Alternative platelet differentiation pathways initiated by nonhierarchically related hematopoietic stem cells.

Rare multipotent stem cells replenish millions of blood cells per second through a time-consuming process, passing through multiple stages of increasingly lineage-restricted progenitors. Although insults to the blood-forming system highlight the need for more rapid blood replenishment from stem cells, established models of hematopoiesis implicate only one mandatory differentiation pathway for each blood cell lineage. Here, we establish a nonhierarchical relationship between distinct stem cells that replenish all blood cell lineages and stem cells that replenish almost exclusively platelets, a lineage essential for hemostasis and with important roles in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. These distinct stem cells use cellularly, molecularly and functionally separate pathways for the replenishment of molecularly distinct megakaryocyte-restricted progenitors: a slower steady-state multipotent pathway and a fast-track emergency-activated platelet-restricted pathway. These findings provide a framework for enhancing platelet replenishment in settings in which slow recovery of platelets remains a major clinical challenge.

Establishment and Characterization of a Novel Pleuropulmonary Blastoma Cell Line.

PURPOSE: Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is an infrequently encountered childhood malignant intrathoracic neoplasm associated with unfavorable clinical behavior. Since a well-characterized preclinical model is essential for developing competent agents for PPB, we aim to establish and characterize the world's first cell line of PPB, and attempt to perform the cytotoxicity assay on the PPB cell line. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The index case is a 2-year-old female who developed a right thoracic tumor that was surgically removed and treated with multi-agent chemotherapy. The patient is free from recurrence, although it was 9 years after the diagnosis when she developed a thyroid tumor. We performed in vitro cultivation of the isolated neoplastic cells from the tumor, cytogenetic findings and molecular analysis, and tetrazolium colorimetric assay. RESULT: The histology was consistent with PPB. Serial passage of cultivation produced a continuously growing cell line, KCMC-PPB-1. Conventional cytogenetic analysis of the established cell line revealed complex numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, including add(17)(p11). Mutation analysis on the cultured cells revealed amino-acid substitution mutation on exon 4 of TP53 (NM_001276760.3:c.212_213delTG; NP_001263689.1:p.Leu72ArgfsTer37) and compound heterozygous mutations of DICER1 (NM_177438.3:c. 4910C>A; NP_803187.1:Ser1637* and NM_177438.3:c. 5114A>T; NP_803187.1:Glu1705Val). The cultivated cells demonstrated vulnerability to bortezomib on cytotoxicity assay. CONCLUSION: Our KCMC-PPB-1 is the first genuine, molecularly characterized PPB cell line. The cell line is transplantable to nu/nu mice; therefore, it is suitable for a preclinical model for new drug development. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that bortezomib is active in the current PPB model.

Standardization of CD30 immunohistochemistry staining among three automated immunostaining platforms.

The identification of CD30 expression by immunohistochemistry is essential for the treatment of lymphomas using an antibody-drug conjugate targeting CD30. However, no standardized protocol for CD30 staining has been available. In this study, we compared three common automated immunostaining platforms {Bond III (B III), Dako Omnis (DO) and Ventana BenchMark ULTRA (VBMU)}. A primary antibody for CD30, the Ber-H2 clone, was diluted 50- to 400-fold for B III and DO, and ready-to-use antibody was used for VBMU. An enhancement step using a linker was introduced in all protocols. First, several candidate dilutions were selected for each platform by staining six cases. These candidate conditions were then confirmed with 60 cases of various types of peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs). The concordance rates of CD30 expression among platforms differed depending on cutoff values and antibody dilutions, except for anaplastic large cell lymphoma. The concordance rates among three platforms in the evaluation of "positive" or "negative" were 100% and 97% when the cutoff values were 1% and 10% respectively, if using 400-diluted antibody in B III and 100-diluted antibody in DO. This study demonstrated the feasibility of equalizing CD30 staining of PTCLs among different platforms by adjusting protocols.

