RESUMO
Membrane remodeling and repair are essential for all cells. Proteins that perform these functions include Vipp1/IM30 in photosynthetic plastids, PspA in bacteria, and ESCRT-III in eukaryotes. Here, using a combination of evolutionary and structural analyses, we show that these protein families are homologous and share a common ancient evolutionary origin that likely predates the last universal common ancestor. This homology is evident in cryo-electron microscopy structures of Vipp1 rings from the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme presented over a range of symmetries. Each ring is assembled from rungs that stack and progressively tilt to form dome-shaped curvature. Assembly is facilitated by hinges in the Vipp1 monomer, similar to those in ESCRT-III proteins, which allow the formation of flexible polymers. Rings have an inner lumen that is able to bind and deform membranes. Collectively, these data suggest conserved mechanistic principles that underlie Vipp1, PspA, and ESCRT-III-dependent membrane remodeling across all domains of life.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Complexos Endossomais de Distribuição Requeridos para Transporte/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Família Multigênica , Nostoc/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Bactérias/ultraestrutura , Galinhas , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Complexos Endossomais de Distribuição Requeridos para Transporte/química , Evolução Molecular , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/química , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/ultraestrutura , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
Many bacteria kill rival species by translocating toxic effectors into target cells. Effectors are often encoded along with cognate immunity proteins that could (i) protect against "friendly-fire" (trans-intoxication) from neighboring sister cells and/or (ii) protect against internal cis-intoxication (suicide). Here, we distinguish between these two mechanisms in the case of the bactericidal Xanthomonas citri Type IV Secretion System (X-T4SS). We use a set of X. citri mutants lacking multiple effector/immunity protein (X-Tfe/X-Tfi) pairs to show that X-Tfis are not absolutely required to protect against trans-intoxication by wild-type cells. Our investigation then focused on the in vivo function of the lysozyme-like effector X-TfeXAC2609 and its cognate immunity protein X-TfiXAC2610. In the absence of X-TfiXAC2610, we observe X-TfeXAC2609-dependent and X-T4SS-independent accumulation of damage in the X. citri cell envelope, cell death, and inhibition of biofilm formation. While immunity proteins in other systems have been shown to protect against attacks by sister cells (trans-intoxication), this is an example of an antibacterial secretion system in which the immunity proteins are dedicated to protecting cells against cis-intoxication.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias , Xanthomonas , Humanos , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Xanthomonas/metabolismo , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo IV/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/metabolismoRESUMO
Many soil-, water-, and plant-associated bacterial species from the orders Xanthomonadales, Burkholderales, and Neisseriales carry a type IV secretion system (T4SS) specialized in translocating effector proteins into other gram-negative species, leading to target cell death. These effectors, known as X-Tfes, carry a carboxyl-terminal domain of â¼120 residues, termed XVIPCD, characterized by several conserved motifs and a glutamine-rich tail. Previous studies showed that the XVIPCD is required for interaction with the T4SS coupling protein VirD4 and for T4SS-dependent translocation. However, the structural basis of the XVIPCD-VirD4 interaction is unknown. Here, we show that the XVIPCD interacts with the central all-alpha domain of VirD4 (VirD4AAD). We used solution NMR spectroscopy to solve the structure of the XVIPCD of X-TfeXAC2609 from Xanthomonas citri and to map its interaction surface with VirD4AAD Isothermal titration calorimetry and in vivo Xanthomonas citri versus Escherichia coli competition assays using wild-type and mutant X-TfeXAC2609 and X-TfeXAC3634 indicate that XVIPCDs can be divided into two regions with distinct functions: the well-folded N-terminal region contains specific conserved motifs that are responsible for interactions with VirD4AAD, while both N- and carboxyl-terminal regions are required for effective X-Tfe translocation into the target cell. The conformational stability of the N-terminal region is reduced at and below pH 7.0, a property that may facilitate X-Tfe unfolding and translocation through the more acidic environment of the periplasm.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Escherichia coli/química , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo IV/antagonistas & inibidores , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo IV/química , Xanthomonas/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Mutação , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Domínios Proteicos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo IV/genética , Xanthomonas/genéticaRESUMO
