Integration of transthoracic focused cardiac ultrasound in the diagnostic algorithm for suspected acute aortic syndromes.

AIMS: The diagnosis of acute aortic syndromes (AASs) is challenging and requires integrated strategies. Transthoracic focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) is endorsed by guidelines as a first-line/triage tool allowing rapid bedside assessment of the aorta. However, the performance of FoCUS in the European Society of Cardiology-recommended workup of AASs awaits validation. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a prespecified subanalysis of the ADvISED multicentre prospective study. Patients with suspected AAS underwent FoCUS for detection of direct/indirect signs of AAS. Clinical probability assessment was performed with the aortic dissection detection risk score (ADD-RS). Case adjudication was based on advanced imaging, surgery, autopsy, or 14-day follow-up. An AAS was diagnosed in 146 (17.4%) of 839 patients. Presence of direct FoCUS signs had a sensitivity and specificity of 45.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 37-53.6%] and 97.4% (95% CI 95.9-98.4%), while presence of any FoCUS sign had a sensitivity and specificity of 89% (95% CI 82.8-93.6%) and 74.5% (95% CI 71-77.7%) for AAS. The additive value of FoCUS was most evident within low clinical probability (ADD-RS ≤1). Herein, direct FoCUS signs were identified in 40 (4.8%) patients (P < 0.001), including 29 with AAS. ADD-RS ≤1 plus negative FoCUS for AAS rule-out had a sensitivity of 93.8% (95% CI 88.6-97.1%) and a failure rate of 1.9% (95% CI 0.9-3.6%). Addition of negative D-dimer led to a failure rate of 0% (95% CI 0-1.2%). CONCLUSION: FoCUS has additive value in the workup of AASs. Direct FoCUS signs can rapidly identify patients requiring advanced imaging despite low clinical probability. In integrated bundles, negative FoCUS is useful for rule-out of AASs.

Diagnostic Accuracy of the Aortic Dissection Detection Risk Score Plus D-Dimer for Acute Aortic Syndromes: The ADvISED Prospective Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Acute aortic syndromes (AASs) are rare and severe cardiovascular emergencies with unspecific symptoms. For AASs, both misdiagnosis and overtesting are key concerns, and standardized diagnostic strategies may help physicians to balance these risks. D-dimer (DD) is highly sensitive for AAS but is inadequate as a stand-alone test. Integration of pretest probability assessment with DD testing is feasible, but the safety and efficiency of such a diagnostic strategy are currently unknown. METHODS: In a multicenter prospective observational study involving 6 hospitals in 4 countries from 2014 to 2016, consecutive outpatients were eligible if they had ≥1 of the following: chest/abdominal/back pain, syncope, perfusion deficit, and if AAS was in the differential diagnosis. The tool for pretest probability assessment was the aortic dissection detection risk score (ADD-RS, 0-3) per current guidelines. DD was considered negative (DD-) if <500 ng/mL. Final case adjudication was based on conclusive diagnostic imaging, autopsy, surgery, or 14-day follow-up. Outcomes were the failure rate and efficiency of a diagnostic strategy for ruling out AAS in patients with ADD-RS=0/DD- or ADD-RS ≤1/DD-. RESULTS: A total of 1850 patients were analyzed. Of these, 438 patients (24%) had ADD-RS=0, 1071 patients (58%) had ADD-RS=1, and 341 patients (18%) had ADD-RS >1. Two hundred forty-one patients (13%) had AAS: 125 had type A aortic dissection, 53 had type B aortic dissection, 35 had intramural aortic hematoma, 18 had aortic rupture, and 10 had penetrating aortic ulcer. A positive DD test result had an overall sensitivity of 96.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 93.6-98.6) and a specificity of 64% (95% CI, 61.6-66.4) for the diagnosis of AAS; 8 patients with AAS had DD-. In 294 patients with ADD-RS=0/DD-, 1 case of AAS was observed. This yielded a failure rate of 0.3% (95% CI, 0.1-1.9) and an efficiency of 15.9% (95% CI, 14.3-17.6) for the ADD-RS=0/DD- strategy. In 924 patients with ADD-RS ≤1/DD-, 3 cases of AAS were observed. This yielded a failure rate of 0.3% (95% CI, 0.1-1) and an efficiency of 49.9% (95% CI, 47.7-52.2) for the ADD-RS ≤1/DD- strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Integration of ADD-RS (either ADD-RS=0 or ADD-RS ≤1) with DD may be considered to standardize diagnostic rule out of AAS. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02086136.

