Standard medical therapy with vs. without nebulised magnesium for children with asthma decompensation.

Pediatric asthma is a common condition, and its exacerbations can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The role of nebulised magnesium as adjunct therapy for children with asthma exacerbations is still unclear. To compare clinical and functional outcomes for children with asthma exacerbation taking either nebulised magnesium sulfate added to standard medical therapy (SMT) versus SMT alone. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for randomised clinical trials (RCT) comparing the use of SMT with vs. without nebulised magnesium. The outcomes were respiratory rate, heart rate, % predicted peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), % predicted forced expiratory volume (FEV1), peripheral O2 saturation, asthma severity scores, and need for intravenous (IV) bronchodilator use. Twelve RCTs and 2484 children were included. Mean age was 5.6 (range 2-17) years old, mean baseline % predicted FEV1 was 69.6%, and 28.66% patients were male. Children treated with magnesium had a significantly higher % predicted PEFR (mean difference [MD] 5.33%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.75 to 5.90%; p < 0.01). Respiratory rate was significantly lower in the magnesium group (MD -0.70 respirations per minute; 95% CI -1.24 to -0.15; p < 0.01). Need for IV bronchodilators, % predicted FEV1, heart rate, asthma severity scores, and O2 saturation were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION: In children with asthma exacerbation, treatment with nebulised magnesium and SMT was associated with a statistically significant, but small improvement in predicted PEFR and respiratory rate, as compared with SMT alone. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Magnesium sulfate has bronchodilating properties and aids in the treatment of asthma exacerbation when administered intravenously. • There is no significant evidence of benefit of nebulised magnesium as an adjunct therapy to the standard medical treatment for children with asthma exacerbations. WHAT IS NEW: • Our study suggests nebulised magnesium sulfate may have a statistically significant, but small benefit in respiratory rate and peak expiratory flow rate. The addition of nebulised magnesium does not seem to increase adverse events.

Current epidemiological trends for Chagas disease in Latin America and future challenges in epidemiology, surveillance and health policy.

Chagas disease, named after Carlos Chagas, who first described it in 1909, exists only on the American Continent. It is caused by a parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans by blood-sucking triatomine bugs and via blood transfusion. Chagas disease has two successive phases: acute and chronic. The acute phase lasts six-eight weeks. Several years after entering the chronic phase, 20-35% of infected individuals, depending on the geographical area, will develop irreversible lesions of the autonomous nervous system in the heart, oesophagus and colon, and of the peripheral nervous system. Data on the prevalence and distribution of Chagas disease improved in quality during the 1980s as a result of the demographically representative cross-sectional studies in countries where accurate information was not previously available. A group of experts met in Brasilia in 1979 and devised standard protocols to carry out countrywide prevalence studies on human T. cruzi infection and triatomine house infestation. Thanks to a coordinated multi-country programme in the Southern Cone countries, the transmission of Chagas disease by vectors and via blood transfusion was interrupted in Uruguay in 1997, in Chile in 1999 and in Brazil in 2006; thus, the incidence of new infections by T. cruzi across the South American continent has decreased by 70%. Similar multi-country initiatives have been launched in the Andean countries and in Central America and rapid progress has been reported towards the goal of interrupting the transmission of Chagas disease, as requested by a 1998 Resolution of the World Health Assembly. The cost-benefit analysis of investment in the vector control programme in Brazil indicates that there are savings of US$17 in medical care and disabilities for each dollar spent on prevention, showing that the programme is a health investment with very high return. Many well-known research institutions in Latin America were key elements of a worldwide network of laboratories that carried out basic and applied research supporting the planning and evaluation of national Chagas disease control programmes. The present article reviews the current epidemiological trends for Chagas disease in Latin America and the future challenges in terms of epidemiology, surveillance and health policy.

Mechanical Characterization of Gres Porcelain and Low-Velocity Impact Numerical Modeling.

The current investigation was conducted on gres porcelain stoneware, a robust, impermeable and aesthetically pleasing type of ceramic mainly used for flooring, characterizing its resistance to bending and low-velocity impact, both representative efforts to which flooring tiles are constantly subjected as a consequence of the fall of objects and microsubsidences. The mechanical characterization was made through experimental tests following an adapted low-velocity impact testing routine, and the model was by validated numerical simulation through the explicit code software LS-DYNA based on the Johnson⁻Holmquist constitutive material model. Specimens were tested before and after an annealing cycle industrially used to allow porcelain folding. The thermal treatment demonstrated to infer a decrease in mechanical resistance on the material, understood as a consequence of its elevated maximum temperature and fast cooling rate. The numerical model calibrated successfully allows predicting the behavior of gres porcelain before and after annealing against low-velocity impact.

[Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease, 2015]. / II Consenso Brasileiro em Doença de Chagas, 2015.

Chagas disease is a neglected chronic condition that presents high morbidity and mortality burden, with considerable psychological, social, and economic impact. The disease represents a significant public health issue in Brazil, with different regional patterns. This document presents the evidence that resulted in the Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease. The objective was to review and standardize strategies for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of Chagas disease in the country, based on the available scientific evidence. The consensus is based on collaboration and contribution of renowned Brazilian experts with vast knowledge and experience on various aspects of the disease. It is the result of close collaboration between the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine and the Ministry of Health. This document shall strengthen the development of integrated control measures against Chagas disease in the country, focusing on epidemiology, management, comprehensive care (including families and communities), communication, information, education, and research.

2 nd Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease, 2015.

Chagas disease is a neglected chronic condition with a high burden of morbidity and mortality. It has considerable psychological, social, and economic impacts. The disease represents a significant public health issue in Brazil, with different regional patterns. This document presents the evidence that resulted in the Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease. The objective was to review and standardize strategies for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of Chagas disease in the country, based on the available scientific evidence. The consensus is based on the articulation and strategic contribution of renowned Brazilian experts with knowledge and experience on various aspects of the disease. It is the result of a close collaboration between the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine and the Ministry of Health. It is hoped that this document will strengthen the development of integrated actions against Chagas disease in the country, focusing on epidemiology, management, comprehensive care (including families and communities), communication, information, education, and research .

[Evaluation of the impact of vector control of Chagas disease through serological testing in Mambaí/Buritinópolis, Goiás State]. / Avaliação do impacto das ações de controle vetorial da doença de Chagas através do inquérito sorológico em Mambaí/Buritinópolis, Goiás.

In 1999, we performed serological and entomological surveys to evaluate the impact of vectorial control measures against transmission of Chagas' disease in the endemic area of Mambaí and Buritinópolis (GO). A census was undertaken of the population, after which the entomological survey was performed regarding the dwelling units and serological evaluation of the human population. Blood samples were collected by digital puncture in filter paper. The first serologic test performed to detect antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi was the indirect immunofluorescence test (IFI) with (1/2)0 positive dilution as cut-off point and, positive samples were further evaluated with indirect hemagglutination reaction (HAI). The prevalence of positive IFI reactions was 12.3% (95%CL: 11.5-13.2). Triatoma infestans was not found within the dwellings. The absence of infection among individuals younger than 14 years and, the absence of T. infestans during the last entomological survey demonstrates the success of the control program of Chagas' disease in the studied area where the vectorial transmission can be considered to have been interrupted.

Consenso Brasileño en Enfermedad de Chagas, 2015 / Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease, 2015

A doença de Chagas é uma condição crônica negligenciada com elevada carga de morbimortalidade e impacto dos pontos de vista psicológico, social e econômico. Representa um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil, com diferentes cenários regionais. Este documento traduz a sistematização das evidências que compõe o Consenso Brasileiro de Doença de Chagas. O objetivo foi sistematizar estratégias de diagnóstico, tratamento, prevenção e controle da doença de Chagas no país, de modo a refletir as evidências científicas disponíveis. Sua construção fundamentou-se na articulação e contribuição estratégica de especialistas brasileiros com conhecimento, experiência e atualização sobre diferentes aspectos da doença. Representa o resultado da estreita colaboração entre a Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical e o Ministério da Saúde. Espera-se com este documento fortalecer o desenvolvimento de ações integradas para enfrentamento da doença no país com foco em epidemiologia, gestão, atenção integral (incluindo famílias e comunidades), comunicação, informação, educação e pesquisas.

[Entomological survey (1975-1983)]. / O Inquérito triatomínico (1975-1983).

