Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2021 cases of SCMR and COVID-19 case collection series.

The Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) is an international society focused on the research, education, and clinical application of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). "Cases of SCMR" is a case series hosted on the SCMR website ( https://www.scmr.org ) that demonstrates the utility and importance of CMR in the clinical diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease. The COVID-19 Case Collection highlights the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the heart as demonstrated on CMR. Each case in series consists of the clinical presentation and the role of CMR in diagnosis and guiding clinical management. The cases are all instructive and helpful in the approach to patient management. We present a digital archive of the 2021 Cases of SCMR and the 2020 and 2021 COVID-19 Case Collection series of nine cases as a means of further enhancing the education of those interested in CMR and as a means of more readily identifying these cases using a PubMed or similar literature search engine.

Effects of adenosine and regadenoson on hemodynamics measured using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND: Adenosine or regadenoson vasodilator stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is an effective non-invasive strategy for evaluating symptomatic coronary artery disease. Vasodilator injection typically precedes ventricular functional sequences to efficiently reduce overall scanning times, though the effects of vasodilators on CMR-derived ventricular volumes and function are unknown. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 25 healthy subjects to undergo consecutive adenosine and regadenoson administration. Short axis CINE datasets were obtained on a 1.5 T scanner following adenosine (140mcg/kg/min IV for 6 min) and regadenoson (0.4 mg IV over 10 s) at baseline, immediately following administration, at 5 min intervals up to 15 min. Hemodynamic response, bi-ventricular volumes and ejection fractions were determined at each time point. RESULTS: Peak heart rate was observed early following administration of both adenosine and regadenoson. Heart rate returned to baseline by 10 min post-adenosine while remaining elevated at 15 min post-regadenoson (p = 0.0015). Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) increased immediately following both vasodilators (p < 0.0001 for both) and returned to baseline following adenosine by 10 min (p = 0.8397). Conversely, LVEF following regadenoson remained increased at 10 min (p = 0.003) and 15 min (p = 0.0015) with a mean LVEF increase at 15 min of 4.2 ± 1.3%. Regadenoson resulted in a similar magnitude reduction in both LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVi) and LV end-systolic volume index (LVESVi) at 15 min whereas LVESVi resolved at 15 min following adenosine and LVEDVi remained below baseline values (p = 0.52). CONCLUSIONS: Regadenoson and adenosine have significant and prolonged impact on ventricular volumes and LVEF. In patients undergoing vasodilator stress CMR where ventricular volumes and LVEF are critical components to patient care, ventricular functional sequences should be performed prior to vasodilator use or consider the use of aminophylline in the setting of regadenoson. Additionally, heart rate resolution itself is not an effective surrogate for return of ventricular volumes and LVEF to baseline.

The global cardiovascular magnetic resonance registry (GCMR) of the society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (SCMR): its goals, rationale, data infrastructure, and current developments.

BACKGROUND: With multifaceted imaging capabilities, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is playing a progressively increasing role in the management of various cardiac conditions. A global registry that harmonizes data from international centers, with participation policies that aim to be open and inclusive of all CMR programs, can support future evidence-based growth in CMR. METHODS: The Global CMR Registry (GCMR) was established in 2013 under the auspices of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR). The GCMR team has developed a web-based data infrastructure, data use policy and participation agreement, data-harmonizing methods, and site-training tools based on results from an international survey of CMR programs. RESULTS: At present, 17 CMR programs have established a legal agreement to participate in GCMR, amongst them 10 have contributed CMR data, totaling 62,456 studies. There is currently a predominance of CMR centers with more than 10 years of experience (65%), and the majority are located in the United States (63%). The most common clinical indications for CMR have included assessment of cardiomyopathy (21%), myocardial viability (16%), stress CMR perfusion for chest pain syndromes (16%), and evaluation of etiology of arrhythmias or planning of electrophysiological studies (15%) with assessment of cardiomyopathy representing the most rapidly growing indication in the past decade. Most CMR studies involved the use of gadolinium-based contrast media (95%). CONCLUSIONS: We present the goals, mission and vision, infrastructure, preliminary results, and challenges of the GCMR. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Identification number on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02806193 . Registered 17 June 2016.

