Professional who attended childbirth and breastfeeding in the first hour of life.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between the professionals who attended vaginal delivery and breastfeeding in the first hour of life. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Nascer no Brasil (Born in Brazil) survey, conducted in the 2011-2012 period. Data from 8,466 puerperae were analyzed using a logistic regression model with a hierarchical approach. RESULTS: The proportion of mothers who breastfed at birth was higher in deliveries attended by nurses (70%). A nurse-assisted delivery was 64% more likely to breastfeed in the first hour of life. Other factors associated with the outcome: residing in the North; age less than 35 years; multiparity; prenatal guidance on breastfeeding in the first hour of life; birth at Baby-Friendly Hospital; companion at birth; and female newborn. CONCLUSIONS: Obstetrician nurse/nurse-assisted delivery was a significant independent factor associated with breastfeeding in the first hour of life, suggesting the importance of strengthening the role of the obstetrician nurse.

Life-threatening conditions at birth: an analysis of causes of death and survival estimate for under-five children in live birth cohorts. / Ameaça à vida ao nascer: uma análise das causas de morte e estimativa de sobrevida de menores de cinco anos em coortes de nascidos vivos.

Despite the reduction in under-five mortality, the causes are still mostly avoidable, and survival may be compromised by life-threatening conditions at birth. The study estimated the burden of life-threatening conditions at birth, neonatal near miss, and mortality, with an emphasis on avoidable causes, as well as under-five survival in live birth cohorts. This was a retrospective cohort study of live birth in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2012-2016). The databases from the Brazilian Information System on Live Births and the Brazilian Mortality Information System were linked. Pragmatic criteria were used to define life-threatening conditions and near miss. Deaths were classified according to the Brazilian list of causes of avoidable deaths. Morbidity and mortality and survival indicators were estimated (Kaplan-Meier). Of the 425,505 live birth , 2.2% presented life-threatening conditions at birth. The under-five, infant and neonatal mortality rates were 0.01, 0.06, and 14.97 per 1,000 person-days, respectively. Avoidable, unclearly avoidable, and ill-defined causes accounted respectively for 61%, 35%, and 4% of the deaths. The risk of death from avoidable causes attributable to life-threatening conditions at birth was 97.6%. Survival was lower in newborns with life-threatening conditions compared to those without life-threatening conditions. The pragmatic criteria for life-threatening conditions determined the profile of proportional mortality by causes of death according to the three groups of causes in the Brazilian list of causes of avoidable deaths. Life-threatening conditions at birth increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in under-five children and raises the discussion on vulnerability and the need for care for these children and social support for their families.

Apesar da redução da mortalidade na infância, as causas ainda são majoritariamente evitáveis, e a sobrevida pode estar condicionada à situação de ameaça à vida ao nascer. Foram estimadas a carga de ameaça à vida ao nascer, de near miss neonatal, e a mortalidade, com ênfase na evitabilidade, e sobrevida na infância, em coortes de nascidos vivos. Estudo de coorte retrospectiva de nascidos vivos residentes no Município do Rio de Janeiro (2012-2016). Os bancos de dados dos Sistemas de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos e sobre Mortalidade foram relacionados. Critérios pragmáticos foram utilizados para definir ameaça à vida e near miss. Óbitos foram classificados segundo a lista brasileira de causas de mortes evitáveis. Foram estimados indicadores de morbimortalidade e a sobrevida (Kaplan-Meier). Dos 425.505 nascidos vivos, 2,2% apresentaram ameaça à vida ao nascer. As taxas de mortalidade na infância, infantil e neonatal foram, respectivamente: 0,01; 0,06 e 14,97 por mil pessoas-dia. Causas evitáveis, não claramente evitáveis e mal definidas corresponderam, respectivamente, a 61%, 35% e 4% dos óbitos. O risco de morte por causas evitáveis atribuível ao nascimento com ameaça à vida foi de 97,6%. A sobrevida foi menor entre recém-nascidos com ameaça à vida, comparados àqueles sem ameaça à vida. Os critérios pragmáticos de ameaça à vida determinaram o perfil de mortalidade proporcional por causas de morte segundo os três grupos de causas da lista brasileira de causas de mortes evitáveis. Nascer com ameaça à vida define crianças com maior risco de morbimortalidade e põe, em pauta, a discussão sobre a vulnerabilidade e as necessidades de assistência às crianças e do apoio social às suas famílias.

A pesar de la reducción de la mortalidad en la infancia, las causas de fallecimiento todavía son mayoritariamente evitables y la supervivencia puede estar condicionada con la situación de amenaza para la vida al nacer. En este trabajo se estimaron la carga de amenaza para la vida al nacer, el near miss neonatal y la mortalidad, con énfasis en la evitabilidad y supervivencia en la infancia en cohortes de nacidos vivos. Es un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de nacidos vivos, residentes en el municipio de Río de Janeiro, Brasil (2012-2016). Se relacionaron los bancos de datos de los Sistemas de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos y sobre Mortalidad. Se utilizaron criterios pragmáticos para la definición amenaza para la vida al nacer y near miss. Los óbitos se clasificaron según la lista brasileña de causas de muertes evitables. Se estimaron indicadores de morbimortalidad y supervivencia (Kaplan-Meier). De los 425.505 nacidos vivos, un 2,2% presentaron amenaza para la vida. Las tasas de mortalidad en la infancia, infantil y neonatal fueron, respectivamente: 0,01; 0,06 y 14,97 por 1.000 personas-día. Las causas evitables, no claramente evitables y mal definidas, correspondieron, respectivamente, a un 61%, 35% y 4% de los óbitos. El riesgo de muerte por causas evitables atribuible al nacimiento con amenaza para la vida fue de un 97,6%. La supervivencia fue menor entre recién nacidos con amenaza para la vida, comparados con aquellos sin amenaza para la vida. Los criterios pragmáticos de amenaza para la vida determinaron el perfil de mortalidad proporcional por causas de muerte, según los tres grupos de causas de la lista brasileña de causas de muertes evitables. Nacer con amenaza para la vida define a los niños con un mayor riesgo de morbimortalidad y pone en relevancia la discusión sobre vulnerabilidad y necesidades asistenciales para los niños, así como el apoyo social a sus familias.