After the systematization and re-dimension of the vectorial control in all the Country by 1975, it was considered necessary to have an up-to-date information on the distribution of vectors in Brazil, and differentiate precisely the role of each of the different species on the intra-domiciliary transmission of Chagas disease. For this purpose, sampling regional surveys for regions with non reliable information were performed, as well as, a house by house search for vectors on those areas considered at risk. For this last, 1,942 municipalities from 19 states were searched, as by the political division of the country by 1980, that was taken as a reference in this paper. These activities, that were implemented as part of the routine for intervention, were completed by 1983. Immediately after, this work was also extended for other areas considered targets for infected bugs. Results obtained, allowed to map the endemic area and the area under risk of vectorial transmission all over the country. Even more, with the results obtained it was possible to recognize those five species proved as vectors of the infection, among thirty already identified. These species, in order of importance, were: Triatoma infestans, Panstrongylus megistus, T. brasiliensis, T pseudomaculata and T. sordida. It was possible also to verify the increase in the dispersion of T. infestans, an aloctonous vector captured now in states of the North-east region, where it was not recognized previously. In relation with native species, a clear division of territories among them was found. Furthermore, P. megistus was found with a diffuse distribution, but T. brasiliensis and T. pseudomaculata were restricted to the semi-arid North-east. The most often captured bug was T. sordida, (mostly around houses) limited to the cerrado area, which is its origin.

[New challenges and the future of control]. / Os novos desafios e perspectivas futuras do controle.

The epidemiological situation of Chagas disease in Brazil was substantially altered in the last decades, partially as a consequence of the control measures implemented and partially due to the environmental, economical and social changes that took place in the country. Domicile vector transmission was interrupted when caused by Triatoma infestans and importantly controlled when associated with native species of the vector. Transfusion transmission is no longer a problem since generalized screening of blood donors came into routine. Congenital transmission, although still possible, mainly in some areas, also tends to disappear due to the control in the vector and transfusion transmission. The primordial mechanisms of transmission directly related to the enzootic cycle, as the one caused by vectors outside the homes, or by sporadic entrance of vectors in the domicile, in addition to the oral transmission, started to become relevant in the generation of new infections by Trypanosoma cruzi. The new challenges in facing Chagas disease include: a) to preserve the excellent level of control that was achieved; b) to develop new technologies and methods of surveillance and control capable of reducing the risk of cases associated to enzootic transmission; c) to provide adequate medical attention to patients with the infection or the disease in its chronic stage.

[Institutional insertion of Chagas' disease control]. / A inserção institucional do controle da doença de Chagas.

After the starting of the Center for studies and prophylaxis of Chagas disease in 1943, with the help of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, in the city of Bambuí, state of Minas Gerais, technological and methodological basis for the extensive control of the disease were conceived. A main step to achieve success was the introduction of a new insecticide (gammexane, P 530) and the demonstration of its efficacy in the vector control. A consequence of these improvements was the official inauguration of the first prophylactic campaign for Chagas disease in Brazil, held in Uberaba in May, 1950. Even with the knowledge of how to control the vectorial transmission, financial resources were not available by this time, at a necessary degree to make it both regularly and in all the affected area. The institutional allocation of these activities is useful to understand the low priority given to them at that time. Several national services were created in 1941, for diseases as malaria, pest, smallpox, among others, but Chagas was included in a group of diseases with lower importance, inside a Division of Sanitary Organization. In 1956, the National Department of Rural endemies (DNERu) allocate all the major endemic diseases in a single institution, however this was not translated in an implementation program for the control of Chagas disease. After profound changes at the Ministry of Health, in 1970, the Superintendência de Campanhas de Saúde Pública (SUCAM) was in charge of all rural endemies including Chagas disease, which now could compete with other diseases transmitted by vectors, formerly priorities, included in the National Division. With this new status, more funds were available, as well as redistribution of personnel and expenses from the malaria program to the vectorial control of Chagas disease. In 1991 the Health National foundation was created to substitute SUCAM in the control of endemic diseases and it included all the units of the Ministry of Health related to epidemiology and disease control. By this time a new tendency for decentralization of these programs was clear. In the case of diseases transmitted by vectors, this was a major difference from the campaign model so far employed. At the same time, the Initiative for the South Cone countries for the control of Chagas disease started, sharing techniques among the countries of this region, as well as establishing similar objectives and trends, what possible helped to maintain Chagas disease as a priority among all the public health issues. From 2003 on, all activities for control of the disease at a national level are under responsibility of the Secretary of Health Surveillance of the Ministry of Health.