Sex-Specific Stress Perfusion Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Suspected Ischemic Heart Disease: Insights From SPINS Retrospective Registry.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality in women, but current noninvasive cardiac imaging techniques have sex-specific limitations. OBJECTIVES: In this study, the authors sought to investigate the effect of sex on the prognostic utility and downstream invasive revascularization and costs of stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) for suspected CVD. METHODS: Sex-specific prognostic performance was evaluated in a 2,349-patient multicenter SPINS (Stress CMR Perfusion Imaging in the United States [SPINS] Study) Registry. The primary outcome measure was a composite of cardiovascular death and nonfatal myocardial infarction; secondary outcomes were hospitalization for unstable angina or heart failure, and late unplanned coronary artery bypass grafting. RESULTS: SPINS included 1,104 women (47% of cohort); women had higher prevalence of chest pain (62% vs 50%; P < 0.0001) but lower use of medical therapies. At the 5.4-year median follow-up, women with normal stress CMR had a low annualized rate of primary composite outcome similar to men (0.54%/y vs 0.75%/y, respectively; P = NS). In contrast, women with abnormal CMR were at higher risk for both primary (3.74%/y vs 0.54%/y; P < 0.0001) and secondary (9.8%/y vs 1.6%/y; P < 0.0001) outcomes compared with women with normal CMR. Abnormal stress CMR was an independent predictor for the primary (HR: 2.64 [95% CI: 1.20-5.90]; P = 0.02) and secondary (HR: 2.09 [95% CI: 1.43-3.08]; P < 0.0001) outcome measures. There was no effect modification for sex. Women had lower rates of invasive coronary angiography (3.6% vs 7.3%; P = 0.0001) and downstream costs ($114 vs $171; P = 0.001) at 90 days following CMR. There was no effect of sex on diagnostic image quality. CONCLUSIONS: Stress CMR demonstrated excellent prognostic performance with lower rates of invasive coronary angiography referral in women. Stress CMR should be considered as a first-line noninvasive imaging tool for the evaluation of women. (Stress CMR Perfusion Imaging in the United States [SPINS] Study [SPINS]; NCT03192891).

Prognostic Value of Stress Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Patients With Known Coronary Artery Disease.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine whether stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) provides clinically relevant risk reclassification in patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD) in a multicenter setting in the United States. BACKGROUND: Despite improvements in medical therapy and coronary revascularization, patients with previous CAD account for a disproportionately large portion of CV events and pose a challenge for noninvasive stress testing. METHODS: From the Stress Perfusion Imaging in the United States (SPINS) registry, we identified consecutive patients with documented CAD who were referred to stress CMR for evaluation of myocardial ischemia. The primary outcome was nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) or cardiovascular (CV) death. Major adverse CV events (MACE) included MI/CV death, hospitalization for heart failure or unstable angina, and late unplanned coronary artery bypass graft. The prognostic association and net reclassification improvement by ischemia for MI/CV death were determined. RESULTS: Out of 755 patients (age 64 ± 11 years, 64% male), we observed 97 MI/CV deaths and 210 MACE over a median follow-up of 5.3 years. Presence of ischemia demonstrated a significant association with MI/CV death (HR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.54-3.44; P < 0.001) and MACE (HR: 2.24 ([95% CI: 1.69-2.95; P < 0.001). In a multivariate model adjusted for CV risk factors, ischemia maintained strong association with MI/CV death (HR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.17-2.88; P = 0.008) and MACE (HR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.31-2.40; P < 0.001) and reclassified 95% of patients at intermediate pretest risk (62% to low risk, 33% to high risk) with corresponding changes in the observed event rates of 1.4% and 5.3% per year for low and high post-test risk, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In a multicenter cohort of patients with known CAD, CMR-assessed ischemia was strongly associated with MI/CV death and reclassified patient risk beyond CV risk factors, especially in those considered to be at intermediate risk. Absence of ischemia was associated with a <2% annual rate of MI/CV death. (Stress CMR Perfusion Imaging in the United States [SPINS] Study; NCT03192891).

