Exercise Capacity and Biomarkers Among Children and Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease.

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease is the most common genetic hemoglobinopathy globally and systemically affects body functioning, decreasing exercise capacity. OBJECTIVE: To assess exercise capacity through the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and biomarkers in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving 20 children and adolescents from Brazil. Demographic and socioeconomic data were obtained. Baseline measurements included biomarkers (red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, platelets, reticulocytes, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and fetal hemoglobin). The following data were obtained before, during, and after the 6MWT: heart rate, blood pressure, and peripheral oxygen saturation. RESULTS: Eighteen children and adolescents ages 5-14 years old were analyzed, 61.1% boys, 100% black or brown, and 61.1% in primary education, with low household income. The average distance walked in 6MWT was 463.8 (137.7) m, significantly less than the predicted value (P < .001). The distance of 6MWT was associated positively with age (P = .042) and inversely with reticulocyte count (P = .42) and interleukin 6 (P = .00). Age modified the effect of interleukin 6 in younger children (P = .038). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest increased baseline levels of biomarkers of hemolysis and inflammation impact on 6MWT performance.

Maximum heart rate in Brazilian elderly women: comparing measured and predicted values.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to compare maximum heart rate (HRmax) values measured during a graded exercise test (GXT) with those calculated from prediction equations in Brazilian elderly women. METHODS: A treadmill maximal graded exercise test in accordance with the modified Bruce protocol was used to obtain reference values for maximum heart rate (HRmax) in 93 elderly women (mean age 67.1 +/- 5.16). Measured values were compared with those estimated from the "220-age" and Tanaka et al formulas using repeated-measures ANOVA. Correlation and agreement between measured and estimated values were tested. Also evaluated was the correlation between measured HRmax and volunteers age. RESULTS: Results were as follows: 1) mean HRmax reached during GXT was 145.5 +/- 12,5 beats per minute (bpm); 2) both the "220-age" and Tanaka et al (2001) equations significantly overestimated (p < 0.001) HRmax by a mean difference of 7.4 and 15.5 bpm, respectively; 3) age was significantly (p < 0,001) and inversely related to measured HRmax. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, it can be concluded that both prediction equations significantly overestimated HRmax measured during maximal GXT in Brazilian elderly women, a finding that may have important implications when prescribing exercise intensity for this population. In addition, HRmax was inversely related to the volunteers age, suggesting that the chronotropic reserve continues to decline after age 60.

Freqüência cardíaca máxima em idosas brasileiras: uma comparação entre valores medidos e previstos / Maximum heart rate in Brazilian elderly women: comparing measured and predicted values

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo objetivou comparar os valores de freqüência cardíaca máxima (FCmáx) medidos durante um teste de esforço progressivo (TEP), com os obtidos através de equações de predição, em idosas brasileiras. MÉTODOS: Um TEP máximo sob o protocolo modificado de Bruce, realizado em esteira, foi utilizado para obtenção dos valores de referência da freqüência cardíaca máxima (FCmáx), em 93 mulheres idosas (67,1±5,16 anos). Os valores obtidos foram comparados aos estimados pelas equações "220 - idade" e a de Tanaka e cols., através da ANOVA, para amostras repetidas. A correlação e a concordância entre os valores medidos e os estimados foram testadas. Adicionalmente, a correlação entre os valores de FCmáx medidos e a idade das voluntárias foi examinada. RESULTADOS: Os resultados foram os seguintes: 1) a média da FCmáx atingida no TEP foi de 145,5±12,5 batimentos por minuto (bpm); 2) as equações "220 - idade" e a de Tanaka e cols. (2001) superestimaram significativamente (p < 0,001) a FCmáx por uma diferença média de 7,4 e 15,5 bpm, respectivamente; 3) a idade se relacionou significativamente (p < 0,001) e inversamente com a FCmáx medida. CONCLUSÃO: Baseado nesses resultados, pode-se concluir que ambas as equações de predição da FCmáx superestimam significativamente os valores obtidos durante um TEP máximo em brasileiras idosas, fato que pode ter implicações relevantes ao se prescrever intensidade de exercícios para essa população. Foi também observado que a FCmáx relacionou-se inversamente com a idade das voluntárias, sugerindo que a reserva cronotrópica continua a declinar após os 60 anos de idade.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to compare maximum heart rate (HRmax) values measured during a graded exercise test (GXT) with those calculated from prediction equations in Brazilian elderly women. METHODS: A treadmill maximal graded exercise test in accordance with the modified Bruce protocol was used to obtain reference values for maximum heart rate (HRmax) in 93 elderly women (mean age 67.1 ± 5.16). Measured values were compared with those estimated from the "220 - age" and Tanaka et al formulas using repeated-measures ANOVA. Correlation and agreement between measured and estimated values were tested. Also evaluated was the correlation between measured HRmax and volunteers' age. RESULTS: Results were as follows: 1) mean HRmax reached during GXT was 145.5 ± 12,5 beats per minute (bpm); 2) both the "220 - age" and Tanaka et al (2001) equations significantly overestimated (p < 0.001) HRmax by a mean difference of 7.4 and 15.5 bpm, respectively; 3) age was significantly (p < 0,001) and inversely related to measured HRmax. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, it can be concluded that both prediction equations significantly overestimated HRmax measured during maximal GXT in Brazilian elderly women, a finding that may have important implications when prescribing exercise intensity for this population. In addition, HRmax was inversely related to the volunteers' age, suggesting that the chronotropic reserve continues to decline after age 60.