Cardiovascular risk and mortality in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing dialysis: sleep study, pulmonary function, respiratory mechanics, upper airway collapsibility, autonomic nervous activity, depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life: a prospective, double blind, randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most serious public health problems. The increasing prevalence of CKD in developed and developing countries has led to a global epidemic. The hypothesis proposed is that patients undergoing dialysis would experience a marked negative influence on physiological variables of sleep and autonomic nervous system activity, compromising quality of life. METHODS/DESIGN: A prospective, consecutive, double blind, randomized controlled clinical trial is proposed to address the effect of dialysis on sleep, pulmonary function, respiratory mechanics, upper airway collapsibility, autonomic nervous activity, depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life in patients with CKD. The measurement protocol will include body weight (kg); height (cm); body mass index calculated as weight/height(2); circumferences (cm) of the neck, waist, and hip; heart and respiratory rates; blood pressures; Mallampati index; tonsil index; heart rate variability; maximum ventilatory pressures; negative expiratory pressure test, and polysomnography (sleep study), as well as the administration of specific questionnaires addressing sleep apnea, excessive daytime sleepiness, depression, anxiety, stress, and quality of life. DISCUSSION: CKD is a major public health problem worldwide, and its incidence has increased in part by the increased life expectancy and increasing number of cases of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Sleep disorders are common in patients with renal insufficiency. Our hypothesis is that the weather weight gain due to volume overload observed during interdialytic period will influence the degree of collapsibility of the upper airway due to narrowing and predispose to upper airway occlusion during sleep, and to investigate the negative influences of haemodialysis in the physiological variables of sleep, and autonomic nervous system, and respiratory mechanics and thereby compromise the quality of life of patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The protocol for this study is registered with the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC RBR-7yhr4w and World Health Organization under Universal Trial Number UTN: U1111-1127-9390 [http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-7yhr4w/]).

Predictors of renal function recovery among patients undergoing renal replacement therapy following orthotopic liver transplantation.

Renal dysfunction frequently occurs during the periods preceding and following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), and in many cases, renal replacement therapy (RRT) is required. Information regarding the duration of RRT and the rate of kidney function recovery after OLT is crucial for transplant program management. We evaluated a sample of 155 stable patients undergoing post-intensive care hemodialysis (HD) from a patient population of 908 adults who underwent OLT. We investigated the average time to renal function recovery (duration of RRT required) and determined the risk factors for remaining on dialysis > 90 days after OLT. Log-rank tests were used for univariate analysis, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify factors associated with the risk of remaining on HD. The results of our analysis showed that of the 155 patients, 28% had pre-OLT diabetes mellitus, 21% had pre-OLT hypertension, and 40% had viral hepatitis. Among the patients, the median MELD (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease) score was 27 (interquartile range [IQR] 22-35). When they were listed for liver transplantation, 32% of the patients had serum creatinine (Scr) levels > 1.5 mg/dL or were on HD, and 50% had serum creatinine (Scr) levels > 1.5 mg/dL or were on HD at the time of OLT. Of the transplanted patients, 25% underwent pre-OLT intermittent HD, and 14% and 41% underwent continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) pre-OLT and post-OLT, respectively. At 90 days post-OLT, 118 (76%) patients had been taken off dialysis, and 16 (10%) patients had died while undergoing HD. The median recovery time of these post-OLT patients was 33 (IQR 27-39) days. In the multivariate analysis, fulminant hepatic failure as the cause of liver disease (p<0.001), the absence of pre-OLT hypertension (p = 0.016), a lower intraoperative fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion volume (p = 0.019) and not undergoing pre-OLT intermittent HD (p = 0.032) were associated with performing RRT for less than 90 days. Therefore, a high proportion of OLT patients showed improved renal function after OLT, and those who were diagnosed with fulminant hepatic failure, had no pre-OLT hypertension, received a lower transfused volume of intraoperative FFP and did not undergo pre-OLT intermittent HD had a higher probability of recovery.

Índice de doenças coexistentes e idade avançada como preditores desobrevida em pacientes em diálise / Index of coexisting disease and old age as predictors of survival in hemodialysis patients

Identificar os fatores que podem influenciar a sobrevida dos pacientes em programa crônico de hemodiálise em um hospital privado do Brasil. Neste estudo, foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 99 pacientes do Centro de Diálise Einstein (CDE), Unidade de Hemodiálise do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, que estiveram em programa crônico de hemodiálise por pelo menos três meses, no período de fev. de 2000 a out. de 2006. As características dos pacientes que foram avaliadas quanto à possível influência na sobrevida foram: causa da insuficiência renal cardíaca (IRC) (com e sem diabetes mellitus), sexo, idade, níveis de albumina, proteína C reativa (PCR), hemoglobina e o Índice de Doença Coexistenteou Index of Coexisting Disease(instrumento que avalia a presença e a severidade das comorbidades) da admissão. As curvas de sobrevida foram calculadas segundo o método de Kaplan-Meier e as diferenças entre as curvas foram avaliadas pelo teste log-rank. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 63,14 ± 16,18 anos, 34% deles eram do sexo feminino e 40% apresentavam DM como causa da IRC. Os níveis médios de albumina e hemoglobina na admissão foram 3,44 ± 0,58 g/dl e 10,55 ± 1,51 g/dl respectivamente, e a mediana dos níveis de PCR foi 9,55 g/dl. A distribuição dos pacientes de acordo com o nível de ICED na admissão foi: 25(25%) pacientes apresentavam ICED leve, 36(36%) apresentavam ICED moderado e 38(38%) apresentavam ICED grave. 33 pacientes (33%) foram a óbito, 24(24%) foram submetidos a transplante renal, 5(5%) foram transferidos para outra unidade de diálise, 36(36%) continuaram em hemodiálise e 1 (1%) paciente recuperou a função renal. A sobrevida em um ano foi de 80% e a mediana da sobrevida dos pacientes foi de 42,34 meses(IC 95%: 28,06-54,84). Na...