Potential performance of a 0 h/1 h algorithm and a single cut-off measure of high-sensitivity troponin T in a diverse population: main results of the IN-HOPE study.

AIMS: Chest pain is a major cause of medical evaluation at emergency department (ED) and demands observation to exclude the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). High-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays used as isolated measure and by 0- and 1-h algorithms are accepted as a rule-in/rule-out strategy, but there is a lack of validation in specific populations. METHODS AND RESULTS: The IN-HOspital Program to systematizE Chest Pain Protocol (IN-HOPE study) is a multicentre study that prospectively included patients admitted to the ED due to suspected symptoms of AMI at 16 sites in Brazil. Medical decisions of all patients followed the standard approach of 0 h/3 h protocol, but, in addition, blood samples were also collected at 0 and 1 h and sent to a central laboratory (core lab) to measure high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT). To assess the theoretical performance of 0 h/1 h algorithm, troponin < 12 ng/L with a delta < 3 was considered rule-out while a value ≥ 52 or a delta ≥ 5 was considered a rule-in criterion (the remaining were considered as observation group). The main objective of the study was to assess, in a population managed by the 0 h/3 h protocol, the accuracy of 0 h/1 h algorithm overall and in groups with a higher probability of AMI. All patients were followed up for 30 days, and potential events were adjudicated. In addition to the prospective cohort, a retrospective analysis was performed assessing all patients with hs-cTnT measured during the year of 2021 but not included in the prospective cohort, regardless of the indication of the test. A total of 5.497 patients were included (583 in the prospective and 4.914 in the retrospective analysis). The prospective cohort had a mean age of 57.3 (± 14.8) and 45.6% of females with a mean HEART score of 4.0 ± 2.2. By the core lab analysis, 74.4% would be eligible for a rule-out approach (45.3% of them with a HEART score > 3) while 7.3% would fit the rule-in criteria. In this rule-out group, the negative predictive value for index AMI was 100% (99.1-100) overall and regardless of clinical scores. At 30 days, no death or AMI occurred in the rule-out group of both 0/1 and 0/3 h algorithms while 52.4% of the patients in the rule-in group (0 h/1 h) were considered as AMI by adjudication. In the observation group (grey zone) of 0 h/1 h algorithm, GRACE discriminated the risk of these patients better than HEART score. In the retrospective analysis, 1.091 patients had a troponin value of <5 ng/L and there were no cardiovascular deaths at 30 days in this group. Among all 4.914 patients, the 30-day risk of AMI or cardiovascular death increased according to the level of troponin: 0% in the group < 5 ng/L, 0.6% between 5 and 14 ng/L, 2.2% between 14 and 42 ng/L, 6.3% between 42 and 90 ng/L, and 7.7% in the level ≥ 90 ng/L. CONCLUSION: In this large multicentre study, a 0 h/1 h algorithm had the potential to classify as rule-in or rule-out in almost 80% of the patients. The rule-out protocol had high negative predictive value regardless of clinical risk scores. Categories of levels of hs-cTn T also showed good accuracy in discriminating risk of the patients with a very favourable prognosis for cardiovascular death in the group with value < 5 ng/L. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT04756362.

[Rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease: what is known about this relationship and what can currently be done for affected patients?]. / Artrite reumatóide e doença cardiovascular: o que sabemos e o que podemos fazer pelo paciente na atualidade?

There is increasing interest in autoimmune diseases, especially their relationship with cardiovascular disease. Rheumatoid arthritis in particular has been considered an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease in recent years. Various studies have aimed to clarify important aspects of risk stratification and treatment options in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and specific therapies are being studied that promise to reduce their long-term cardiovascular risk. We performed a wide-ranging review of the literature to highlight the importance of atherosclerotic and inflammatory mechanisms in coronary artery disease. We also suggest strategies for risk stratification and treatment of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Sonothrombolysis Promotes Improvement in Left Ventricular Wall Motion and Perfusion Scores after Acute Myocardial Infarction. / A Sonotrombólise Promove Melhora dos Índices de Motilidade e Perfusão do Ventrículo Esquerdo após o Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio.