Clinical characteristics and analysis of prognostic factors in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: A retrospective multicenter study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) caused by MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is associated with a high mortality rate. This study aimed to elucidate the characteristics of patients with MRSA-IE in Japan and identify the factors associated with prognosis. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients with a confirmed diagnosis of IE caused by MRSA, between January 2015 and April 2019. RESULTS: A total of 65 patients from 19 centers were included, with a mean age of 67 years and 26 % were female. Fifty percent of the patients with IE were had nosocomial infections and 25 % had prosthetic valve involvement. The most common comorbidities were hemodialysis (20 %) and diabetes (20 %). Congestive heart failure was present in 86 % of patients (NYHA class I, II: 48 %; III, IV: 38 %). The 30-day and in-hospital mortality rates were 29 % and 46 %, respectively. Multi-organ failure was the primary cause of death, accounting for 43 % of all causes of death. Prognostic factors for in-hospital mortality were age, disseminated intravascular coagulation, daptomycin and/or linezolid as initial antibiotic therapy, and surgery. Surgical treatment was associated with a lower mortality rate (odds ratio [OR], 0.026; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.002-0.382; p = 0.008 for 30-day mortality and OR, 0.130; 95 % CI; 0.029-0.584; p = 0.008 for in-hospital mortality). CONCLUSION: Mortality due to MRSA-IE remains high. Surgical treatment is a significant prognostic predictor of MRSA-IE.

Antimicrobial therapy and outcome of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: A retrospective multicenter study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)-infective endocarditis (IE) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess data from patients with MRSA-IE across multiple facilities in Japan, with a specific focus on antimicrobial therapy and prognosis. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled patients with a confirmed diagnosis of IE attributed to MRSA, spanning the period from January 2015 to April 2019. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients from 19 centers were included, with a median age of 67 years. The overall mortality rate was 28.1% at 30 days, with an in-hospital mortality of 45.3%. The most frequently chosen initial anti-MRSA agents were glycopeptide in 67.2% of cases. Daptomycin and linezolid were selected as initial therapy in 23.4% and 17.2% of cases, respectively. Approximately 40% of all patients underwent medication changes due to difficulty in controlling infection or drug-related side effects. Significant prognostic factors by multivariable analysis were DIC for 30-day mortality and surgical treatment for 30-day and in-hospital mortality. For vancomycin as initial monotherapy, there was a trend toward a worse prognosis for 30-day and in-hospital mortality (OR, 6.29; 95%CI, 1.00-39.65; p = 0.050, OR, 3.61; 95%CI, 0.93-14.00; p = 0.064). Regarding the choice of initial antibiotic therapy, statistical analysis did not show significant differences in prognosis. CONCLUSION: Glycopeptide and daptomycin were the preferred antibiotics for the initial therapy of MRSA-IE. Antimicrobial regimens were changed for various reasons. Prognosis was not significantly affected by choice of antibiotic therapy (glycopeptide, daptomycin, linezolid), but further studies are needed to determine which antimicrobials are optimal as first-line agents.

Nationwide surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens conducted by the surveillance committee of the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy, the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases, and the Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology in 2019-2020: General view of the pathogens' antibacterial susceptibility.

The trends and prevalence of antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens vary by country, region, and time. Long-term regular surveillance is required to investigate trends in the antimicrobial resistance of various isolated bacterial pathogens. We report the results of a nationwide surveillance on the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory pathogens in Japan conducted by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy, the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases, and the Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology. The isolates were collected from clinical specimens obtained from adult patients who visited a collaborating medical facility between June 2019 and December 2020 and were diagnosed with respiratory tract infections by a physician. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed in a centralized laboratory according to the methods recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Susceptibility testing was performed for 932 strains (201 Staphylococcus aureus, 158 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 6 S. pyogenes, 136 Haemophilus influenzae, 127 Moraxella catarrhalis, 141 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 163 Pseudomonas aeruginosa) collected from 32 facilities in Japan. The proportions of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae were 35.3% and 0%, respectively. In H. influenzae, 16.2% and 16.9% were ß-lactamase-producing ampicillin resistant and ß-lactamase-negative ampicillin resistant, respectively. Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae accounted for 5.0% of all K. pneumoniae infections. Carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae and multi-drug-resistant P. aeruginosa with metallo-ß-lactamase were not detected in this study. This surveillance will be a useful reference for treating respiratory infections in Japan and will provide evidence to enhance the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents.