Type IV secretion systems (T4SS) are used by Gram-negative bacteria to translocate protein and DNA substrates across the cell envelope and into target cells. Translocation across the outer membrane is achieved via a ringed tetradecameric outer membrane complex made up of a small VirB7 lipoprotein (normally 30 to 45 residues in the mature form) and the C-terminal domains of the VirB9 and VirB10 subunits. Several species from the genera of Xanthomonas phytopathogens possess an uncharacterized type IV secretion system with some distinguishing features, one of which is an unusually large VirB7 subunit (118 residues in the mature form). Here, we report the NMR and 1.0 Å X-ray structures of the VirB7 subunit from Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (VirB7(XAC2622)) and its interaction with VirB9. NMR solution studies show that residues 27-41 of the disordered flexible N-terminal region of VirB7(XAC2622) interact specifically with the VirB9 C-terminal domain, resulting in a significant reduction in the conformational freedom of both regions. VirB7(XAC2622) has a unique C-terminal domain whose topology is strikingly similar to that of N0 domains found in proteins from different systems involved in transport across the bacterial outer membrane. We show that VirB7(XAC2622) oligomerizes through interactions involving conserved residues in the N0 domain and residues 42-49 within the flexible N-terminal region and that these homotropic interactions can persist in the presence of heterotropic interactions with VirB9. Finally, we propose that VirB7(XAC2622) oligomerization is compatible with the core complex structure in a manner such that the N0 domains form an extra layer on the perimeter of the tetradecameric ring.
Assuntos
Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/química , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/química , Xanthomonas/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/metabolismo , Citrus sinensis/microbiologia , Cristalografia por Raios X/métodos , Teste de Complementação Genética , Immunoblotting , Lipoproteínas/química , Lipoproteínas/genética , Lipoproteínas/isolamento & purificação , Lipoproteínas/metabolismo , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Multimerização Proteica , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Transporte Proteico , Alinhamento de Sequência , Deleção de Sequência , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Fatores de Virulência/química , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismo , Xanthomonas/genética , Xanthomonas/metabolismoRESUMO
The ESCRT machinery, comprising of multiple proteins and subcomplexes, is crucial for membrane remodelling in eukaryotic cells, in processes that include ubiquitin-mediated multivesicular body formation, membrane repair, cytokinetic abscission, and virus exit from host cells. This ESCRT system appears to have simpler, ancient origins, since many archaeal species possess homologues of ESCRT-III and Vps4, the components that execute the final membrane scission reaction, where they have been shown to play roles in cytokinesis, extracellular vesicle formation and viral egress. Remarkably, metagenome assemblies of Asgard archaea, the closest known living relatives of eukaryotes, were recently shown to encode homologues of the entire cascade involved in ubiquitin-mediated membrane remodelling, including ubiquitin itself, components of the ESCRT-I and ESCRT-II subcomplexes, and ESCRT-III and Vps4. Here, we explore the phylogeny, structure, and biochemistry of Asgard homologues of the ESCRT machinery and the associated ubiquitylation system. We provide evidence for the ESCRT-I and ESCRT-II subcomplexes being involved in ubiquitin-directed recruitment of ESCRT-III, as it is in eukaryotes. Taken together, our analyses suggest a pre-eukaryotic origin for the ubiquitin-coupled ESCRT system and a likely path of ESCRT evolution via a series of gene duplication and diversification events.