BACKGROUND: It has recently been demonstrated that the application of high-energy ultrasound and microbubbles, in a technique known as sonothrombolysis, dissolves intravascular thrombi and increases the angiographic recanalization rate in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of sonothrombolysis on left ventricular wall motion and myocardial perfusion in patients with STEMI, using real-time myocardial perfusion echocardiography (RTMPE). METHODS: One hundred patients with STEMI were randomized into the following 2 groups: therapy (50 patients treated with sonothrombolysis and primary coronary angioplasty) and control (50 patients treated with primary coronary angioplasty). The patients underwent RTMPE for analysis of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), wall motion score index (WMSI), and number of segments with myocardial perfusion defects 72 hours after STEMI and at 6 months of follow-up. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Patients treated with sonothrombolysis had higher LVEF than the control group at 72 hours (50% ± 10% versus 44% ± 10%; p = 0.006), and this difference was maintained at 6 months of follow-up (53% ± 10% versus 48% ± 12%; p = 0.008). The WMSI was similar in the therapy and control groups at 72 hours (1.62 ± 0.39 versus 1.75 ± 0.40; p = 0.09), but it was lower in the therapy group at 6 months (1.46 ± 0.36 versus 1.64 ± 0.44; p = 0.02). The number of segments with perfusion defects on RTMPE was similar in therapy and control group at 72 hours (5.92 ± 3.47 versus 6.94 ± 3.39; p = 0.15), but it was lower in the therapy group at 6 months (4.64 ± 3.31 versus 6.57 ± 4.29; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Sonothrombolysis in patients with STEMI resulted in improved wall motion and ventricular perfusion scores over time.

FUNDAMENTO: Demonstrou-se recentemente que a aplicação de ultrassom de alta energia com microbolhas, técnica conhecida como sonotrombólise, causa a dissolução de trombos intravasculares e aumenta a taxa de recanalização angiográfica no infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAM-CSST). OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da sonotrombólise nos índices de motilidade e perfusão miocárdicas em pacientes com IAM-CSST, utilizando a ecocardiografia com perfusão miocárdica em tempo real (EPMTR). MÉTODO: Uma centena de pacientes com IAM-CSST foram randomizados em dois grupos: Terapia (50 pacientes tratados com sonotrombólise e angioplastia coronária primária) e Controle (50 pacientes tratados com angioplastia coronária primária). Os pacientes realizaram EPMTR para analisar a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE), o índice de escore de motilidade segmentar (IEMS) e o número de segmentos com defeito de perfusão miocárdica, 72 horas após o IAM-CSST e com 6 meses de acompanhamento. Foi considerado significativo p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Pacientes tratados com sonotrombólise apresentaram FEVE mais alta que o grupo Controle em 72 horas (50 ± 10% vs. 44 ± 10%; p = 0,006), e essa melhora foi mantida em seis meses (53 ± 10% vs. 48 ± 12%; p = 0,008). O IEMS foi similar nos grupos Terapia e Controle em 72 horas (1,62 ± 0,39 vs. 1,75 ± 0,40; p = 0,09), mas tornou-se menor no grupo Terapia em 6 meses (1,46 ± 0,36 vs. 1,64 ± 0,44; p = 0,02). O número de segmentos com defeito de perfusão não foi diferente entre os grupos em 72 horas (5,92 ± 3,47 vs. 6,94 ± 3,39; p = 0,15), mas ficou menor no grupo Terapia em 6 meses (4,64 ± 3,31 vs. 6,57 ± 4,29; p = 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: A sonotrombólise em pacientes com IAM-CSST resulta na melhora dos índices de motilidade e perfusão ventricular ao longo do tempo.

Diagnostic Performance of Coronary Tomography Angiography and Serial Measurements of Sensitive Cardiac Troponin in Patients With Chest Pain and Intermediate Risk for Cardiovascular Events. / Desempenho Diagnóstico da Angiotomografia Computadorizada e da Avaliação Seriada de Troponina Cardíaca Sensível em Pacientes com Dor Torácica e Risco Intermediário para Eventos Cardiovasculares.

