RESUMO
Low-cost, non-noble-metal electrocatalysts are required for direct methanol fuel cells, but their development has been hindered by limited activity, high onset potential, low conductivity, and poor durability. A surface electronic structure tuning strategy is presented, which involves doping of a foreign oxophilic post-transition metal onto transition metal aerogels to achieve a non-noble-metal aerogel Ni97 Bi3 with unprecedented electrocatalytic activity and durability in methanol oxidation. Trace amounts of Bi are atomically dispersed on the surface of the Ni97 Bi3 aerogel, which leads to an optimum shift of the d-band center of Ni, large compressive strain of Bi, and greatly increased conductivity of the aerogel. The electrocatalyst is endowed with abundant active sites, efficient electron and mass transfer, resistance to CO poisoning, and outstanding performance in methanol oxidation. This work sheds light on the design of high-performance non-noble-metal electrocatalysts.