Assuntos
Complexos Endossomais de Distribuição Requeridos para Transporte , Eucariotos , Archaea/genética , Archaea/metabolismo , Complexos Endossomais de Distribuição Requeridos para Transporte/metabolismo , Eucariotos/genética , Eucariotos/metabolismo , Células Eucarióticas/metabolismo , Ubiquitina/genéticaRESUMO
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is the closest experimentally tractable archaeal relative of eukaryotes and, despite lacking obvious cyclin-dependent kinase and cyclin homologs, has an ordered eukaryote-like cell cycle with distinct phases of DNA replication and division. Here, in exploring the mechanism of cell division in S. acidocaldarius, we identify a role for the archaeal proteasome in regulating the transition from the end of one cell cycle to the beginning of the next. Further, we identify the archaeal ESCRT-III homolog, CdvB, as a key target of the proteasome and show that its degradation triggers division by allowing constriction of the CdvB1:CdvB2 ESCRT-III division ring. These findings offer a minimal mechanism for ESCRT-III-mediated membrane remodeling and point to a conserved role for the proteasome in eukaryotic and archaeal cell cycle control.
Assuntos
Proteínas Arqueais/fisiologia , Divisão Celular , Complexos Endossomais de Distribuição Requeridos para Transporte/fisiologia , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/fisiologia , Sulfolobus acidocaldarius/citologia , Proteínas Arqueais/química , Bortezomib/química , Bortezomib/farmacologia , Complexos Endossomais de Distribuição Requeridos para Transporte/química , Modelos Moleculares , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/química , Inibidores de Proteassoma/química , Inibidores de Proteassoma/farmacologia , Proteólise , Sulfolobus acidocaldarius/efeitos dos fármacos , Sulfolobus acidocaldarius/enzimologiaRESUMO
Bacteria have been constantly competing for nutrients and space for billions of years. During this time, they have evolved many different molecular mechanisms by which to secrete proteinaceous effectors in order to manipulate and often kill rival bacterial and eukaryotic cells. These processes often employ large multimeric transmembrane nanomachines that have been classified as types I-IX secretion systems. One of the most evolutionarily versatile are the Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs), which have been shown to be able to secrete macromolecules directly into both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Until recently, examples of T4SS-mediated macromolecule transfer from one bacterium to another was restricted to protein-DNA complexes during bacterial conjugation. This view changed when it was shown by our group that many Xanthomonas species carry a T4SS that is specialized to transfer toxic bacterial effectors into rival bacterial cells, resulting in cell death. This review will focus on this special subtype of T4SS by describing its distinguishing features, similar systems in other proteobacterial genomes, and the nature of the effectors secreted by these systems and their cognate inhibitors.
RESUMO
Type IV secretion (T4S) systems form the most common and versatile class of secretion systems in bacteria, capable of injecting both proteins and DNAs into host cells. T4S systems are typically composed of 12 components that form 2 major assemblies: the inner membrane complex embedded in the inner membrane and the core complex embedded in both the inner and outer membranes. Here we present the 3.3 Å-resolution cryo-electron microscopy model of the T4S system core complex from Xanthomonas citri, a phytopathogen that utilizes this system to kill bacterial competitors. An extensive mutational investigation was performed to probe the vast network of protein-protein interactions in this 1.13-MDa assembly. This structure expands our knowledge of the molecular details of T4S system organization, assembly and evolution.