Factors associated with submission to HIV rapid test in childbirth care. / Fatores associados à submissão ao teste rápido anti-HIV na assistência ao parto.

Rapid HIV tests are used in maternity hospitals to prevent mother-to-child transmission. This study aimed to analyze factors associated with submission to the rapid HIV test (outcome). This is a cross-sectional study conducted in 2009 in 15 hospitals from the Rio de Janeiro's Unified Health System (SUS) by interviewing a representative sample of 835 pregnant women hospitalized for birth and by verifying medical records. Adjusted prevalence ratios were obtained by Poisson regression according to a hierarchical model, and variables associated with the outcome (p ≤ 0.05) remained in the final model. According to medical records (MR), 79.6% of mothers were submitted to rapid HIV test and, according to interviews (INT), 55.7%. At the distal level, the lack of a partner (MR), having ≥ 6 residents at home (MR) and non-white skin color (INT) were associated with a higher prevalence of the outcome. At the intermediate level, not having a negative HIV serology from prenatal care (MR and INT) was associated with a higher prevalence of the outcome, as well as PHC prenatal care (MR) and lack of prenatal care (INT). At the proximal level, delivery in a hospital not certified as Baby-Friendly was associated with a higher prevalence of outcome (MR and INT).

Os testes rápidos anti-HIV vêm sendo empregados nas maternidades com vistas à prevenção da transmissão vertical. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os fatores associados à submissão ao teste rápido anti-HIV (desfecho). Estudo transversal, conduzido em 2009, em 15 hospitais do SUS do Rio de Janeiro/RJ, mediante entrevista a amostra representativa de 835 parturientes internadas e consulta a prontuários. Razões de prevalência ajustadas foram obtidas por regressão de Poisson, segundo modelo hierarquizado, permanecendo no modelo final as variáveis associadas ao desfecho (p ≤ 0,05). Segundo os prontuários (SP), 79,6% das mães foram submetidas ao teste rápido anti-HIV e, segundo as entrevistas (SE), 55,7%. No nível distal, a ausência de companheiro (SP), ter ≥ 6 moradores na residência (SP) e a cor da pele não branca (SE) se associaram a uma maior prevalência do desfecho. No nível intermediário, não dispor de sorologia negativa para o HIV do pré-natal (SP e SE) se associou a uma maior prevalência do desfecho, bem como a realização de pré-natal na rede básica (SP) e a não realização de pré-natal (SE). No nível proximal, o parto em hospital não certificado como amigo da criança se associou a uma maior prevalência do desfecho (SP e SE).

Deaths of women hospitalized for childbirth and abortion, and of their concept, in maternity wards of Brazilian public hospitals. / Mortes de mulheres internadas para parto e por aborto e de seus conceptos em maternidades públicas.

The aim of this cross-sectional hospital-based study of 7,845 pregnancies was to analyze deaths of women hospitalized for childbirth and abortion, and fetal and neonatal deaths, in public hospitals in the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Niteroi (RJ), Brazil, in 2011. Outcomes of the pregnancies were: one maternal death, 498 abortions, 65 fetal deaths, 44 neonatal deaths and 7,291 infant survivors. Data were collected through interviews, medical records and the women's pregnancy records, and from the Mortality Information System (SIM). The study population was described and kappa coefficients of causes of death (from the SIM, and certified by research) and mortality health indicators were estimated. The maternal mortality ratio was 13.6 per 100,000 live births (LB), the fetal death rate was 8.8‰ births and the neonatal mortality rate was 6.0‰ LB. The drug most used to induce abortion was Misoprostol. The main causes of fetal and neonatal deaths were respiratory disorders and maternal factors. Congenital syphilis, diabetes and fetal death of unspecified cause were under-reported in the SIM. Kappa coefficients by chapter were 0.70 (neonatal deaths) and 0.54 (stillbirths). Good quality care in reproductive planning, prenatal care, during labor and at birth will result in prevention of deaths.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar mortes de mulheres internadas para parto e por aborto, e de seus conceptos ­ fetais e neonatais ­ em maternidades públicas nas cidades de São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Niterói (RJ), em 2011. Estudo seccional de base hospitalar. Participaram 7.845 mulheres resultando em um óbito materno, 498 abortos, 65 óbitos fetais, 44 óbitos neonatais e 7.291 sobreviventes infantis. Dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista, consulta ao prontuário, cartão da gestante e no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Foi descrita a população de estudo e estimados a concordância da causa básica (SIM e certificada pela pesquisa) e os indicadores de mortalidade. A mortalidade materna foi 13,6 por cem mil nascidos vivos (NV), fetal 8,8‰ nascimentos e neonatal 6,0‰ NV. Misoprostol foi o medicamento mais utilizado no aborto provocado. Transtornos respiratórios e fatores maternos foram as principais causas entre óbitos fetais e neonatais. Sífilis congênita, diabetes e causas de morte fetal não especificada foram subdeclaradas no SIM. Os coeficientes kappa por capítulo foram 0,70 (neonatais) e 0,54 (natimortos). A assistência de boa qualidade no planejamento reprodutivo, pré-natal, durante o parto e nascimento resultará na prevenção das mortes.

Cholelithiasis and biliary sludge in Downs syndrome patients.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Although studies have demonstrated increased frequency of gallbladder abnormalities among Downs syndrome (DS) patients in some countries, there is only one paper on this subject in the Brazilian literature. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the prevalence, clinical characteristics and evolution of lithiasis and biliary sludge among DS patients in a maternity and childrens hospital in Rio de Janeiro. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study followed by a retrospective cohort study on all individuals with an ultrasound diagnosis of gallbladder abnormalities. METHODS: 547 DS patients (53.2% male, 46.8% female) attending the Instituto Fernandes Figueira in 2001 underwent abdominal ultrasound examination at ages of between one day and three years (mean: five months). Clinical and ultrasound data were analyzed. RESULTS: In 50 patients (9.1%), the ultrasound demonstrated gallbladder abnormalities (6.9% lithiasis and 2.1% biliary sludge). Spontaneous resolution was observed in 66.7% of the patients with biliary sludge and 28.9% with lithiasis. Cholecystectomy was carried out on 26.3% of the patients with gallstones. CONCLUSION: The results from this study and comparison with the literature suggest that DS patients are at risk of developing lithiasis and biliary sludge and should be monitored throughout the neonatal period, even if there are no known risk factors for gallstone formation. Most frequently, these gallbladder abnormalities occur without symptoms and spontaneously resolve in most non-symptomatic patients. DS patients should be monitored with serial abdominal ultrasound, and cholecystectomy is indicated for symptomatic cases or when cholecystitis is present.

