Addition of Lidocaine to the Distension Medium in Hysteroscopy Decreases Pain during the Procedure-A Randomized Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of adding a local anesthetic to the distension medium in office diagnostic hysteroscopy using the vaginoscopic approach on pain during the procedure. Secondary aims included documenting side effects, patient satisfaction, and the time needed to complete the procedure. DESIGN: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. SETTING: University-affiliated hospital; office hysteroscopy clinic. PATIENTS: Total of 100 patients who underwent office hysteroscopies divided in half with 50 in the intervention group and 50 in the control group. INTERVENTIONS: Ten mL of lidocaine 2% added to 1000 mL of saline solution that was used as the distension medium for hysteroscopy in the study group vs 1000 mL of saline alone in the control group. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A significant difference was found in the increment of pain as measured by visual analog scale after the hysteroscopy between the 2 groups. Patients receiving lidocaine had an average rise of 1.9 in the visual analog scale score after the procedure compared with 2.9 in the control group (p = .033). There was also a nonsignificant trend for shorter duration of hysteroscopy in the intervention group compared with the control group (180.1 vs 222.1 seconds, p = .08). Patients' satisfaction was high in both groups (98% for the study group and 92% for the control group). Success rates were also similar between the 2 groups at approximately 95%. No side effects were recorded in either group. CONCLUSION: The addition of local anesthetic to the distension medium in office hysteroscopy produces significant reduction in pain during the procedure without adding time to the procedure and without side effects.

[Tocophobia--its origin, prevalence and implications].

Tocophobia is defined as fear from pregnancy in general and fear of vaginal delivery in particular. This is a relatively prevalent phenomenon, which originates due to traumatic events in the past: whether as a result of previous bad obstetric experience or from other non-obstetric related events. Unstable mental disorder may also be expressed as tocophobia. As there is no common agreement regarding the definition of tocophobia, conservative methods of treatment have not proven effective. Male tocophobia is also recognized and can be negatively influential on female males and spouses. The ultimate solution to tocophobia is an elective cesarean section following maternal request, with no obvious medical indication. This creates ethical problems to the attending physicians.

Outcome, complications and future fertility in women treated with uterine artery embolization and methotrexate for non-tubal ectopic pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness and safety of uterine artery methotrexate (MTX) infusion and embolization combined with systemic MTX for treatment of non-tubal ectopic pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic files of all women admitted to a single tertiary, university-affiliated medical center with a diagnosis of non-tubal (cervical, interstitial or cesarean section scar) ectopic pregnancy, who were treated by a combination of uterine artery MTX infusion and embolization and systemic MTX between January 2001 and March 2014. The treatment protocol included a total of 4 MTX injections in doses of 1 mg/kg/day every other day (days 1, 3, 5, 7 of the protocol) alternating with folinic acid 0.1 mg/kg (days 2, 4, 6, 8). The first or second MTX dose was administered by transcatheter intra-arterial injection during the embolization procedure just before injecting Gelfoam for bilateral uterine artery occlusion, and the remaining doses were given intramuscularly. RESULTS: During the study period, 25 women underwent uterine artery infusion and embolization combined with systemic MTX treatment for non-tubal ectopic pregnancy. Ten of the pregnancies were cervical, 9 were interstitial, and 6 were cesarean scar pregnancies. Mean gestational age and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-HCG) level at admission were 68.6±12.9 days and 14,179 (range 436-61596) IU/L, respectively. Treatment was successful in 24 patients (96%) with mean ß-HCG resolution time of 52.6 (6-147) days. Mild immediate side effects were reported including 8 cases (32%) of abdominal discomfort, 3 cases (12%) of groin or leg pain and 3 cases (12%) of puncture-site local skin infection. No serious immediate side effects such as internal vascular bleeding, sepsis or early liver or renal failure were observed. Among 12 women who stated that they tried to conceive and were more than a year from the treatment, 10 (83.3%) had subsequent pregnancy. CONCLUSION: A combination of uterine artery MTX infusion and embolization with systemic MTX seems to be an effective and safe treatment for non-tubal ectopic pregnancies in women who try to conceive.