Strong cardiovascular prognostic implication of quantitative left atrial contractile function assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with chronic hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Progressive left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction due to hypertension (HTN) alters left atrial (LA) contractile function in a predictable manner. While increased LA size is a marker of LV diastolic dysfunction and has been shown to be predictive of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, the prognostic significance of altered LA contractile function is unknown. METHODS: A consecutive group of patients with chronic hypertension but without significant valvular disease or prior MI underwent clinically-indicated CMR for assessment of left ventricular (LV) function, myocardial ischemia, or viability. Calculation of LA volumes used in determining LA emptying functions was performed using the biplane area-length method. RESULTS: Two-hundred and ten patients were included in this study. During a median follow-up of 19 months, 48 patients experienced major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including 24 deaths. Decreased LA contractile function (LAEF(Contractile)) demonstrated strong unadjusted associations with patient mortality, non-fatal events, and all MACE. For every 10% reduction of LAEF(Contractile), unadjusted hazards to MACE, all-cause mortality, and non-fatal events increased by 1.8, 1.5, and 1.4-folds, respectively. In addition, preservation of the proportional contribution from LA contraction to total diastolic filling (Contractile/Total ratio) was strongly associated with lower MACE and patient mortality. By multivariable analyses, LAEF(Contractile) was the strongest predictor in each of the best overall models of MACE, all-cause mortality, and non-fatal events. Even after adjustment for age, gender, left atrial volume, and LVEF, LAEF(Contractile) maintained strong independent associations with MACE (p < 0.0004), all-cause mortality (p < 0.0004), and non-fatal events (p < 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS: In hypertensive patients at risk for left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, a decreased contribution of LA contractile function to ventricular filling during diastole is strongly predictive of adverse cardiac events and death.

Cardiac MRI for Patients with Increased Cardiometabolic Risk.

Cardiac MRI (CMR) has rich potential for future cardiovascular screening even though not approved clinically for routine screening for cardiovascular disease among patients with increased cardiometabolic risk. Patients with increased cardiometabolic risk include those with abnormal blood pressure, body mass, cholesterol level, or fasting glucose level, which may be related to dietary and exercise habits. However, CMR does accurately evaluate cardiac structure and function. CMR allows for effective tissue characterization with a variety of sequences that provide unique insights as to fibrosis, infiltration, inflammation, edema, presence of fat, strain, and other potential pathologic features that influence future cardiovascular risk. Ongoing epidemiologic and clinical research may demonstrate clinical benefit leading to increased future use. © RSNA, 2021.

Stress CMR in patients with obesity: insights from the Stress CMR Perfusion Imaging in the United States (SPINS) registry.

AIMS: Non-invasive assessment and risk stratification of coronary artery disease in patients with large body habitus is challenging. We aim to examine whether body mass index (BMI) modifies the prognostic value and diagnostic utility of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in a multicentre registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: The SPINS Registry enrolled consecutive intermediate-risk patients who presented with a clinical indication for stress CMR in the USA between 2008 and 2013. Baseline demographic data including BMI, CMR indices, and ratings of study quality were collected. Primary outcome was defined by a composite of cardiovascular death and non-fatal myocardial infarction. Of the 2345 patients with available BMI included in the SPINS cohort, 1177 (50%) met criteria for obesity (BMI ≥ 30) with 531 (23%) at or above Class 2 obesity (BMI ≥ 35). In all BMI categories, >95% of studies were of diagnostic quality for cine, perfusion, and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) sequences. At a median follow-up of 5.4 years, those without ischaemia and LGE experienced a low annual rate of hard events (<1%), across all BMI strata. In patients with obesity, both ischaemia [hazard ratio (HR): 2.14; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30-3.50; P = 0.003] and LGE (HR: 3.09; 95% CI: 1.83-5.22; P < 0.001) maintained strong adjusted association with the primary outcome in a multivariable Cox regression model. Downstream referral rates to coronary angiography, revascularization, and cost of care spent on ischaemia testing did not significantly differ within the BMI categories. CONCLUSION: In this large multicentre registry, elevated BMI did not negatively impact the diagnostic quality and the effectiveness of risk stratification of patients referred for stress CMR.