Pragmatic criteria of the definition of neonatal near miss: a comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test the validity of the pragmatic criteria of the definitions of neonatal near miss, extending them throughout the infant period, and to estimate the indicators of perinatal care in public maternity hospitals. METHODS: A cohort of live births from six maternity hospitals in the municipalities of São Paulo, Niterói, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was carried out in 2011. We carried out interviews and checked prenatal cards and medical records. We compared the pragmatic criteria (birth weight, gestational age, and 5' Apgar score) of the definitions of near miss of Pileggi et al., Pileggi-Castro et al., Souza et al., and Silva et al. We calculated sensitivity, specificity (gold standard: infant mortality), percentage of deaths among newborns with life-threatening conditions, and rates of near miss, mortality, and severe outcomes per 1,000 live births. RESULTS: A total 7,315 newborns were analyzed (completeness of information > 99%). The sensitivity of the definition of Pileggi-Castro et al. was higher, resulting in a higher number of cases of near miss, Souza et al. presented lower value, and Pileggi et al. and de Silva et al. presented intermediate values. There is an increase in sensitivity when the period goes from 0-6 to 0-27 days, and there is a decrease when it goes to 0-364 days. Specificities were high (≥ 97%) and above sensitivities (54% to 77%). One maternity hospital in São Paulo and one in Niterói presented, respectively, the lowest and highest rates of infant mortality, near miss, and frequency of births with life-threatening conditions, regardless of the definition. CONCLUSIONS: The definitions of near miss based exclusively on pragmatic criteria are valid and can be used for monitoring purposes. Based on the perinatal literature, the cutoff points adopted by Silva et al. were more appropriate. Periodic studies could apply a more complete definition, incorporating clinical, laboratory, and management criteria, including congenital anomalies predictive of infant mortality.

Neonatal near miss and mortality: factors associated with life-threatening conditions in newborns at six public maternity hospitals in Southeast Brazil.

We aimed to evaluate factors associated with cases of neonatal near miss and neonatal deaths at six public maternity hospitals in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro States, Brazil, in 2011. A prospective hospital-based birth cohort investigated these outcomes among live births with life-threatening conditions. Associations were tested using multinomial logistic regression models with hierarchical levels. High rates of near miss were observed for maternal syphilis (52.2‰ live births) and lack of prenatal care (80.8‰ live births). Maternal black skin color (OR = 1.9; 95%CI: 1.2-3.2), hemorrhage (OR = 2.2; 95%CI: 1.3-3.9), hypertension (OR = 3.0; 95%CI: 2.0-4.4), syphilis (OR = 3.3; 95%CI: 1.5-7.2), lack of prenatal care (OR = 5.6; 95%CI: 2.6-11.7), cesarean section and hospital, were associated with near miss; while hemorrhage (OR = 4.6; 95%CI: 1,8-11.3), lack of prenatal care (OR = 17.4; 95%CI: 6.5-46.8) and hospital, with death. Improvements in access to qualified care for pregnant women and newborns are necessary to reduce neonatal life-threatening conditions.

[Abortion and stigma: an analysis of the scientific literature on the theme]. / Aborto e estigma: uma análise da produção científica sobre a temática.

This article analyzes the scientific output on abortion and social stigma and the potential of the stigma category for abortion care in Brazil. An integrative review of publications on scientific databases without a time limit was conducted. Sixty-five publications with the social representations of women who had an abortion and the professionals who attended them were analyzed. The obstacles to the implementation of abortion laws and the protocols and norms that facilitate access to quality services care was explored. The conceptual relevance of Erving Goffman was a key element for the understanding of the gender transgression stereotypes, the imperative of motherhood, sexual purity, which tarnishes women who have abortions as inferior, damaged, promiscuous, sinful and murderous. Groups most affected by stigmatization were identified, namely women having an abortion and health professionals. Female conflicts due to the duality of concealing/revealing their abortions, the professional's conscientious objection and the obstacles facing the implementation of public policies emerged from the study. Reflecting on the role of stigma may interfere in the cycle of clandestine abortion and contribute to the (re)design of interventions that help to reduce damage to the sexual and reproductive health of women.

[Social support scale: test-retest reliability in pregnant women and structures of agreement and disagreement]. / Escala de apoio social aplicada a uma população de gestantes: confiabilidade teste-reteste e estrutura de concordância dos itens.

There is a growing interest in research on the association between social support and health outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and structure of agreement of a social support scale. Test-retest reliability was measured in a group of pregnant women (n = 65) in a public maternity ward. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and quadractically weighted kappa (kw2) were used as agreement measures. Log-linear statistical models were fitted to describe patterns of agreement. ICC for social support score was 0.90. The kw2 ranged from 0.23 to 0.70. Log-linear models that provided the best fit to the data were diagonal agreement plus linear-by-linear association and quasi-independence models. The scale was considered a reliable instrument to measure social support scale in low-income pregnant women.

Longitudinal assessment of the lung mechanics of very low birth weight preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Prematurity has been correlated with altered lung mechanics. Some infants develop lung injury as a consequence of lung immaturity, invasive mechanical ventilation and exposure to oxygen, thus resulting in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The aim here was to compare the lung mechanics of preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia during the first year of life. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective cohort study in a tertiary-level hospital. METHODS: This study included premature infants at a public hospital who underwent two pulmonary function tests: one at discharge and the other at the corrected age of 4 to 8 months. Tidal volume, lung compliance and lung resistance were measured. Statistical tests were used for comparisons between infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. RESULTS: 102 children with mean gestational age of 29 ± 2.0 weeks were studied; 17 with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Lung compliance (0.84 ± 0.29 versus 1.28 ± 0.46; P < 0.001) and tidal volume (6.1 ± 0.94 versus 7.2 ± 1.43; P < 0.01) at discharge were significant lower in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia than in those without the disease, but no differences were observed at the second test (compliance: 1.53 ± 0.77 versus 1.94 ± 1.01; P = 0.12; and tidal volume: 6.9 ± 1.4 versus 7.3 ± 1.6; P = 0.42). CONCLUSION: Differences in lung mechanics were observed between infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia at hospital discharge but these differences were no longer detected at the final follow-up. The lung mechanics of all the infants improved over this period of time.