[Seroprevalence survey of human Chagas' infection (1975-1980)]. / O Inquérito de soroprevalência da infecção chagásica humana (1975-1980).

The results of the Serological survey for the prevalence of chagasic infection in Brazil, 1975/1980, were published before (Camargo et al, 1984) but the detailed geographical distribution is described in this paper. This was an initiative of two governmental bodies: the Superintendencia de Campanhas de Saúde Pública a Ministry of Health Division in charge of all public health policies, and, the Research National Council of the Ministry of Science and Technology through a program called Integrated Program for Endemic Diseases. Results obtained were extremely useful for a precise delimitation of the area with endemic transmission of Chagas disease, and hence, to direct the activities for vector control, which were implemented from 1975 onwards. This survey showed an estimated seroprevalence of 4.2% of T. cruzi infection in the rural population in the country. Only two federal units were not included, São Paulo and the Federal District (Brasilia) for which enough recent information was available. This survey included all the other federal units of Brazil, with the examination of 1,626,745 blood samples by indirect immunofluorescence. From them, 1,352,197 were validated for processing and statistical analysis, which were from 3,026 municipalities of 24 states, as by the political division of the country by this time. Overall results obtained, confirmed data that were well known, but some were non expected. These last were subject of further investigations, until confirmation, based also on entomological data and a better interpretation of the results obtained.

[Summary of results from the national surveys]. / Síntese dos resultados dos inquéritos nacionais.

This article aims to correlate the main results of three large national surveys on Chagas disease (entomologic, seroprevalence and electrocardiographic) carried out in Brazil from late 1970's to early 1980's, which served as baseline for definition of the control measures adopted in the country. The proportion of infected people was much higher in areas where Triatoma infestans, the most efficient vector of Chagas disease among the five principal species involved in transmission at that time, was predominant. Similar result was observed in places where Triatoma sordida was dispersed, mainly in the country's central region, which corresponds to its native area. This finding is due to the coincidence observed in the geographic distribution of both vectors, since T. sordida is not considered to play an important role in transmission. In the Northeastern semi-arid, endemic area for Triatoma brasiliensis and Triatoma pseudomaculata, rates of human infection were much lower, although both vectors may have some relevance in the maintenance of the disease. As for areas with Panstrongylus megistus, human infection varied according to the levels of domiciliation. Whenever domiciled, like in the humid northeastern coastal area, its involvement in transmission can be clearly demonstrated. In some parts of Bahia State it represented the exclusive vector of the disease. Based upon the results of the seroprevalence survey an electrocardiographic study was carried out in 11 Brazilian states, which showed marked differences in the presence of cardiac alterations when comparing different areas of the country.

[The control of vectorial transmission]. / O controle da transmissão vetorial.

Between 1950 and 1951, the first Prophylactic campaign against Chagas Diseases was carried on in Brazil by the so existing Serviço Nacional de Malária. The actions involving chemical vector control comprehended 74 municipalities along the Rio Grande Valley, between the States of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. Ever since, until 1975, the activities were performed according the availability of resources, being executed with more or less regularity and coverage. At that time, Chagas disease did no represent priority, in comparison with other endemic diseases prevalent in the Country. Even so, taking into account the accumulated data along those 25 years, the volume of work realized cannot be considered despicable. Nevertheless, it was few consistent, in terms of its impact on disease transmission. In 1975, with an additional injection of resources surpassed from the malaria program, plus the methodological systematization of the activities, and with the results of two extensive national inquiries (entomologic and serologic), the activities for vector control could be performed regularly, following two basic principles: interventions in always contiguous areas, progressively enlarged, and sustainability (continuity) of the activities, until being attained determined requirements and purpose previously established. Such actions and strategies lead into the exhaustion of the populations of the principal vector species, Triatoma infestans, no autochthonous and exclusively domiciliary, as well as the control of the domiciliary colonization of autochthonous species important to disease transmission. Vector transmission today is being considered residual, by means of some few native and peridomestic species, such as Triatoma brasiliensis and Triatoma pseudomaculata. There is, also, the risk of progressive domiciliation of some species before considered sylvatic, such as Panstrongylus lutzi and Triatoma rubrovaria. Finally, there is the possibility of the occurrence of cases of human infection directly related to the enzootic cycle of the parasite. By all these reasons, it is still indispensable the maintenance of a strict epidemiological surveillance against Chagas Disease in Brazil.