Usefulness of the Legionella Score for differentiating from COVID-19 pneumonia to legionella pneumonia.

Legionella pneumophila is a major causative pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), but recently the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became the most common causative pathogen of CAP. Because L. pneumophila CAP is clinically distinct from bacterial CAPs, the Japan Society for Chemotherapy (JSC) developed a simple scoring system, the Legionella Score, using six parameters for the presumptive diagnosis of L. pneumophila pneumonia. We investigated the clinical and laboratory differences of L. pneumophila CAP and COVID-19 CAP and validated the Legionella Score in both CAP groups. We analyzed 102 patients with L. pneumophila CAP and 956 patients with COVID-19 CAP. Dyspnea and psychiatric symptoms were more frequently observed and cough was less frequently observed in patients with L. pneumophila CAP than those with COVID-19 CAP. Loss of taste and anosmia were observed in patients with COVID-19 CAP but not observed in those with L. pneumophila CAP. C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels in L. pneumophila CAP group were significantly higher than in the COVID-19 CAP group. In contrast, sodium level in the L. pneumophila CAP group was significantly lower than in the COVID-19 CAP group. The median Legionella Score was significantly higher in the L. pneumophila CAP group than the COVID-19 CAP group (score 4 vs 2, p < 0.001). Our results demonstrated that the JSC Legionella Score had good diagnostic ability during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, physicians should consider COVID-19 CAP when loss of taste and/or anosmia are observed regardless of the Legionella Score.

Clinical manifestations of hospitalized influenza patients without risk factors: A prospective multicenter cohort study in Japan via internet surveillance.

INTRODUCTION: Influenza remains a clinically heavy burden worldwide. It is well known that some populations are at high risk of complications from influenza, whereas, even previously healthy people might suffer from severe influenza. The objective of this study was to clarify clinical manifestations of hospitalized patients without risk factors infected with influenza. METHODS: The clinical data for patients who were severely ill with influenza, and required hospitalization were gathered and analyzed between November 2014 and August 2020 (6 influenza seasons) using an internet-surveillance system. Among them, the patients who had no risk factors of complications from influenza were extracted. RESULTS: Finally, a total of 91 patients (9.0% of all influenza-related hospitalizations) without risk factors were analyzed. The no risk group was younger than the risk group, though other significant differences of clinical characteristics were not recognized between the groups. Pneumonia was the most common cause of hospitalization in the no risk group, and primary influenza viral pneumonia was the most common pneumonia. Antiviral drugs were administered in 96.7% of the no-risk group, and artificial ventilation was performed in 18.7%. In-hospital death was recorded for 3 patients without risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Severe complications of influenza which required hospitalization may occur in a certain degree of patients with no risk factors. Efforts are needed to diagnose and treat influenza appropriately even in previously healthy younger patients. Continuous nationwide surveillance will be required to clarify risk factors for severe influenza even in previously healthy younger patients. (UMIN000015989).

Clonal evidence for the development of neuroblastoma with extensive copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity arising in a mature teratoma.

Mature teratomas are usually benign tumors that rarely undergo malignant transformation. We report an advanced neuroblastoma arising in a mature teratoma of the ovary. Whole-exome sequencing identified extensive copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in both neuroblastoma and teratoma elements, suggesting that the neuroblastoma evolved from the teratoma. In addition, several truncating germline heterozygous variants in tumor suppressor genes, including RBL2 and FBXW12, became homozygous as a result of LOH. Collectively, we speculate that extensive LOH in teratoma cells may force heterozygous germline variants to become homozygous, which, in turn, may contribute to the development of neuroblastoma with the acquisition of additional chromosomal changes.

Clinical manifestations of adult patients requiring influenza-associated hospitalization: A prospective multicenter cohort study in Japan via internet surveillance.