Professional who attended childbirth and breastfeeding in the first hour of life / Profesional que asistió al parto y amamantamiento en la primera hora de vida / Profissional que assistiu o parto e amamentação na primeira hora de vida

ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate the association between the professionals who attended vaginal delivery and breastfeeding in the first hour of life. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Nascer no Brasil (Born in Brazil) survey, conducted in the 2011-2012 period. Data from 8,466 puerperae were analyzed using a logistic regression model with a hierarchical approach. Results: The proportion of mothers who breastfed at birth was higher in deliveries attended by nurses (70%). A nurse-assisted delivery was 64% more likely to breastfeed in the first hour of life. Other factors associated with the outcome: residing in the North; age less than 35 years; multiparity; prenatal guidance on breastfeeding in the first hour of life; birth at Baby-Friendly Hospital; companion at birth; and female newborn. Conclusions: Obstetrician nurse/nurse-assisted delivery was a significant independent factor associated with breastfeeding in the first hour of life, suggesting the importance of strengthening the role of the obstetrician nurse.

RESUMEN Objetivos: investigar la asociación entre el profesional que asistió al parto vaginal y la lactancia en la primera hora de vida. Métodos: estudio transversal con datos de la investigación Nascer no Brasil (Nacer en Brasil), conducida en el periodo de 2011-2012. Se analizaron datos de 8.466 puérperas por medio de modelo de regresión logística con abordaje jerarquizado. Resultados: La proporción de madres que amamantaron al nacimiento fue mayor en los partos asistidos por el enfermero (70%). El parto asistido por enfermero presentó una probabilidad un 64% mayor de lactancia en la primera hora de vida. Otros factores asociados al desenlace: residir en el Norte; edad inferior a 35 años; multiparidad; orientación en el prenatal sobre lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida; nacimiento en el Hospital Amigo del Niño; acompañante en el parto; y el recién nacido de sexo femenino. Conclusiones: El parto asistido por el enfermero/enfermero obstetra fue un importante factor independiente asociado a la lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida, sugiriendo la importancia del fortalecimiento del papel del enfermero obstetra.

RESUMO Objetivos: investigar a associação entre o profissional que assistiu o parto vaginal e a amamentação na primeira hora de vida. Métodos: estudo transversal com dados da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil, conduzida em 2011/2012. Foram analisados dados de 8.466 puérperas por meio de modelo de regressão logística com abordagem hierarquizada. Resultados: A proporção de mães que amamentaram ao nascimento foi maior nos partos assistidos pelo enfermeiro (70%). O parto assistido por enfermeiro apresentou chance 64% maior de amamentação na primeira hora de vida. Outros fatores associados ao desfecho: residir no Norte; idade inferior a 35 anos; multiparidade; orientação no pré-natal sobre amamentação na primeira hora de vida; nascimento em Hospital Amigo da Criança; acompanhante no parto; e recém-nascido de sexo feminino. Conclusões: O parto assistido pelo enfermeiro/enfermeiro obstetra foi importante fator independente associado à amamentação na primeira hora de vida, sugerindo a importância do fortalecimento do papel do enfermeiro obstetra.

Professional who attended childbirth and breastfeeding in the first hour of life / Profesional que asistió al parto y amamantamiento en la primera hora de vida / Profissional que assistiu o parto e amamentação na primeira hora de vida

ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate the association between the professionals who attended vaginal delivery and breastfeeding in the first hour of life. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Nascer no Brasil (Born in Brazil) survey, conducted in the 2011-2012 period. Data from 8,466 puerperae were analyzed using a logistic regression model with a hierarchical approach. Results: The proportion of mothers who breastfed at birth was higher in deliveries attended by nurses (70%). A nurse-assisted delivery was 64% more likely to breastfeed in the first hour of life. Other factors associated with the outcome: residing in the North; age less than 35 years; multiparity; prenatal guidance on breastfeeding in the first hour of life; birth at Baby-Friendly Hospital; companion at birth; and female newborn. Conclusions: Obstetrician nurse/nurse-assisted delivery was a significant independent factor associated with breastfeeding in the first hour of life, suggesting the importance of strengthening the role of the obstetrician nurse.

RESUMEN Objetivos: investigar la asociación entre el profesional que asistió al parto vaginal y la lactancia en la primera hora de vida. Métodos: estudio transversal con datos de la investigación Nascer no Brasil (Nacer en Brasil), conducida en el periodo de 2011-2012. Se analizaron datos de 8.466 puérperas por medio de modelo de regresión logística con abordaje jerarquizado. Resultados: La proporción de madres que amamantaron al nacimiento fue mayor en los partos asistidos por el enfermero (70%). El parto asistido por enfermero presentó una probabilidad un 64% mayor de lactancia en la primera hora de vida. Otros factores asociados al desenlace: residir en el Norte; edad inferior a 35 años; multiparidad; orientación en el prenatal sobre lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida; nacimiento en el Hospital Amigo del Niño; acompañante en el parto; y el recién nacido de sexo femenino. Conclusiones: El parto asistido por el enfermero/enfermero obstetra fue un importante factor independiente asociado a la lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida, sugiriendo la importancia del fortalecimiento del papel del enfermero obstetra.