BACKGROUND: Coronary tomography angiography (CTA) has been mainly used for chest pain evaluation in low-risk patients, and few data exist regarding patients at intermediate risk. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of serial measures of sensitive troponin and CTA in intermediate-risk patients. METHODS: A total of 100 patients with chest pain, TIMI risk scores of 3 or 4, and negative troponin were prospectively included. All patients underwent CTA and those with coronary stenosis ≥ 50% were referred to invasive coronary angiography. Patients with coronary lesions <50% were discharged and contacted 30 days later by a telephone call to assess clinical outcomes. Outcomes were hospitalization, death, and myocardial infarction at 30 days. The comparison between methods was performed by Kappa agreement test. The performance of troponin measures and CTA for detecting significant coronary lesions and clinical outcomes was calculated. Results were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. RESULTS: Coronary stenosis ≥ 50% on CTA was found in 38% of patients and significant coronary lesions on coronary angiography were found in 31 patients. Two clinical events were observed. Kappa agreement analysis showed low agreement between troponin measures and CTA in the detection of significant coronary lesions (kappa = 0.022, p = 0.78). The performance of CTA for detecting significant coronary lesions on coronary angiography or for predicting clinical events at 30 days was better than sensitive troponin measures (accuracy of 91% versus 60%). CONCLUSION: CTA performed better than sensitive troponin measures in the detection of significant coronary disease in patients with chest pain and intermediate risk for cardiovascular events.

FUNDAMENTO: A angiotomografia coronária (ATC) tem sido usada para avaliação de dor torácica principalmente em pacientes de baixo risco, e poucos dados existem com pacientes em risco intermediário. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o desempenho de medidas seriadas de troponinas sensíveis e de ATC em pacientes de risco intermediário. MÉTODOS: Um total de 100 pacientes com dor torácica, TIMI score 3 ou 4 e troponina negativa foram prospectivamente incluídos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à ATC, e aqueles com obstruções ≥ 50% foram encaminhados à cineangiocoronariografia. Pacientes com lesões < 50% recebiam alta hospitalar, receberam alta e foram contatados 30 dias depois por telefonema para avaliação dos desfechos clínicos. Os desfechos foram hospitalização, morte, e infarto agudo do miocárdio em 30 dias. A comparação entre os métodos foi realizada pelo teste de concordância kappa. O desempenho das medidas de troponina e da ATC na detecção de lesões coronárias significativas e desfechos clínicos foi calculado. Os resultados foram considerados estatisticamente significativos quando p <0,05. RESULTADOS: Estenose coronária ≥ 50% na ATC foi encontrada em 38% dos pacientes e lesões coronárias significativas na angiografia coronária foram encontradas em 31 pacientes. Dois eventos clínicos foram observados. A análise de concordância Kappa mostrou baixa concordância entre as medidas de troponina e ATC na detecção de lesões coronárias significativas (kappa = 0,022, p = 0,78). O desempenho da ATC para detectar lesões coronárias significativas na angiografia coronária ou para prever eventos clínicos em 30 dias foi melhor que as medidas de troponina sensível (acurácia de 91% versus 60%). CONCLUSÃO: ATC teve melhor desempenho que as medidas seriadas de troponina na detecção de doença coronariana significativa em pacientes com dor torácica e risco intermediário para eventos cardiovasculares.