[The national survey of seroprevalence for evaluation of the control of Chagas disease in Brazil (2001-2008)]. / O inquérito nacional de soroprevalência de avaliação do controle da doença de Chagas no Brasil (2001-2008).

A survey for seroprevalence of Chagas disease was held in a representative sample of Brazilian individuals up to 5 years of age in all the rural areas of Brazil, with the single exception of Rio de Janeiro State. Blood on filter paper was collected from 104,954 children and screened in a single laboratory with two serological tests: indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme linked immunoassay. All samples with positive or indetermined results, as well as 10% of all the negative samples were submitted to a quality control reference laboratory, which performed both tests a second time, as well as the western blot assay of TESA (Trypomastigote Excreted Secreted Antigen). All children with confirmed final positive result (n = 104, prevalence = 0.1%) had a follow-up visit and were submitted to a second blood collection, this time a whole blood sample. In addition, blood samples from the respective mothers and familiar members were collected. The infection was confirmed in only 32 (0.03%) of those children. From them, 20 (0.025%) had maternal positive results, suggesting congenital transmission; 11 (0.01%) had non-infected mothers, indicating a possible vectorial transmission; and in one whose mother had died the transmission mechanism could not be elucidated. In further 41 visited children the infection was confirmed only in their mothers, suggesting passive transference of maternal antibodies; in other 18, both child and mother were negative; and in 13 cases both were not localized. The 11 children that acquired the infection presumably through the vector were distributed mainly in the Northeast region of Brazil (States of Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba and Alagoas), in addition to one case in Amazonas (North region) and another in Parana (South region). Remarkably, 60% of the 20 cases of probably congenital transmission were from a single State, Rio Grande do Sul, with the remaining cases distributed in other states. This is the first report demonstrating regional geographical differences in the vertical transmission of Chagas disease in Brazil, which probably reflects the predominant Trypanosoma cruzi group IId and IIe (now TcV and TcVI) found in this state. Overall, these results show that the regular and systematic control programs against the transmission of Chagas disease, together with socioeconomic changes observed in Brazil in the last decades, interrupted the vectorial transmission in Brazil, resumed in the few cases found in this national survey. Furthermore they reinforce the need for maintenance of control programs for the consolidation of this major advance in public health.

II Consenso Brasileiro em Doença de Chagas, 2015 / Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease, 2015

A doença de Chagas é uma condição crônica negligenciada com elevada carga de morbimortalidade e impacto dos pontos de vista psicológico, social e econômico. Representa um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil, com diferentes cenários regionais. Este documento traduz a sistematização das evidências que compõe o Consenso Brasileiro de Doença de Chagas. O objetivo foi sistematizar estratégias de diagnóstico, tratamento, prevenção e controle da doença de Chagas no país, de modo a refletir as evidências científicas disponíveis. Sua construção fundamentou-se na articulação e contribuição estratégica de especialistas brasileiros com conhecimento, experiência e atualização sobre diferentes aspectos da doença. Representa o resultado da estreita colaboração entre a Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical e o Ministério da Saúde. Espera-se com este documento fortalecer o desenvolvimento de ações integradas para enfrentamento da doença no país com foco em epidemiologia, gestão, atenção integral (incluindo famílias e comunidades), comunicação, informação, educação e pesquisas.

Chagas disease is a neglected chronic condition that presents high morbidity and mortality burden, with considerable psychological, social, and economic impact. The disease represents a significant public health issue in Brazil, with different regional patterns. This document presents the evidence that resulted in the Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease. The objective was to review and standardize strategies for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of Chagas disease in the country, based on the available scientific evidence. The consensus is based on collaboration and contribution of renowned Brazilian experts with vast knowledge and experience on various aspects of the disease. It is the result of close collaboration between the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine and the Ministry of Health. This document shall strengthen the development of integrated control measures against Chagas disease in the country, focusing on epidemiology, management, comprehensive care (including families and communities), communication, information, education, and research.