RESUMO Objetivos: investigar a associação entre o profissional que assistiu o parto vaginal e a amamentação na primeira hora de vida. Métodos: estudo transversal com dados da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil, conduzida em 2011/2012. Foram analisados dados de 8.466 puérperas por meio de modelo de regressão logística com abordagem hierarquizada. Resultados: A proporção de mães que amamentaram ao nascimento foi maior nos partos assistidos pelo enfermeiro (70%). O parto assistido por enfermeiro apresentou chance 64% maior de amamentação na primeira hora de vida. Outros fatores associados ao desfecho: residir no Norte; idade inferior a 35 anos; multiparidade; orientação no pré-natal sobre amamentação na primeira hora de vida; nascimento em Hospital Amigo da Criança; acompanhante no parto; e recém-nascido de sexo feminino. Conclusões: O parto assistido pelo enfermeiro/enfermeiro obstetra foi importante fator independente associado à amamentação na primeira hora de vida, sugerindo a importância do fortalecimento do papel do enfermeiro obstetra.

Comparison of childbirth care models in public hospitals, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To compare collaborative and traditional childbirth care models. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 655 primiparous women in four public health system hospitals in Belo Horizonte, MG, Southeastern Brazil, in 2011 (333 women for the collaborative model and 322 for the traditional model, including those with induced or premature labor). Data were collected using interviews and medical records. The Chi-square test was used to compare the outcomes and multivariate logistic regression to determine the association between the model and the interventions used. RESULTS: Paid work and schooling showed significant differences in distribution between the models. Oxytocin (50.2% collaborative model and 65.5% traditional model; p < 0.001), amniotomy (54.3% collaborative model and 65.9% traditional model; p = 0.012) and episiotomy (collaborative model 16.1% and traditional model 85.2%; p < 0.001) were less used in the collaborative model with increased application of non-pharmacological pain relief (85.0% collaborative model and 78.9% traditional model; p = 0.042). The association between the collaborative model and the reduction in the use of oxytocin, artificial rupture of membranes and episiotomy remained after adjustment for confounding. The care model was not associated with complications in newborns or mothers neither with the use of spinal or epidural analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that collaborative model may reduce interventions performed in labor care with similar perinatal outcomes.

Ameaça à vida ao nascer: uma análise das causas de morte e estimativa de sobrevida de menores de cinco anos em coortes de nascidos vivos / Amenaza para la vida al nacer: un análisis de las causas de muerte y estimación de supervivencia de menores de cinco años en cohortes de nacidos vivos / Life-threatening conditions at birth: an analysis of causes of death and survival estimate for under-five children in live birth cohorts

Apesar da redução da mortalidade na infância, as causas ainda são majoritariamente evitáveis, e a sobrevida pode estar condicionada à situação de ameaça à vida ao nascer. Foram estimadas a carga de ameaça à vida ao nascer, de near miss neonatal, e a mortalidade, com ênfase na evitabilidade, e sobrevida na infância, em coortes de nascidos vivos. Estudo de coorte retrospectiva de nascidos vivos residentes no Município do Rio de Janeiro (2012-2016). Os bancos de dados dos Sistemas de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos e sobre Mortalidade foram relacionados. Critérios pragmáticos foram utilizados para definir ameaça à vida e near miss. Óbitos foram classificados segundo a lista brasileira de causas de mortes evitáveis. Foram estimados indicadores de morbimortalidade e a sobrevida (Kaplan-Meier). Dos 425.505 nascidos vivos, 2,2% apresentaram ameaça à vida ao nascer. As taxas de mortalidade na infância, infantil e neonatal foram, respectivamente: 0,01; 0,06 e 14,97 por mil pessoas-dia. Causas evitáveis, não claramente evitáveis e mal definidas corresponderam, respectivamente, a 61%, 35% e 4% dos óbitos. O risco de morte por causas evitáveis atribuível ao nascimento com ameaça à vida foi de 97,6%. A sobrevida foi menor entre recém-nascidos com ameaça à vida, comparados àqueles sem ameaça à vida. Os critérios pragmáticos de ameaça à vida determinaram o perfil de mortalidade proporcional por causas de morte segundo os três grupos de causas da lista brasileira de causas de mortes evitáveis. Nascer com ameaça à vida define crianças com maior risco de morbimortalidade e põe, em pauta, a discussão sobre a vulnerabilidade e as necessidades de assistência às crianças e do apoio social às suas famílias.

A pesar de la reducción de la mortalidad en la infancia, las causas de fallecimiento todavía son mayoritariamente evitables y la supervivencia puede estar condicionada con la situación de amenaza para la vida al nacer. En este trabajo se estimaron la carga de amenaza para la vida al nacer, el near miss neonatal y la mortalidad, con énfasis en la evitabilidad y supervivencia en la infancia en cohortes de nacidos vivos. Es un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de nacidos vivos, residentes en el municipio de Río de Janeiro, Brasil (2012-2016). Se relacionaron los bancos de datos de los Sistemas de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos y sobre Mortalidad. Se utilizaron criterios pragmáticos para la definición amenaza para la vida al nacer y near miss. Los óbitos se clasificaron según la lista brasileña de causas de muertes evitables. Se estimaron indicadores de morbimortalidad y supervivencia (Kaplan-Meier). De los 425.505 nacidos vivos, un 2,2% presentaron amenaza para la vida. Las tasas de mortalidad en la infancia, infantil y neonatal fueron, respectivamente: 0,01; 0,06 y 14,97 por 1.000 personas-día. Las causas evitables, no claramente evitables y mal definidas, correspondieron, respectivamente, a un 61%, 35% y 4% de los óbitos. El riesgo de muerte por causas evitables atribuible al nacimiento con amenaza para la vida fue de un 97,6%. La supervivencia fue menor entre recién nacidos con amenaza para la vida, comparados con aquellos sin amenaza para la vida. Los criterios pragmáticos de amenaza para la vida determinaron el perfil de mortalidad proporcional por causas de muerte, según los tres grupos de causas de la lista brasileña de causas de muertes evitables. Nacer con amenaza para la vida define a los niños con un mayor riesgo de morbimortalidad y pone en relevancia la discusión sobre vulnerabilidad y necesidades asistenciales para los niños, así como el apoyo social a sus familias.