INTRODUCTION: Influenza remains a clinically heavy burden worldwide. The objective of this study was to clarify clinical manifestations of severely ill patients infected with influenza. METHODS: The clinical data for patients who were severely ill with influenza, and required hospitalization were gathered and analyzed between November 2014 and August 2019 (5 influenza seasons) using an internet-surveillance system. RESULTS: A total of 924 patients were enrolled and analyzed. The median age was 78 years (IQR, 67-84), and the patients in the 2015-2016 season were significantly younger than those in other seasons. Pneumonia was the most common disease indicated as a cause for hospitalization, followed by a poor general condition and exacerbation of underlying respiratory diseases. Antiviral drugs were administered in 97.0% of the patients with peramivir being the most-frequently use antiviral. In-hospital death was recorded for 44 patients (4.8%). Multivariate analysis indicated that nursing home resident (OR: 6.554) and obesity (OR: 24.343) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Complications of influenza infection remain a heavy burden especially among the elderly. Continuous nationwide surveillance will be required to grasp the actual situation of influenza epidemics. (UMIN000015989).

Distribution of Legionella species and serogroups in patients with culture-confirmed Legionella pneumonia.

Legionella species are consistently identified as some of the most common causative agents of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) or nosocomial pneumonia. Although the number of reported Legionella infection cases is gradually increasing in Japan, most cases are diagnosed by a urinary antigen test, which identifies only L. pneumophila serogroup 1. Therefore, assessment of pneumonia-causing Legionella species and serogroups would be important. The Japan Society for Chemotherapy Legionella committee has collected the isolates and clinical information on cases of sporadic community-acquired Legionella pneumonia throughout Japan. Between December 2006 and March 2019, totally 140 sporadic cases were identified, in which L. pneumophila was the most frequently isolated species (90.7%) followed by L. bozemanae (3.6%), L. dumofii (3.6%), L. micdadei (1.4%), and L. longbeachae (0.7%). Among 127 isolates of L. pneumophila, 111 isolates were of serogroup 1, two of serogroup 2, four of serogroup 3, one of serogroup 4, one of serogroup 5, seven of serogroup 6, and one was of serogroup 10. We also assessed in vitro activity of antibiotics against these isolates and showed that quinolones and macrolides have potent anti-Legionella activity. Our study showed that pneumonia-causing Legionella species and serogroup distribution was comparable to that reported in former surveillances. L. pneumophila was the most common etiologic agent in patients with community-acquired Legionella pneumonia, and L. pneumophila serogroup 1 was the predominant serogroup.

NOTCH1 pathway activating mutations and clonal evolution in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Molecular mechanisms involved in the relapse of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) are not fully understood, although activating NOTCH1 signaling due to NOTCH1/FBXW7 alterations is a major oncogenic driver. To unravel the relevance of NOTCH1/FBXW7 mutations associated with relapse, we performed whole-exome sequencing in 30 pediatric T-ALL cases, among which 11 diagnosis-relapse paired cases were further investigated to track the clonal evolution of relapse using amplicon-based deep sequencing. NOTCH1/FBXW7 alterations were detected in 73.3% (diagnosis) and 72.7% (relapse) of cases. Single nucleotide variations in the heterodimerization domain were the most frequent (40.0%) at diagnosis, whereas proline, glutamic acid, serine, threonine-rich (PEST) domain alterations were the most frequent at relapse (54.5%). Comparison between non-relapsed and relapsed cases at diagnosis showed a predominance of PEST alterations in relapsed cases (P = .045), although we failed to validate this in the TARGET cohort. Based on the clonal analysis of diagnosis-relapse samples, we identified NOTCH1 "switching" characterized by different NOTCH1 mutations in a major clone between diagnosis and relapse samples in 2 out of 11 diagnosis-relapse paired cases analyzed. We found another NOTCH1 "switching" case in a previously reported Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster cohort (n = 13), indicating NOTCH1 importance in both the development and progression of T-ALL. Despite the limitations of having a small sample size and a non-minimal residual disease-based protocol, our results suggest that the presence of NOTCH1 mutations might contribute to the disease relapse of T-ALL.

Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis revealed heterogeneity of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Down syndrome.

Children with Down syndrome (DS) are at a 20-fold increased risk for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Compared to children with ALL and no DS (non-DS-ALL), those with DS and ALL (DS-ALL) harbor uncommon genetic alterations, suggesting DS-ALL could have distinct biological features. Recent studies have implicated several genes on chromosome 21 in DS-ALL, but the precise mechanisms predisposing children with DS to ALL remain unknown. Our integrated genetic/epigenetic analysis revealed that DS-ALL was highly heterogeneous with many subtypes. Although each subtype had genetic/epigenetic profiles similar to those found in non-DS-ALL, the subtype distribution differed significantly between groups. The Philadelphia chromosome-like subtype, a high-risk B-cell lineage variant relatively rare among the entire pediatric ALL population, was the most common form in DS-ALL. Hypermethylation of RUNX1 on chromosome 21 was also found in DS-ALL, but not non-DS-ALL. RUNX1 is essential for differentiation of blood cells, especially B cells; thus, hypermethylation of the RUNX1 promoter in B-cell precursors might be associated with increased incidence of B-cell precursor ALL in DS patients.

Validation of a diagnostic score model for the prediction of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) due to Legionella has a high mortality rate in patients who do not receive adequate antibiotic therapy. In a previous study, we developed a simple Legionella Score to distinguish patients with Legionella and non-Legionella pneumonia based on clinical information at diagnosis. In the present study, we validated this Legionella Score for the presumptive diagnosis of Legionella CAP. METHODS: This validation cohort included 109 patients with Legionella CAP and 683 patients with non-Legionella CAP. The Legionella Score includes six parameters by assigning one point for each of the following items: being male, absence of cough, dyspnea, C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥ 18 mg/dL, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ≥ 260 U/L, and sodium < 134 mmol/L. RESULTS: When the Legionella CAP and non-Legionella CAP were compared by univariate analysis, most of the evaluated symptoms and laboratory test results differed substantially. The six parameters that were used for the Legionella Score also indicated clear differences between the Legionella and non-Legionella CAP. All Legionella patients had a score of 2 points or higher. The median Legionella Scores were 4 in the Legionella CAP cases and 2 in the non-Legionella CAP cases. A receiver operating characteristics curve showed that the area under the curve was 0.93. The proposed best cutoff, total score ≥3, had sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 75%. CONCLUSION: Our Legionella Score was shown to have good diagnostic ability with a positive likelihood of 3.7 and a negative likelihood of 0.10.

Essential human resources for antimicrobial stewardship teams in Japan: Estimates from a nationwide survey conducted by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy.

Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) with multidisciplinary antimicrobial stewardship teams (ASTs) is critical for appropriate antimicrobial use at healthcare facilities. Although the Japanese medical reimbursement system was revised to allow fees for ASP implementation, several concerns remain, including understaffing and enforcement of the recommendations on ASTs and ASPs in practice. Furthermore, there are no recommendations on full-time equivalents (FTEs) of the core members in ASTs in Japan. This committee report presents our recommendations on ASTs based on an analysis of the nationwide survey on implemented ASPs and staff FTEs at 1358 healthcare facilities conducted by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy. Our report provides a directive for structural and financial support of ASTs and should aid in planning for the enhancement of AST practices and the organization of new ASTs.

Nationwide surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens conducted by the surveillance committee of Japanese Society of Chemotherapy, the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases, and the Japanese Society for clinical microbiology in 2014: General view of the pathogens' antibacterial susceptibility.