II Consenso Brasileiro em Doença de Chagas, 2015

A doença de Chagas é uma condição crônica negligenciada com elevada carga de morbimortalidade e impacto dos pontos de vista psicológico, social e econômico. Representa um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil, com diferentes cenários regionais. Este documento traduz a sistematização das evidências que compõe o Consenso Brasileiro de Doença de Chagas. O objetivo foi sistematizar estratégias de diagnóstico, tratamento, prevenção e controle da doença de Chagas no país, de modo a refletir as evidências científicas disponíveis. Sua construção fundamentou-se na articulação e contribuição estratégica de especialistas brasileiros com conhecimento, experiência e atualização sobre diferentes aspectos da doença. Representa o resultado da estreita colaboração entre a Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical e o Ministério da Saúde. Espera-se com este documento fortalecer o desenvolvimento de ações integradas para enfrentamento da doença no país com foco em epidemiologia, gestão, atenção integral (incluindo famílias e comunidades), comunicação, informação, educação e pesquisas.

[Assessment of an entomological surveillance system for Chagas disease with community participation in Mambaí and Buritinópolis, State of Goiás]. / Avaliação do sistema de vigilância entomológica da doença de Chagas com participação comunitária em Mambaí e Buritinópolis, Estado de Goiás.

Entomological surveillance of Chagas disease in Mambaí and Buritinópolis, in the State of Goiás, Brazil, has been kept up through the local population's participation, consisting of reporting the presence of vectors inside their homes. A long time has elapsed since instituting these control measures and it has now been certified that vector transmission has been halted. Thus, this study sought to evaluate the population's knowledge and practices in this situation. The results show that there has been progressive indifference towards the topic of 'Chagas disease', which can be attributed to the reduction in the magnitude of the problem that this disease represented, little participation in surveillance among schools, low epidemiological importance of secondary and native vectors and, consequently, limited control interventions from health services in response to notifications. It is proposed that direct search activities by means of sampling should be carried out periodically, and that there should be greater involvement among teaching institutions.

Lipoma intracraniano ? Revisão da literatura / Intracranial lipoma ? Review of literature

Lipomas intracranianos são considerados malformações congênitas, resultantes da persistência da meninge primitiva mesenquimal e de sua posterior diferenciação em tecido adiposo. Correspondem entre 0,06% e 0,1% de todos os tumores intracranianos. Exame de neuroimagem tem sido útil no seu diagnóstico em pacientes assintomáticos. Geralmente, encontra-se associado a outras anomalias congênitas como agenesia do corpo caloso ou representa achado ocasional relacionado a outras manifestações clínicas não correlatas. Tratamento cirúrgico não é recomendado por causa da elevada taxa de complicações e pelo curso benigno dessa lesão. Este trabalho teve como delineamento uma revisão bibliográfica nas bases de dados online Cochrane, PubMed/MedLine, Lilacs e SciELO, para artigos publicados entre os anos de 1974 e 2010. Os descritores utilizados foram: ?lipoma cerebral? e ?lipoma intracraniano?, combinados com ?tumor cerebral? e ?tratamento?. Foram identificados 94 artigos, dos quais, após a leitura na íntegra e análise pelos autores, foram selecionados 75 artigos para este estudo. Os lipomas intracranianos resultam da persistência e diferenciação anômala da meninge primitiva em tecido adiposo. No exame tomográfico, apresenta-se como lesão marcadamente hipoatenuante, sem realce significativo pelo contraste endovenoso, não apresentando edema perilesional. A ressonância magnética tem sido o exame de eleição para o seu diagnóstico. Quando decorrente de achado incidental e assintomático, seu tratamento é conservador. Lipoma intracraniano é uma malformação rara resultante de alterações do desenvolvimento e encontra-se frequentemente associado a disrafismos. Geralmente é assintomático ou um achado incidental de exame de imagem. Os avanços nos métodos de diagnóstico por imagem aumentaram a probabilidade de essa malformação ser diagnosticada, mesmo que assintomática. Seu tratamento é conservador em casos assintomáticos ou de achado incidental...