Despite the reduction in under-five mortality, the causes are still mostly avoidable, and survival may be compromised by life-threatening conditions at birth. The study estimated the burden of life-threatening conditions at birth, neonatal near miss, and mortality, with an emphasis on avoidable causes, as well as under-five survival in live birth cohorts. This was a retrospective cohort study of live birth in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2012-2016). The databases from the Brazilian Information System on Live Births and the Brazilian Mortality Information System were linked. Pragmatic criteria were used to define life-threatening conditions and near miss. Deaths were classified according to the Brazilian list of causes of avoidable deaths. Morbidity and mortality and survival indicators were estimated (Kaplan-Meier). Of the 425,505 live birth , 2.2% presented life-threatening conditions at birth. The under-five, infant and neonatal mortality rates were 0.01, 0.06, and 14.97 per 1,000 person-days, respectively. Avoidable, unclearly avoidable, and ill-defined causes accounted respectively for 61%, 35%, and 4% of the deaths. The risk of death from avoidable causes attributable to life-threatening conditions at birth was 97.6%. Survival was lower in newborns with life-threatening conditions compared to those without life-threatening conditions. The pragmatic criteria for life-threatening conditions determined the profile of proportional mortality by causes of death according to the three groups of causes in the Brazilian list of causes of avoidable deaths. Life-threatening conditions at birth increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in under-five children and raises the discussion on vulnerability and the need for care for these children and social support for their families.

Fatores associados à submissão ao teste rápido anti-HIV na assistência ao parto / Factors associated with submission to HIV rapid test in childbirth care

Resumo Os testes rápidos anti-HIV vêm sendo empregados nas maternidades com vistas à prevenção da transmissão vertical. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os fatores associados à submissão ao teste rápido anti-HIV (desfecho). Estudo transversal, conduzido em 2009, em 15 hospitais do SUS do Rio de Janeiro/RJ, mediante entrevista a amostra representativa de 835 parturientes internadas e consulta a prontuários. Razões de prevalência ajustadas foram obtidas por regressão de Poisson, segundo modelo hierarquizado, permanecendo no modelo final as variáveis associadas ao desfecho (p ≤ 0,05). Segundo os prontuários (SP), 79,6% das mães foram submetidas ao teste rápido anti-HIV e, segundo as entrevistas (SE), 55,7%. No nível distal, a ausência de companheiro (SP), ter ≥ 6 moradores na residência (SP) e a cor da pele não branca (SE) se associaram a uma maior prevalência do desfecho. No nível intermediário, não dispor de sorologia negativa para o HIV do pré-natal (SP e SE) se associou a uma maior prevalência do desfecho, bem como a realização de pré-natal na rede básica (SP) e a não realização de pré-natal (SE). No nível proximal, o parto em hospital não certificado como amigo da criança se associou a uma maior prevalência do desfecho (SP e SE).

Abstract Rapid HIV tests are used in maternity hospitals to prevent mother-to-child transmission. This study aimed to analyze factors associated with submission to the rapid HIV test (outcome). This is a cross-sectional study conducted in 2009 in 15 hospitals from the Rio de Janeiro's Unified Health System (SUS) by interviewing a representative sample of 835 pregnant women hospitalized for birth and by verifying medical records. Adjusted prevalence ratios were obtained by Poisson regression according to a hierarchical model, and variables associated with the outcome (p ≤ 0.05) remained in the final model. According to medical records (MR), 79.6% of mothers were submitted to rapid HIV test and, according to interviews (INT), 55.7%. At the distal level, the lack of a partner (MR), having ≥ 6 residents at home (MR) and non-white skin color (INT) were associated with a higher prevalence of the outcome. At the intermediate level, not having a negative HIV serology from prenatal care (MR and INT) was associated with a higher prevalence of the outcome, as well as PHC prenatal care (MR) and lack of prenatal care (INT). At the proximal level, delivery in a hospital not certified as Baby-Friendly was associated with a higher prevalence of outcome (MR and INT).

Adequação do peso ao nascer para idade gestacional de acordo com a curva INTERGROWTH-21 st e fatores associados ao pequeno para idade gestacional / Adequacy of birth weight for gestational age according to INTERGROWTH-21st curve and factors associated with the small for gestational age

Resumo Introdução Apesar do conhecimento sobre a etiologia multifatorial do crescimento intrauterino restrito, há escassez de estudos nacionais. Objetivo Estimar a adequação do peso ao nascer para idade gestacional e investigar fatores associados ao recém-nascido pequeno para idade gestacional (RN-PIG), com destaque para tabagismo e pré-natal. Método Estudo seccional em maternidades públicas no Rio de Janeiro e em Niterói, em 2011, com 1.771 nascidos vivos. Foram realizadas entrevistas com puérperas e consultas em prontuários. Estimaram-se prevalências e intervalos de confiança (IC95%) de recém-nascido pequeno para idade gestacional (RN-PIG), recém-nascido adequado para idade gestacional (RN-AIG) e recém-nascido grande para idade gestacional (RN-GIG), usando a curva INTERGROWTH-21st , segundo características maternas, da gestação e do recém-nascido. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson, com o desfecho sendo nascer PIG. Resultados As prevalências foram de 9,3% para PIG e de 15,9% para GIG. Cor parda (RP = 1,4), baixa escolaridade (RP = 1,3), inadequação de pré-natal (RP = 1,3), tabagismo (redução/cessação: RP = 1,7; continuidade: RP = 2,4) e hipertensão arterial (RP = 1,3) foram associados ao PIG na análise univariada (p < 0,20), e apenas tabagismo manteve-se associado no modelo final (redução/cessação: RP = 1,7 e continuidade: RP = 2,3; p < 0,05). Conclusão A prevalência de PIG mostrou um efeito dose-resposta com o tabagismo. Estratégias populacionais antitabaco devem intensificar a prevenção direcionada às mulheres em idade fértil e, particularmente, às gestantes, com ações específicas para estímulo à cessação no pré-natal.

Abstract Background There are few national studies despite the knowledge about the multifactorial etiology of restricted intrauterine growth. Objective To estimate the adequacy of birth weight for gestational age and investigate factors associated with the newborns small for the gestational age (NB-SGA). Method This is a cross-sectional study in public maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro and Niterói, RJ, in 2011 (1,771 live births). Data sources was through interviews with the mothers and medical records. The prevalence of NB-SGA, adequate (NB-AGA) and large (NB-LGA) for gestational age newborn were estimated (INTERGROWTH21st) according to maternal, gestational and newborn characteristics. Poisson regression was used (outcome SGA). Results The prevalence rates were: 9.3% SGA and 15.9% LGA. Brown skin color (prevalence rate - PR = 1.4), low scholarship (RP=1.3), prenatal inadequacy (RP = 1.3), smoking (reduction/cessation: RP = 1.7, continuity: RP = 2.4) and arterial hypertension (RP = 1.3) were associated with SGA in the univariate analysis (p<0.20) and only smoking remained in the final model (reduction/cessation: RP = 1.7 and continuity: RP = 2.3, p<0.05). Conclusion SGA prevalence showed dose-response relationship with smoking. Population-based anti-smoking strategies should be intensified for women of childbearing age, and particularly for pregnant women, promoting prenatal care smoking-cessation practices.