Assuntos
Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Microscopia Crioeletrônica/métodos , Complexos Multiproteicos/química , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo IV/química , Xanthomonas/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/química , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Clonagem Molecular , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Modelos Moleculares , Complexos Multiproteicos/genética , Mutação , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica , Conformação Proteica em alfa-Hélice , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo IV/genética , Xanthomonas/genéticaRESUMO
The active site residues in GH1 ß-glycosidases are compartmentalized into 3 functional regions, involved in catalysis or binding of glycone and aglycone motifs from substrate. However, it still remains unclear how residues outside the active site modulate the enzymatic activity. To tackle this question, we solved the crystal structure of the GH1 ß-glycosidase from Spodoptera frugiperda (Sfßgly) to systematically map its residue contact network and correlate effects of mutations within and outside the active site. External mutations neighbouring the functional residues involved in catalysis and glycone-binding are deleterious, whereas mutations neighbouring the aglycone-binding site are less detrimental or even beneficial. The large dataset of new and previously characterized Sfßgly mutants supports that external perturbations are coherently transmitted to active site residues possibly through contacts and specifically disturb functional regions they interact to, reproducing the effects observed for direct mutations of functional residues. This allowed us to suggest that positions related to the aglycone-binding site are preferential targets for introduction of mutations aiming to further improve the hydrolytic activity of ß-glycosidases.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Animais , Domínio Catalítico , Celobiose/metabolismo , Cristalografia por Raios X , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/química , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/genética , Hidrólise , Pichia/genética , Conformação Proteica , Spodoptera/enzimologiaRESUMO
Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are multiprotein complexes that transport effector proteins and protein-DNA complexes through bacterial membranes to the extracellular milieu or directly into the cytoplasm of other cells. Many bacteria of the family Xanthomonadaceae, which occupy diverse environmental niches, carry a T4SS with unknown function but with several characteristics that distinguishes it from other T4SSs. Here we show that the Xanthomonas citri T4SS provides these cells the capacity to kill other Gram-negative bacterial species in a contact-dependent manner. The secretion of one type IV bacterial effector protein is shown to require a conserved C-terminal domain and its bacteriolytic activity is neutralized by a cognate immunity protein whose 3D structure is similar to peptidoglycan hydrolase inhibitors. This is the first demonstration of the involvement of a T4SS in bacterial killing and points to this special class of T4SS as a mediator of both antagonistic and cooperative interbacterial interactions.
Assuntos
Antibiose/fisiologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Bacteriólise/fisiologia , Modelos Moleculares , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo IV/metabolismo , Xanthomonas/fisiologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Clonagem Molecular , Cristalização , Escherichia coli , Immunoblotting , Imunoprecipitação , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Conformação Proteica , Espalhamento a Baixo Ângulo , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo IV/química , Difração de Raios X , Xanthomonas/metabolismoRESUMO
The recently sequenced genome of the bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri contains two virB gene clusters, one on the chromosome and one on a 64-kb plasmid, each of which codes for a previously uncharacterized type IV secretion system (T4SS). Here we used a yeast two-hybrid assay to identify protein-protein interactions in these two systems. Our results revealed interactions between known T4SS components as well as previously uncharacterized interactions involving hypothetical proteins coded by open reading frames in the two X. axonopodis pv. citri virB loci. Our results indicate that both loci may code for previously unidentified VirB7 proteins, which we show interact with either VirB6 or VirB9 or with a hypothetical protein coded by the same locus. Furthermore, a set of previously uncharacterized Xanthomonas proteins have been found to interact with VirD4, whose gene is adjacent to the chromosomal virB locus. The gene for one member of this family is found within the chromosomal virB locus. All these uncharacterized proteins possess a conserved 120-amino-acid domain in their C termini and may represent a family of cofactors or substrates of the Xanthomonas T4SS.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/fisiologia , Plasmídeos/genética , Xanthomonas/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Sequência de Bases , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos Bacterianos , Genes Bacterianos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Ligação Proteica , Alinhamento de Sequência , Técnicas do Sistema de Duplo-HíbridoRESUMO
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, a disease that affects 10 million individuals in Latin America. This report depicts the results of the analysis of 6,022 assembled groups from mycelium and yeast phase expressed sequence tags, covering about 80% of the estimated genome of this dimorphic, thermo-regulated fungus. The data provide a comprehensive view of the fungal metabolism, including overexpressed transcripts, stage-specific genes, and also those that are up- or down-regulated as assessed by in silico electronic subtraction and cDNA microarrays. Also, a significant differential expression pattern in mycelium and yeast cells was detected, which was confirmed by Northern blot analysis, providing insights into differential metabolic adaptations. The overall transcriptome analysis provided information about sequences related to the cell cycle, stress response, drug resistance, and signal transduction pathways of the pathogen. Novel P. brasiliensis genes have been identified, probably corresponding to proteins that should be addressed as virulence factor candidates and potential new drug targets.