Complementary prognostic values of stress myocardial perfusion and late gadolinium enhancement imaging by cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated the significant prognostic value of stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) myocardial perfusion imaging. Apart from characterizing reversible perfusion defect (RevPD) from flow-limiting coronary stenosis, CMR late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging is currently the most sensitive method for detecting subendocardial infarction (MI). We therefore tested the hypothesis that characterization of these 2 processes from coronary artery disease by CMR can provide complementary prognostic values. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed CMR myocardial perfusion imaging followed by LGE imaging on 254 patients referred with symptoms of myocardial ischemia. At a median follow-up of 17 months, 49 cardiac events occurred, including 12 cardiac deaths, 16 acute MIs, and 21 cardiac hospitalizations. RevPD and LGE both maintained a >3-fold association with cardiac death or acute MI (death/MI) when adjusted for each other and for the effects of patient age and gender (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.31; P=0.02; and hazard ratio, 3.43; P=0.01, respectively). In patients without a history of MI who had negative RevPD, LGE presence was associated with a >11-fold hazards increase in death/MI. Patients with neither RevPD nor LGE had a 98.1% negative annual event rate for death/MI. For association with major adverse cardiac events, RevPD was the strongest multivariable variable in the best overall model (hazard ratio, 10.92; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: CMR imaging provides robust risk stratification for patients who present with symptoms of ischemia. Characterization of RevPD and LGE by CMR provides strong and complementary prognostic implication for cardiac death or acute MI.

Imaging of Clinically Unrecognized Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Suspected Coronary Artery Disease.

BACKGROUND: Stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) provides accurate assessment of both myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemia. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the incremental prognostic value of unrecognized myocardial infarction (UMI), detected during assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) by stress CMR, beyond cardiac function and ischemia. METHODS: In the multicenter SPINS (Stress CMR Perfusion Imaging in the United States) study, 2,349 consecutive patients (63 ± 11 years of age, 53% were male) with suspected CAD were assessed by stress CMR and followed over a median of 5.4 years. UMI was defined as the presence of late gadolinium enhancement consistent with MI in the absence of medical history of MI. This study investigated the association of UMI with all-cause mortality and nonfatal MI (death and/or MI), and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). RESULTS: UMI was detected in 347 patients (14.8%) and clinically recognized myocardial infarction (RMI) in 358 patients (15.2%). Compared with patients with RMI, patients with UMI had a similar burden of cardiovascular risk factors, but significantly lower left ventricular ejection fraction (p < 0.001) and lower rates of guideline-directed medical therapies, including aspirin (p < 0.001), statin (p < 0.001), and beta-blockers (p = 0.002). During follow-up, 328 deaths and/or MIs and 528 MACE occurred. In univariate analysis, UMI and RMI were strongly associated with death and/or MI (UMI: hazard ratio [HR]: 2.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.63 to 2.83; p < 0.001; RMI: HR: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.89 to 3.18) and MACE. Compared with patients with RMI, patients with UMI presented an increased risk for heart failure hospitalization (UMI vs. RMI: HR: 2.60; 95% CI: 1.48 to 4.58; p < 0.001). In a multivariate model including ischemia and left ventricular ejection fraction, UMI and RMI maintained robust prognostic association with death and/or MI (UMI: HR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.37 to 2.42; p < 0.001; RMI: HR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.09) and MACE. CONCLUSIONS: In a multicenter cohort of patients with suspected CAD, presence of UMI or RMI portended an equally significant risk for death and/or MI, independently of the presence of ischemia. Compared with RMI patients, those with UMI were less likely to receive guideline-directed medical therapies and presented an increased risk for heart failure hospitalization that warrants further study. (Stress CMR Perfusion Imaging in the United States [SPINS]; NCT03192891).