Intracranial lipomas are considered to be congenital malformations, originated from primitive mesenchymal meninge persistence and later differentiation into fatty tissue. They represent 0.06% to 0.1% of all intracranial tumors. Neuroimaging is useful for diagnosing symptomatic patients. The lesion is often associated with other congenital anomalies such as agenesis of the corpus callosum, however it may be found incidentally with atypical clinical manifestations. Surgical treatment is not recommended due to high complication rates and to the condition?s benign course. The present paper reviews the literature through the online databases Cochrane, PubMed/MedLine, Lilacs and SciELO. The reviewed articles were published from 1974 to 2010; descriptors included ?cerebral lipoma? and ?intracranial lipoma? associated to ?brain tumor? and/or ?treatment?. Intracranial lipomas result from primitive mesenchymal meninge?s persistence and later abnormal differentiation into fatty tissue. Computed tomography scan reveals a hypodense lesion, with no enhancement after intravenous application of contrast media or perilesional edema. Magnetic resonance imaging is currently the best method for diagnosis. In case of incidental finding in a previous asymptomatic patient, no surgical treatment is indicated. Intracranial lipomas are rare malformations originated from development abnormalities and usually associated with dysraphisms. This lesion is often either asymptomatic or an incidental imaging finding. Improvements in the neuroimaging may lead to higher diagnostic rates, even in asymptomatic individuals. No surgical treatment is indicated for asymptomatic or incidental cases...

O Inquérito triatomínico (1975-1983) / Entomological survey (1975-1983)

Quando redimensionadas e sistematizadas as ações de controle vetorial no país, a partir do ano de 1975, havia, antes de tudo, que atualizar a informação existente sobre a distribuição dos vetores no país, e distinguir precisamente a importância das diferentes espécies na transmissão domiciliar da doença de Chagas. Foram então realizados inquéritos regionais por amostragem naquelas regiões para as quais a informação então existente se considerava especialmente precária ou insuficiente; e também inquérito entomológico feito casa-a-casa em todos os municípios sabida ou supostamente de risco. No caso deste último, foram pesquisados 1.942 municípios em 19 estados, segundo a divisão política vigente no ano de 1980, tomado aqui como referencia. Esse trabalho, feito já como parte da rotina das operações de controle e que serviu como linha de base para as intervenções, se completou no ano de 1983. Em anos imediatamente seguintes foi ainda estendido a outras áreas consideradas também vulneráveis à infestação por triatomíneos. Os resultados colhidos permitiram o mapeamento da área endêmica ou com risco de transmissão vetorial no país. Ademais, através dele se reconheceu como espécies comprovadamente vetoras da infecção chagásica no ambiente domiciliar, ao menos cinco do total de trinta então identificadas: Triatoma infestans, Panstrongylus megistus, T. brasiliensis, T pseudomaculata e T. sordida, por ordem de importância. Pode-se também verificar o avanço havido na dispersão de T. infestans, vetor alóctone capturado em estados da região Nordeste onde antes não se sabia estar presente. Em relação às espécies nativas se comprovou uma clara divisão de território entre elas; e, ainda, que P. megistus era a espécie mais difusamente distribuída, enquanto T. brasiliensis e T. pseudomaculata apresentavam distribuição restrita ao semiárido do nordeste, e T. sordida, aquele com o maior número de capturas (ainda que quase sempre peri-domiciliares), se mantinha quase que exclusivamente nos limites do cerrado, de onde é nativo.

After the systematization and re-dimension of the vectorial control in all the Country by 1975, it was considered necessary to have an up-to-date information on the distribution of vectors in Brazil, and differentiate precisely the role of each of the different species on the intra-domiciliary transmission of Chagas disease. For this purpose, sampling regional surveys for regions with non reliable information were performed, as well as, a house by house search for vectors on those areas considered at risk. For this last, 1,942 municipalities from 19 states were searched, as by the political division of the country by 1980, that was taken as a reference in this paper. These activities, that were implemented as part of the routine for intervention, were completed by 1983. Immediately after, this work was also extended for other areas considered targets for infected bugs. Results obtained, allowed to map the endemic area and the area under risk of vectorial transmission all over the country. Even more, with the results obtained it was possible to recognize those five species proved as vectors of the infection, among thirty already identified. These species, in order of importance, were: Triatoma infestans, Panstrongylus megistus, T. brasiliensis, T pseudomaculata and T. sordida. It was possible also to verify the increase in the dispersion of T. infestans, an aloctonous vector captured now in states of the North-east region, where it was not recognized previously. In relation with native species, a clear division of territories among them was found. Furthermore, P. megistus was found with a difuse distribution, but T. brasiliensis and T. pseudomaculata were restricted to the semi-arid Noth-east. The most often captured bug was T. sordida, (mostly around houses) limited to the cerrado area, which is its origin.