Biomarkers for prediction of mortality in left-sided infective endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: Evidence regarding biomarkers for risk prediction in patients with infective endocarditis (IE) is limited. We aimed to investigate the value of a panel of biomarkers for the prediction of in-hospital mortality in patients with IE. METHODS: Between 2016 and 2018, consecutive IE patients admitted to the emergency department were prospectively included. Blood concentrations of nine biomarkers were measured at admission (D0) and on the seventh day (D7) of antibiotic therapy: C-reactive protein (CRP), sensitive troponin I (s-cTnI), procalcitonin, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin 6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), proadrenomedullin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and galectin 3. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Among 97 patients, 56% underwent cardiac surgery, and in-hospital mortality was 27%. At admission, six biomarkers were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality: s-cTnI (OR 3.4; 95%CI 1.8-6.4; P<0.001), BNP (OR 2.7; 95%CI 1.4-5.1; P=0.002), IL-6 (OR 2.06; 95%CI 1.3-3.7; P=0.019), procalcitonin (OR 1.9; 95%CI 1.1-3.2; P=0.018), TNF-α (OR 1.8; 95%CI 1.1-2.9; P=0.019), and CRP (OR 1.8; 95%CI 1.0-3.3; P=0.037). At admission, S-cTnI provided the highest accuracy for predicting mortality (area under the ROC curve: s-cTnI 0.812, BNP 0.727, IL-6 0.734, procalcitonin 0.684, TNF-α 0.675, CRP 0.670). After 7 days of antibiotic therapy, BNP and inflammatory biomarkers improved their performance (s-cTnI 0.814, BNP 0.823, IL-6 0.695, procalcitonin 0.802, TNF-α 0.554, CRP 0.759). CONCLUSION: S-cTnI concentration measured at admission had the highest accuracy for mortality prediction in patients with IE.

Post-mortem histological pulmonary analysis in patients with HIV/AIDS.

OBJECTIVES: Certain aspects of pulmonary pathology observed in autopsies of HIV/AIDS patients are still unknown. This study considers 250 autopsies of HIV/AIDS patients who died of acute respiratory failure and describes the demographic data, etiology, and histological pulmonary findings of the various pathologies. METHODS: The following data were obtained: age, sex, and major associated diseases (found at the autopsy). Pulmonary histopathology was categorized as: diffuse alveolar damage; pulmonary edema; alveolar hemorrhage; and acute interstitial pneumonia. Odds ratio of the HIV/AIDS-associated diseases developing a specific histopathological pattern was determined by logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 197 men and 53 women were studied. The mean age was 36 years. Bacterial bronchopneumonia was present in 36% (91 cases) and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in 27% (68) of patients. Pulmonary histopathology showed acute interstitial pneumonia in 40% (99), diffuse alveolar damage in 36% (89), pulmonary edema in 13% (33), and alveolar hemorrhage in 12% (29) of patients. Multivariate analysis showed a significant and positive association between Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and acute interstitial pneumonia (Odds ratio, 4.51; 95% CI, 2.46-8.24; p<0.001), severe sepsis and/or septic shock and diffuse alveolar damage (Odds ratio, 3.60; 95% CI, 1.78-7.27; p<0.001), and cytomegalovirus and acute interstitial pneumonia (Odds ratio, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.01-4.93; p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This report is the first autopsy study to include demographic data, etiologic diagnosis, and respective histopathological findings in patients with HIV/AIDS and acute respiratory failure. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the complete pulmonary physiopathological mechanism involved with each HIV/AIDS-associated disease.

Upper vena cava syndrome secondary to giant atrial myxoma.

OBJECTIVE: Cardiac myxoma is a benign neoplasm, which corresponds to the most common primary heart tumour, responsible for about 50% of the cases. In general, 75-80% of myxomas are located in the left atrium, 18% in the right atrium, and more rarely in the ventricles or multicentric. Right atrial myxoma, in particular, can obstruct the tricuspid valve, causing symptoms of right heart failure, peripheral oedema, hepatic congestion, and syncope. Systemic embolization occurs in 30% of cases, by either tumour fragmentation or total tumour detachment. CONCLUSIONS: In the present report, we present a case of a symptomatic patient, who showed a large right intra-atrial lesion, with consequent superior vena cava syndrome, and then underwent surgical resection at admission.

Sensitive Troponin I Assay in Patients with Chest Pain - Association with Significant Coronary Lesions with or Without Renal Failure.