Prognostic Value of Stress CMR Perfusion Imaging in Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Function.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in patients with reduced left ventricular (LV) systolic function. BACKGROUND: Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy are at risk from both myocardial ischemia and heart failure. Invasive testing is often used as the first-line investigation, and there is limited evidence as to whether stress testing can effectively provide risk stratification. METHODS: In this substudy of a multicenter registry from 13 U.S. centers, patients with reduced LV ejection fraction (<50%), referred for stress CMR for suspected myocardial ischemia, were included. The primary outcome was cardiovascular death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. The secondary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, hospitalization for unstable angina or congestive heart failure, and unplanned late coronary artery bypass graft surgery. RESULTS: Among 582 patients (mean age 62 ± 12 years, 34% women), 40% had a history of congestive heart failure, and the median LV ejection fraction was 39% (interquartile range: 28% to 45%). At median follow-up of 5.0 years, 97 patients had experienced the primary outcome, and 182 patients had experienced the secondary outcome. Patients with no CMR evidence of ischemia or late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) experienced an annual primary outcome event rate of 1.1%. The presence of ischemia, LGE, or both was associated with higher event rates. In a multivariate model adjusted for clinical covariates, ischemia and LGE were independent predictors of the primary (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68 to 4.14; p < 0.001; and HR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.05 to 3.29; p = 0.03) and secondary (HR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.55 to 2.95; p < 0.001; and HR 1.70; 95% CI: 1.16 to 2.49; p = 0.007) outcomes. The addition of ischemia and LGE led to improved model discrimination for the primary outcome (change in C statistic from 0.715 to 0.765; p = 0.02). The presence and extent of ischemia were associated with higher rates of use of downstream coronary angiography, revascularization, and cost of care spent on ischemia testing. CONCLUSIONS: Stress CMR was effective in risk-stratifying patients with reduced LV ejection fractions. (Stress CMR Perfusion Imaging in the United States [SPINS] Study; NCT03192891).

Evaluation of Stress Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Risk Reclassification of Patients With Suspected Coronary Artery Disease.