Mortes de mulheres internadas para parto e por aborto e de seus conceptos em maternidades públicas / Deaths of women hospitalized for childbirth and abortion, and of their concept, in maternity wards of Brazilian public hospitals

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar mortes de mulheres internadas para parto e por aborto, e de seus conceptos - fetais e neonatais - em maternidades públicas nas cidades de São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Niterói (RJ), em 2011. Estudo seccional de base hospitalar. Participaram 7.845 mulheres resultando em um óbito materno, 498 abortos, 65 óbitos fetais, 44 óbitos neonatais e 7.291 sobreviventes infantis. Dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista, consulta ao prontuário, cartão da gestante e no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Foi descrita a população de estudo e estimados a concordância da causa básica (SIM e certificada pela pesquisa) e os indicadores de mortalidade. A mortalidade materna foi 13,6 por cem mil nascidos vivos (NV), fetal 8,8‰ nascimentos e neonatal 6,0‰ NV. Misoprostol foi o medicamento mais utilizado no aborto provocado. Transtornos respiratórios e fatores maternos foram as principais causas entre óbitos fetais e neonatais. Sífilis congênita, diabetes e causas de morte fetal não especificada foram subdeclaradas no SIM. Os coeficientes kappa por capítulo foram 0,70 (neonatais) e 0,54 (natimortos). A assistência de boa qualidade no planejamento reprodutivo, pré-natal, durante o parto e nascimento resultará na prevenção das mortes.

Abstract The aim of this cross-sectional hospital-based study of 7,845 pregnancies was to analyze deaths of women hospitalized for childbirth and abortion, and fetal and neonatal deaths, in public hospitals in the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Niteroi (RJ), Brazil, in 2011. Outcomes of the pregnancies were: one maternal death, 498 abortions, 65 fetal deaths, 44 neonatal deaths and 7,291 infant survivors. Data were collected through interviews, medical records and the women's pregnancy records, and from the Mortality Information System (SIM). The study population was described and kappa coefficients of causes of death (from the SIM, and certified by research) and mortality health indicators were estimated. The maternal mortality ratio was 13.6 per 100,000 live births (LB), the fetal death rate was 8.8‰ births and the neonatal mortality rate was 6.0‰ LB. The drug most used to induce abortion was Misoprostol. The main causes of fetal and neonatal deaths were respiratory disorders and maternal factors. Congenital syphilis, diabetes and fetal death of unspecified cause were under-reported in the SIM. Kappa coefficients by chapter were 0.70 (neonatal deaths) and 0.54 (stillbirths). Good quality care in reproductive planning, prenatal care, during labor and at birth will result in prevention of deaths.

Risk factors for cognitive impairment in school-age children born preterm: application of a hierarchical model.

The purpose was to analyze factors associated with cognitive impairment in very low birth weight (VLBW) children born preterm. A prospective cohort of 65 VLBW children was assessed at the age of eight years using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. A model for the relationship of variables with the cognitive impairment outcome attributed hierarchical levels: distal (socioeconomic variables), intermediate I and II (perinatal and neonatal variables, post-neonatal variables) and proximal (child health and psychosocial stimulation). A multivariate logistic regression was performed. In the multivariate hierarchical logistic regression, the maternal education (OR=0.77, 95%CI 0.63-0.94) and number of prenatal visits (OR=0.73, 95%CI 0.54-0.99) showed a protective association, but the male (OR=7.3, 95%CI 1.54-35.3) was associated with worse results. The VLBW children cognitive performance in the age of eight years benefits from more educated mothers, better prenatal care, and the baby gender as female.

Pragmatic criteria of the definition of neonatal near miss: a comparative study / Critérios pragmáticos da definição de near miss neonatal: um estudo comparativo