The nationwide surveillance on antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory pathogens from the patients in Japan was conducted by Japanese Society of Chemotherapy, the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases, and the Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology in 2014. The isolates were collected from clinical specimens obtained from well-diagnosed adult patients with respiratory tract infections during the period between January 2014 and April 2015 by three societies. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted at the central reference laboratory according to the method recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Susceptibility testing was evaluated in 1534 strains (335 Staphylococcus aureus, 264 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 29 Streptococcus pyogenes, 281 Haemophilus influenzae, 164 Moraxella catarrhalis, 207 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 254 Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Ratio of methicillin-resistant S. aureus was 43.6%, and those of penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae was 100%. Among H. influenzae, 8.2% of them were found to be ß-lactamase-producing ampicillin-resistant strains, and 49.1% to be ß-lactamase-non-producing ampicillin-resistant strains. Extended spectrum ß-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae and multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa with metallo ß-lactamase were 9.2% and 0.4%, respectively.

A Cryptic NUP214-ABL1 Fusion in B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis is the standard methods for screening ABL1 fusions, which is recurrently translocated in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and potentially targetable by kinase inhibitors. Here we demonstrated a case of B-cell precursor ALL with NUP214-ABL1 fusion, which break-apart FISH assay for ABL1 failed to detect. The cryptic fusion was generated by small duplication from ABL1 to NUP214, which was detected by copy number analysis using genomic microarray and confirmed by PCR. In the context of precision medicine, we should establish how to screen targetable abnormalities for minimizing risk of false-negative.

In vitro activity of various antibiotics against clinical strains of Legionella species isolated in Japan.

The activities of various antibiotics against 58 clinical isolates of Legionella species were evaluated using two methods, extracellular activity (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]) and intracellular activity. Susceptibility testing was performed using BSYEα agar. The minimum extracellular concentration inhibiting intracellular multiplication (MIEC) was determined using a human monocyte-derived cell line, THP-1. The most potent drugs in terms of MICs against clinical isolates were levofloxacin, garenoxacin, and rifampicin with MIC90 values of 0.015 µg/ml. The activities of ciprofloxacin, pazufloxacin, moxifloxacin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin were slightly higher than those of levofloxacin, garenoxacin, and rifampicin with an MIC90 of 0.03-0.06 µg/ml. Minocycline showed the highest activity, with an MIC90 of 1 µg/ml. No resistance against the antibiotics tested was detected. No difference was detected in the MIC distributions of the antibiotics tested between L. pneumophila serogroup 1 and L. pneumophila non-serogroup 1. The MIECs of ciprofloxacin, pazufloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, garenoxacin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin were almost the same as their MICs, with MIEC90 values of 0.015-0.06 µg/ml, although the MIEC of minocycline was relatively lower and that of rifampicin was higher than their respective MICs. No difference was detected in the MIEC distributions of the antibiotics tested between L. pneumophila serogroup 1 and L. pneumophila non-serogroup 1. The ratios of MIEC:MIC for rifampicin (8) and pazufloxacin (2) were higher than those for levofloxacin (1), ciprofloxacin (1), moxifloxacin (1), garenoxacin (1), clarithromycin (1), and azithromycin (1). Our study showed that quinolones and macrolides had potent antimicrobial activity against both extracellular and intracellular Legionella species. The present data suggested the possible efficacy of these drugs in treatment of Legionella infections.

[Recurrent SPI1 fusions in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: novel mutations with poor prognosis].

The outcome of treatment-refractory and/or relapsed pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is extremely poor, and the genetic basis of these cases remains poorly understood. Here, we report comprehensive profiling of 121 cases of pediatric T-ALL using RNA sequencing and/or targeted capture sequencing through which we identified new recurrent gene fusions involving SPI1 (STMN1-SPI1 and TCF7-SPI1). Cases positive for fusions involving SPI1 (encoding PU.1), which accounted for 3.9% (7/181) of the total examined pediatric T-ALL cases, had uniformly poor overall survival. These cases represent a subset of pediatric T-ALL distinguishable from the known T-ALL subsets in terms of expression of genes involved in T cell pre-commitment, establishment of T cell identity, and post-ß-selection maturation with respect to mutational profile. PU.1 fusion proteins retained transcriptional activity and induced cell proliferation on constitutive expression in mouse stem/progenitor cells, resulting in a maturation block. Our findings highlight the unique role of SPI1 fusions in high-risk pediatric T-ALL.