INTRODUCTION: Despite having higher sensitivity as compared to conventional troponins, sensitive troponins have lower specificity, mainly in patients with renal failure. OBJECTIVE: Study aimed at assessing the sensitive troponin I levels in patients with chest pain, and relating them to the existence of significant coronary lesions. METHODS: Retrospective, single-center, observational. This study included 991 patients divided into two groups: with (N = 681) and without (N = 310) significant coronary lesion. For posterior analysis, the patients were divided into two other groups: with (N = 184) and without (N = 807) chronic renal failure. The commercial ADVIA Centaur® TnI-Ultra assay (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics) was used. The ROC curve analysis was performed to identify the sensitivity and specificity of the best cutoff point of troponin as a discriminator of the probability of significant coronary lesion. The associations were considered significant when p < 0.05. RESULTS: The median age was 63 years, and 52% of the patients were of the male sex. The area under the ROC curve between the troponin levels and significant coronary lesions was 0.685 (95% CI: 0.65 - 0.72). In patients with or without renal failure, the areas under the ROC curve were 0.703 (95% CI: 0.66 - 0.74) and 0.608 (95% CI: 0.52 - 0.70), respectively. The best cutoff points to discriminate the presence of significant coronary lesion were: in the general population, 0.605 ng/dL (sensitivity, 63.4%; specificity, 67%); in patients without renal failure, 0.605 ng/dL (sensitivity, 62.7%; specificity, 71%); and in patients with chronic renal failure, 0.515 ng/dL (sensitivity, 80.6%; specificity, 42%). CONCLUSION: In patients with chest pain, sensitive troponin I showed a good correlation with significant coronary lesions when its level was greater than 0.605 ng/dL. In patients with chronic renal failure, a significant decrease in specificity was observed in the correlation of troponin levels and severe coronary lesions.

Is There Any Relationship between TSH Levels and Prognosis in Acute Coronary Syndrome?

BACKGROUND: Some small studies have related higher levels of thyrotropin (TSH) to potentially worse prognosis in acute coronary syndromes. However, this relationship remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes in relation to the value of TSH at admission. METHODS: Observational and retrospective study with 505 patients (446 in group I [TSH ≤ 4 mIU/L] and 59 in group II [TSH > 4 mIU/L]) with acute coronary syndromes between May 2010 and May 2014. We obtained data about comorbidities and the medications used at the hospital. The primary endpoint was in-hospital all-cause death. The secondary endpoint included combined events (death, non-fatal unstable angina or myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, bleeding and stroke). Comparisons between groups were made by one-way ANOVA and chi-square test. Multivariate analysis was determined by logistic regression. Analyses were considered significant when p < 0.05. RESULTS: Significant differences between groups I and II were observed regarding the use of enoxaparin (75.2% vs. 57.63%, p = 0.02) and statins (84.08% vs. 71.19%, p < 0.0001), previous stroke (5.83% vs. 15.25%, p = 0.007), combined events (14.80% vs. 27.12%, OR = 3.05, p = 0.004), cardiogenic shock (4.77% vs. 6.05%, OR = 4.77, p = 0.02) and bleeding (12.09% vs. 15.25%, OR = 3.36, p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute coronary syndromes and TSH > 4 mIU/L at admission, worse prognosis was observed, with higher incidences of in-hospital combined events, cardiogenic shock and bleeding.

Prognostic Differences between Men and Women with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Data from a Brazilian Registry.

BACKGROUND: Gender-related differences have been reported in patients with acute coronary syndrome. The description of this comparative finding in a Brazilian registry has not yet been documented. OBJECTIVE: To compare male vs. female patients regarding the baseline characteristics, coronary findings, treatment and in-hospital and long-term prognosis. METHODS: This is a retrospective, multicenter and observational study that included 3,745 patients (2,437 males and 1,308 females) between May 2010 and May 2015. The primary in-hospital outcome was all-cause mortality. The secondary outcome consisted of combined events (cardiogenic shock, reinfarction, death, stroke and bleeding). The comparison between groups was performed using the chi-square and the t test, considering p < 0.05 as significant. In the long term, mortality and combined events were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method, with a mean follow-up of 8.79 months. RESULTS: The mean age was 60.3 years for males and 64.6 for females (p < 0.0001). The most prevalent risk factor was systemic arterial hypertension in 72.9% of the women and 67.8% of the men (p = 0.001). Percutaneous coronary intervention was carried out in 44.9% of the males and 35.4% of the females (p < 0.0001), and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was performed in 17% of the males and 11.8% of females (p < 0.0001), with a higher prevalence of three-vessel coronary artery disease in males (27.3% vs. 16.2%, p < 0.0001). Approximately 79.9% of the female patients received a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation, while in the male patients, this diagnosis was attained in 71.5% (p < 0.0001). No significant differences were observed between the groups in the short and long term, regarding both mortality and the combined events. CONCLUSION: Several gender-related differences were observed in patients with acute coronary syndrome regarding the demographic characteristics, coronary artery disease pattern and implemented treatment. However, the prognostic evolution was similar between the groups.