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to test the validity of the pragmatic criteria of the definitions of neonatal near miss, extending them throughout the infant period, and to estimate the indicators of perinatal care in public maternity hospitals. METHODS A cohort of live births from six maternity hospitals in the municipalities of São Paulo, Niterói, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was carried out in 2011. We carried out interviews and checked prenatal cards and medical records. We compared the pragmatic criteria (birth weight, gestational age, and 5' Apgar score) of the definitions of near miss of Pileggi et al., Pileggi-Castro et al., Souza et al., and Silva et al. We calculated sensitivity, specificity (gold standard: infant mortality), percentage of deaths among newborns with life-threatening conditions, and rates of near miss, mortality, and severe outcomes per 1,000 live births. RESULTS A total 7,315 newborns were analyzed (completeness of information > 99%). The sensitivity of the definition of Pileggi-Castro et al. was higher, resulting in a higher number of cases of near miss, Souza et al. presented lower value, and Pileggi et al. and de Silva et al. presented intermediate values. There is an increase in sensitivity when the period goes from 0-6 to 0-27 days, and there is a decrease when it goes to 0-364 days. Specificities were high (≥ 97%) and above sensitivities (54% to 77%). One maternity hospital in São Paulo and one in Niterói presented, respectively, the lowest and highest rates of infant mortality, near miss, and frequency of births with life-threatening conditions, regardless of the definition. CONCLUSIONS The definitions of near miss based exclusively on pragmatic criteria are valid and can be used for monitoring purposes. Based on the perinatal literature, the cutoff points adopted by Silva et al. were more appropriate. Periodic studies could apply a more complete definition, incorporating clinical, laboratory, and management criteria, including congenital anomalies predictive of infant mortality.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Testar a validade dos critérios pragmáticos de definições de near miss neonatal, estendendo-as para todo o período infantil, e estimar indicadores de assistência perinatal em maternidades públicas. MÉTODOS Constituiu-se uma coorte de nascidos vivos de seis maternidades dos municípios de São Paulo, Niterói e Rio de Janeiro em 2011. Foram realizadas entrevistas e consultas aos cartões de pré-natal e prontuários. Critérios pragmáticos (peso ao nascer, idade gestacional e escore de Apgar 5') das definições de near miss de Pileggi et al., Pileggi-Castro et al., Souza et al. e Silva et al. foram comparados. Foram calculados sensibilidade, especificidade (padrão-ouro: óbito infantil), percentual de óbitos entre recém-nascidos com ameaça à vida e taxas de near miss, mortalidade e desfechos graves por 1.000 nascidos vivos. RESULTADOS Foram analisados 7.315 recém-nascidos (completude das informações > 99%). A sensibilidade da definição de Pileggi-Castro et al. foi maior, resultando em um maior número de casos de near miss; a de Souza et al. apresentou menor valor, e as de Pileggi et al. e de Silva et al. apresentaram valores intermediários. Há um aumento da sensibilidade quando se estende o período de 0-6 para 0-27 dias, e um declínio quando se amplia para 0-364 dias. Especificidades foram elevadas (≥ 97%) e superiores às sensibilidades (54% a 77%). Uma maternidade de São Paulo e outra de Niterói apresentaram, respectivamente, as menores e as maiores: taxas de mortalidade infantil, near miss, e frequência de nascimentos em situação de ameaça à vida, independentemente da definição. CONCLUSÕES As definições de near miss baseadas exclusivamente em critérios pragmáticos são válidas e podem ser utilizadas para fins de monitoramento. Com base na literatura perinatal, os pontos de corte adotados por Silva et al. foram mais adequados. Estudos periódicos poderiam aplicar uma definição mais completa, com incorporação de critérios clínicos, laboratoriais e de manejo, incluindo as anomalias congênitas preditoras do óbito infantil.

Neonatal near miss and mortality: factors associated with life-threatening conditions in newborns at six public maternity hospitals in Southeast Brazil / Casos de near miss e óbitos neonatais: fatores associados aos recém-nascidos com ameaça à vida em seis maternidades do Sudeste do Brasil / Morbilidad near miss y mortalidad neonatal: factores asociados a condiciones involucrando riesgo de muerte en recién-nacidos en seis maternidades del Sureste do Brasil

Abstract: We aimed to evaluate factors associated with cases of neonatal near miss and neonatal deaths at six public maternity hospitals in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro States, Brazil, in 2011. A prospective hospital-based birth cohort investigated these outcomes among live births with life-threatening conditions. Associations were tested using multinomial logistic regression models with hierarchical levels. High rates of near miss were observed for maternal syphilis (52.2‰ live births) and lack of prenatal care (80.8‰ live births). Maternal black skin color (OR = 1.9; 95%CI: 1.2-3.2), hemorrhage (OR = 2.2; 95%CI: 1.3-3.9), hypertension (OR = 3.0; 95%CI: 2.0-4.4), syphilis (OR = 3.3; 95%CI: 1.5-7.2), lack of prenatal care (OR = 5.6; 95%CI: 2.6-11.7), cesarean section and hospital, were associated with near miss; while hemorrhage (OR = 4.6; 95%CI: 1,8-11.3), lack of prenatal care (OR = 17.4; 95%CI: 6.5-46.8) and hospital, with death. Improvements in access to qualified care for pregnant women and newborns are necessary to reduce neonatal life-threatening conditions.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar os fatores associados a casos de near miss neonatal e óbitos neonatais em seis maternidades públicas nos Estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 2011. Os desfechos foram investigados através de um estudo prospectivo de coorte de nascimentos com base hospitalar, entre nascidos vivos com ameaça à vida. As associações foram testadas através de modelos de regressão logística multivariada com níveis hierárquicos. Foram observadas altas taxas de near miss para sífilis materna (52,2‰ nascidos vivos) e falta de atendimento pré-natal (80,8‰ nascidos vivos). Cor materna preta (OR = 1,9; IC95%;1,2-3,2), hemorragia (OR = 2,2; IC95%: 1,3-3,9), hipertensão (OR = 3,0; IC95%: 2,0-4,4), sífilis (OR = 3,3; IC95%: 1,5-7,2), falta de pré-natal (OR = 5,6; IC95%: 2,6-11,7), cesariana e hospital específico estiveram associados ao near miss. Enquanto isso, hemorragia (OR = 4,6; IC95%: 1,8-11,3), falta de pré-natal (OR = 17,4; IC95%: 6,5-46,8) e hospital específico estiveram associados ao óbito neonatal. São necessárias melhoras no acesso ao atendimento qualificado para gestantes e recém-nascidos para reduzir os riscos à vida dos neonatos.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar los factores asociados a casos de near miss neonatal y óbitos neonatales en seis maternidades públicas en los estados de São Paulo y Río de Janeiro, Brasil, en 2011. Los desenlaces se investigaron a través de un estudio prospectivo de cohorte de nacimientos con base hospitalaria, entre nacidos vivos con condiciones que involucraron riesgo de muerte. Las asociaciones fueron probadas a través de modelos de regresión logística multivariada con niveles jerárquicos. Se observaron altas tasas de near miss para sífilis materna (52,2‰ nacidos vivos) y falta de atención pre-natal (80,8‰ nacidos vivos). Etnia materna negra (OR = 1,9; IC95%; 1,2-3,2), hemorragia (OR = 2,2; IC95%:1,3-3,9), hipertensión (OR = 3,0; IC95%: 2,0-4,4), sífilis (OR = 3,3; IC95%: 1,5-7,2), falta de pre-natal (OR = 5,6; IC95%: 2,6-11,7), cesárea y hospital específico estuvieron asociados a la morbilidad near miss. Mientras tanto, hemorragia (OR = 4,6; IC95%: 1,8-11,3), falta de pre-natal (OR = 17,4; IC95%: 6,5-46,8) y hospital específico estuvieron asociados al óbito neonatal. Se necesitan mejoras en el acceso a la atención cualificada para gestantes y recién-nacidos, con el fin de reducir los riesgos a la vida de los neonatos.