contained more protein and were larger in size than wild type cells. These increases were associated with increased liquid phase endocytosis. Despite the increase in cell size, cytokinesis was relatively normal and there was no change in the rate of cell division. rasC- cells also chemotaxed poorly to folate and exhibited reduced F-actin accumulation, reduced ERK2 phosphorylation and reduced Akt/PKB phosphorylation in response to folate, indicating that RasC was also involved in transducing chemotactic signals in vegetative cells.

The identification of Dictyostelium phosphoproteins altered in response to the activation of RasG.

Dictyostelium RasG has been implicated in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes, including the initiation of development, cell movement, and cytokinesis, but the molecular components of the signaling pathways involved are largely unknown. We used a tetracycline-regulated protein expression system to study the effect of activated RasG, RasG(G12T), expression on the phosphorylation state of Dictyostelium proteins. Over 70 vegetative phosphoprotein components were resolved by two-dimensional (2-D) immunoblot analysis and of these 16 phosphothreonine and three phosphotyrosine protein components were found to reproducibly change upon RasG(G12T) expression. Thirteen of these were recovered from 2-D gels and identified by mass spectrometry of in-gel tryptic digestions. The proteins identified include the signaling proteins RasGEF-R and protein kinase B, the adhesion protein DdCAD-1, the cytoskeletal protein actin, the mitochondrial division protein FtsZA, and proteins involved in translation and metabolism. In addition to the direct demonstration of the phosphorylation of putative downstream targets of RasG activation, these findings reveal previously undetected phosphorylation of several proteins.

Nature of the genome of the saprophytic spirochete Spirochaeta aurantia and its ribosomal RNA operons.

Using restriction endonucleases DraI, AseI, and I-CeuI in conjunction with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, we have shown that Spirochaeta aurantia M1 possesses a circular 3.98-Mb genome. This is the second largest spirochete chromosome yet analyzed. The observation that the latter enzyme cuts in 3 places suggests the presence of 3 copies of the large subunit (23S) rRNA gene (rrl), which was confirmed by Southern hybridizations. The complete sequence of 2 of the ribosomal RNA operons was determined, revealing that their structure resembled that of the typical member of the bacterial superkingdom: rrs (16S; 1561 bp), tRNA, rrl (23S; 2972 bp), and rrf (5S; 110 bp). The S. aurantia rrs-rrl intergenic regions, as with Treponema denticola, contain genes specifying a 73-nt tRNA(Ala) (anticodon TGC) and a 77-nt tRNA(Ile) (anticodon GAT).