Importance: The role of stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in clinical decision-making by reclassification of risk across American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline-recommended categories has not been established. Objective: To examine the utility of stress CMR imaging for risk reclassification in patients without a history of coronary artery disease (CAD) who presented with suspected myocardial ischemia. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective, multicenter cohort study with median follow-up of 5.4 years (interquartile range, 4.6-6.9) was conducted at 13 centers across 11 US states. Participants included 1698 consecutive patients aged 35 to 85 years with 2 or more coronary risk factors but no history of CAD who presented with suspected myocardial ischemia to undergo stress CMR imaging. The study was conducted from February 18, 2019, to March 1, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cardiovascular (CV) death and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). Major adverse CV events (MACE) including CV death, nonfatal MI, hospitalization for heart failure or unstable angina, and late, unplanned coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Results: Of the 1698 patients, 873 were men (51.4%); mean (SD) age was 62 (11) years, accounting for 67 CV death/nonfatal MIs and 190 MACE. Clinical models of pretest risk were constructed and patients were categorized using guideline-based categories of low (<1% per year), intermediate (1%-3% per year), and high (>3% year) risk. Stress CMR imaging provided risk reclassification across all baseline models. For CV death/nonfatal MI, adding stress CMR-assessed left ventricular ejection fraction, presence of ischemia, and late gadolinium enhancement to a model incorporating the validated CAD Consortium score, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes provided significant net reclassification improvement of 0.266 (95% CI, 0.091-0.441) and C statistic improvement of 0.086 (95% CI, 0.022-0.149). Stress CMR imaging reclassified 60.3% of patients in the intermediate pretest risk category (52.4% reclassified as low risk and 7.9% as high risk) with corresponding changes in the observed event rates of 0.6% per year for low posttest risk and 4.9% per year for high posttest risk. For MACE, stress CMR imaging further provided significant net reclassification improvement (0.361; 95% CI, 0.255-0.468) and C statistic improvement (0.092; 95% CI, 0.054-0.131), and reclassified 59.9% of patients in the intermediate pretest risk group (48.7% reclassified as low risk and 11.2% as high risk). Conclusions and Relevance: In this multicenter cohort of patients with no history of CAD presenting with suspected myocardial ischemia, stress CMR imaging reclassified patient risk across guideline-based risk categories, beyond clinical risk factors. The findings of this study support the value of stress CMR imaging for clinical decision-making, especially in patients at intermediate risk for CV death and nonfatal MI.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Stable Chest Pain Syndromes.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare, using results from the multicenter SPINS (Stress CMR Perfusion Imaging in the United States) study, the incremental cost-effectiveness of a stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR)-first strategy against 4 other clinical strategies for patients with stable symptoms suspicious for myocardial ischemia: 1) immediate x-ray coronary angiography (XCA) with selective fractional flow reserve for all patients; 2) single-photon emission computed tomography; 3) coronary computed tomographic angiography with selective computed tomographic fractional flow reserve; and 4) no imaging. BACKGROUND: Stress CMR perfusion imaging has established excellent diagnostic utility and prognostic value in coronary artery disease (CAD), but its cost-effectiveness in current clinical practice has not been well studied in the United States. METHODS: A decision analytic model was developed to project health care costs and lifetime quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for symptomatic patients at presentation with a 32.4% prevalence of obstructive CAD. Rates of clinical events, costs, and quality-of-life values were estimated from SPINS and other published research. The analysis was conducted from a U.S. health care system perspective, with health and cost outcomes discounted annually at 3%. RESULTS: Using hard cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death or acute myocardial infarction) as the endpoint, total costs per person were lowest for the no-imaging strategy ($16,936) and highest for the immediate XCA strategy ($20,929). Lifetime QALYs were lowest for the no-imaging strategy (12.72050) and highest for the immediate XCA strategy (12.76535). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for the CMR-based strategy compared with the no-imaging strategy was $52,000/QALY, whereas the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for the immediate XCA strategy was $12 million/QALY compared with CMR. Results were sensitive to variations in model inputs for prevalence of disease, hazard rate ratio for treatment of CAD, and annual discount rate. CONCLUSIONS: Prior to invasive XCA, stress CMR can be a cost-effective gatekeeping tool in patients at risk for obstructive CAD in the United States. (Stress CMR Perfusion Imaging in the United States [SPINS] Study; NCT03192891.