A Sonotrombólise Promove Melhora dos Índices de Motilidade e Perfusão do Ventrículo Esquerdo após o Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio / Sonothrombolysis Promotes Improvement in Left Ventricular Wall Motion and Perfusion Scores after Acute Myocardial Infarction

Resumo Fundamento Demonstrou-se recentemente que a aplicação de ultrassom de alta energia com microbolhas, técnica conhecida como sonotrombólise, causa a dissolução de trombos intravasculares e aumenta a taxa de recanalização angiográfica no infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAM-CSST). Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da sonotrombólise nos índices de motilidade e perfusão miocárdicas em pacientes com IAM-CSST, utilizando a ecocardiografia com perfusão miocárdica em tempo real (EPMTR). Método Uma centena de pacientes com IAM-CSST foram randomizados em dois grupos: Terapia (50 pacientes tratados com sonotrombólise e angioplastia coronária primária) e Controle (50 pacientes tratados com angioplastia coronária primária). Os pacientes realizaram EPMTR para analisar a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE), o índice de escore de motilidade segmentar (IEMS) e o número de segmentos com defeito de perfusão miocárdica, 72 horas após o IAM-CSST e com 6 meses de acompanhamento. Foi considerado significativo p < 0,05. Resultados Pacientes tratados com sonotrombólise apresentaram FEVE mais alta que o grupo Controle em 72 horas (50 ± 10% vs. 44 ± 10%; p = 0,006), e essa melhora foi mantida em seis meses (53 ± 10% vs. 48 ± 12%; p = 0,008). O IEMS foi similar nos grupos Terapia e Controle em 72 horas (1,62 ± 0,39 vs. 1,75 ± 0,40; p = 0,09), mas tornou-se menor no grupo Terapia em 6 meses (1,46 ± 0,36 vs. 1,64 ± 0,44; p = 0,02). O número de segmentos com defeito de perfusão não foi diferente entre os grupos em 72 horas (5,92 ± 3,47 vs. 6,94 ± 3,39; p = 0,15), mas ficou menor no grupo Terapia em 6 meses (4,64 ± 3,31 vs. 6,57 ± 4,29; p = 0,01). Conclusão A sonotrombólise em pacientes com IAM-CSST resulta na melhora dos índices de motilidade e perfusão ventricular ao longo do tempo.

Abstract Background It has recently been demonstrated that the application of high-energy ultrasound and microbubbles, in a technique known as sonothrombolysis, dissolves intravascular thrombi and increases the angiographic recanalization rate in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Objective To evaluate the effects of sonothrombolysis on left ventricular wall motion and myocardial perfusion in patients with STEMI, using real-time myocardial perfusion echocardiography (RTMPE). Methods One hundred patients with STEMI were randomized into the following 2 groups: therapy (50 patients treated with sonothrombolysis and primary coronary angioplasty) and control (50 patients treated with primary coronary angioplasty). The patients underwent RTMPE for analysis of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), wall motion score index (WMSI), and number of segments with myocardial perfusion defects 72 hours after STEMI and at 6 months of follow-up. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Patients treated with sonothrombolysis had higher LVEF than the control group at 72 hours (50% ± 10% versus 44% ± 10%; p = 0.006), and this difference was maintained at 6 months of follow-up (53% ± 10% versus 48% ± 12%; p = 0.008). The WMSI was similar in the therapy and control groups at 72 hours (1.62 ± 0.39 versus 1.75 ± 0.40; p = 0.09), but it was lower in the therapy group at 6 months (1.46 ± 0.36 versus 1.64 ± 0.44; p = 0.02). The number of segments with perfusion defects on RTMPE was similar in therapy and control group at 72 hours (5.92 ± 3.47 versus 6.94 ± 3.39; p = 0.15), but it was lower in the therapy group at 6 months (4.64 ± 3.31 versus 6.57 ± 4.29; p = 0.01). Conclusion Sonothrombolysis in patients with STEMI resulted in improved wall motion and ventricular perfusion scores over time.