Incidence and prognostic implication of unrecognized myocardial scar characterized by cardiac magnetic resonance in diabetic patients without clinical evidence of myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Silent myocardial infarctions (MIs) are prevalent among diabetic patients and inflict significant morbidity and mortality. Although late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can provide sensitive characterization of myocardial scar, its prognostic significance in diabetic patients without any clinical evidence of MI is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed clinically indicated CMR imaging in 187 diabetic patients who were grouped by the absence (study group, n=109) or presence (control group, n=78) of clinical evidence of MI (clinical history of MI or Q waves on ECG). CMR imaging and follow-up were successful in 107 study patients (98%) and 74 control patients (95%). Cox regression analyses were performed to associate LGE with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including death, acute MI, new congestive heart failure or unstable angina, stroke, and significant ventricular arrhythmias. LGE by CMR was present in 30 of 107 study patients (28%). At a median follow-up of 17 months, 38 of 107 patients (36%) experienced MACE, which included 18 deaths. Presence of LGE was associated with a >3-fold hazards increase for MACE and for death (hazard ratio, 3.71 and 3.61; P<0.001 and P=0.007, respectively). Adjusted to a model that combines patient age, sex, ST or T changes on ECG, and left ventricular end-systolic volume index, LGE maintained a >4-fold hazards increase for MACE (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.74 to 9.79; P=0.001). In addition, LGE provided significant prognostic value with MACE and with death adjusted to a diabetic-specific risk model for 5-year events. The presence of LGE was the strongest multivariable predictor of MACE and death by stepwise selection in the study patients. CONCLUSIONS: CMR imaging can characterize occult myocardial scar consistent with MI in diabetic patients without clinical evidence of MI. This imaging finding demonstrates strong association with MACE and mortality hazards that is incremental to clinical, ECG, and left ventricular function combined.

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Stress Perfusion Imaging for Evaluation of Patients With Chest Pain.

BACKGROUND: Stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has demonstrated excellent diagnostic and prognostic value in single-center studies. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to investigate the prognostic value of stress CMR and downstream costs from subsequent cardiac testing in a retrospective multicenter study in the United States. METHODS: In this retrospective study, consecutive patients from 13 centers across 11 states who presented with a chest pain syndrome and were referred for stress CMR were followed for a target period of 4 years. The authors associated CMR findings with a primary outcome of cardiovascular death or nonfatal myocardial infarction using competing risk-adjusted regression models and downstream costs of ischemia testing using published Medicare national payment rates. RESULTS: In this study, 2,349 patients (63 ± 11 years of age, 47% female) were followed for a median of 5.4 years. Patients with no ischemia or late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) by CMR, observed in 1,583 patients (67%), experienced low annualized rates of primary outcome (<1%) and coronary revascularization (1% to 3%), across all years of study follow-up. In contrast, patients with ischemia+/LGE+ experienced a >4-fold higher annual primary outcome rate and a >10-fold higher rate of coronary revascularization during the first year after CMR. Patients with ischemia and LGE both negative had low average annual cost spent on ischemia testing across all years of follow-up, and this pattern was similar across the 4 practice environments of the participating centers. CONCLUSIONS: In a multicenter U.S. cohort with stable chest pain syndromes, stress CMR performed at experienced centers offers effective cardiac prognostication. Patients without CMR ischemia or LGE experienced a low incidence of cardiac events, little need for coronary revascularization, and low spending on subsequent ischemia testing. (Stress CMR Perfusion Imaging in the United States [SPINS]: A Society for Cardiovascular Resonance Registry Study; NCT03192891).

Application of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in cardiomyopathy.

Cardiomyopathies account for a significant portion of morbidity and mortality in patients with heart disease. The diagnosis and identification of the underlying disorder are essential for directing appropriate life-saving therapy. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is an ideal method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiomyopathies of unknown etiology. In addition, there is increasing prognostic evidence to support the use of this technology in patient risk stratification. CMR is not limited by anatomic barriers and is able to characterize tissue abnormalities that previously could often be identified only through biopsy. This review discusses the utility of CMR in the assessment of cardiomyopathies, including specific imaging techniques and their application in ischemic and nonischemic settings.

Cardiovascular Complaints Among Military Members During Operation Enduring Freedom.

During Operation Enduring Freedom, the US military began deploying a dedicated theater cardiology consultant to Afghanistan in an effort to increase rates of return to duty in service members with cardiovascular complaints. This study was designed to categorize these complaints and determine the effect on both aeromedical evacuation and return to duty rates during a 2.5 year observation period. A total of 1,495 service members were evaluated, with 43% presenting due to chest pain followed by arrhythmias/palpitations (24.5%) and syncope (13.5%). Eighty-five percent of individuals returned to duty, most commonly with complaints of noncardiac chest pain, palpitations, or abnormal electrocardiograms. Fifteen percent were evacuated out of theater, most often with acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary embolus, or ventricular tachycardia. The forward-deployed theater cardiology consultant is vital in the disposition of military members by effectively parsing out life threatening cardiovascular conditions versus low risk diagnoses that can safely return to duty.

Symptomatic pericardial constriction without active pericarditis.

The decision to undergo pericardectomy for symptomatic pericardial constriction is usually dictated by an image of an abnormal pericardium. We report a case of symptomatic pericardial constriction despite radiographic and pathological evidence of a normal pericardium. The patient was successfully treated with a pericardectomy, with resolution of constrictive hemodynamics and symptoms. Our report suggests that a normal pericardium by computed tomography and biopsy should not preclude pericardectomy for patients who have refractory symptoms, physical findings, and intracardiac pressures diagnostic of constrictive pericarditis.

Characterization of Cardiac Amyloidosis by Atrial Late Gadolinium Enhancement Using Contrast-Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Correlation With Left Atrial Conduit and Contractile Function.

The diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis (CA) often necessitates invasive myocardial biopsy. We sought to evaluate whether late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) of the atrial myocardium by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was associated with impaired left atrial (LA) function and whether the extent of LA LGE may enhance diagnostic differentiation of CA from other cardiomyopathies. Twenty-two patients with biopsy-proven CA, 37 with systemic hypertension (SH), and 22 with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDC) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiographic evaluation. Patients with CA had greater minimal LA volume (57 ± 53 vs 24 ± 18 in SH and 19 ± 25% in NIDC, p = 0.003), and significantly lower total LA emptying function (19 ± 14 vs 40 ± 14 in SH and 33 ± 20% in NIDC, p = 0.0006). The mean proportion of atrial enhancement (LGELA%) was significantly greater in patients with CA than with SH and NIDC (59 ± 36% vs 7.4 ± 2.1 and 2.9 ± 9.0%, p <0.0001, respectively). There was also a strong inverse correlation between both active and total atrial emptying (r = -0.69, p = 0.001; r = -0.67, p = 0.01, respectively) with LGELA% for patients with CA. In multivariate regression analysis, LGELA% was the strongest adjusted predictor for CA diagnosis. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, LGELA% ≥33% produced the greatest diagnostic utility for CA (sensitivity 76%, specificity 94%). Patients with CA may have extensive LGE of the LA myocardium, which is associated with marked reduction in LA emptying function. The extent of LA LGE was highly predictive for the diagnosis of CA.

Chamber dimensions and functional assessment with coronary computed tomographic angiography as compared to echocardiography using American Society of Echocardiography guidelines.

BACKGROUND: The correlation between normal cardiac chamber linear dimensions measured during retrospective coronary computed tomographic angiography as compared to transthoracic echocardiography using the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines is not well established. METHODS: We performed a review from January 2005 to July 2011 to identify subjects with retrospective electrocardiogram-gated coronary computed tomographic angiography scans for chest pain and transthoracic echocardiography with normal cardiac structures performed within 90 days. Dimensions were manually calculated in both imaging modalities in accordance with the American Society of Echocardiography published guidelines. Left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated on echocardiography manually using the Simpson's formula and by coronary computed tomographic angiography using the end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes. RESULTS: We reviewed 532 studies, rejected 412 and had 120 cases for review with a median time between studies of 7 days (interquartile range (IQR25,75) = 0-22 days) with no correlation between the measurements made by coronary computed tomographic angiography and transthoracic echocardiography using Bland-Altman analysis. We generated coronary computed tomographic angiography cardiac dimension reference ranges for both genders for our population. CONCLUSION: Our findings represent a step towards generating cardiac chamber dimensions' reference ranges for coronary computed tomographic angiography as compared to transthoracic echocardiography in patients with normal cardiac morphology and function using the American Society of Echocardiography guideline measurements that are commonly used by cardiologists.