CD9 shapes glucocorticoid sensitivity in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Resistance to glucocorticoids (GC), the common agents for remission induction in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), poses a significant therapeutic hurdle. Therefore, dissecting the mechanisms shaping GC resistance could lead to new treatment modalities. Here, we showed that CD9- BCP-ALL cells were preferentially resistant to prednisone and dexamethasone over other standard cytotoxic agents. Concordantly, we identified significantly more poor responders to the prednisone prephase among BCP-ALL patients with a CD9- phenotype, especially for those with adverse presenting features including older age, higher white cell count and BCR-ABL1. Furthermore, gain- and loss-offunction experiments dictated a definitive functional linkage between CD9 expression and GC susceptibility, as demonstrated by the reversal and acquisition of relative GC resistance in CD9low and CD9high BCP-ALL cells, respectively. Despite physical binding to the GC receptor NR3C1, CD9 did not alter its expression, phosphorylation or nuclear translocation but potentiated the induction of GC-responsive genes in GC-resistant cells. Importantly, the MEK inhibitor trametinib exhibited higher synergy with GC against CD9- than CD9+ lymphoblasts to reverse drug resistance in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our results elucidate a previously unrecognized regulatory function of CD9 in GC sensitivity, and inform new strategies for management of children with resistant BCP-ALL.

Quantitative analysis of charge transfer plasmons in silver nanocluster dimers using semiempirical methods.

Plasmonic metal nanoclusters are widely used in chemistry, nanotechnology, and biomedicine. In metal nanocluster dimers, coupling of the plasmons leads to the emergence of two distinct types of modes: (1) bonding dipole plasmons (BDP), which occurs when charge oscillates synchronously within each nanocluster, and (2) charge transfer plasmons (CTP), which occurs when charge oscillates between two conductively linked nanoclusters. Although TDDFT-based modeling has uncovered some trends in these modes, it is computationally expensive for large dimers, and quantitative analysis is challenging. Here, we demonstrate that the semiempirical quantum mechanical method INDO/CIS enables us to quantify the CTP character of each excited state efficiently. In end-to-end Ag nanowire dimers, the longitudinal states have CTP character that decreases with increasing gap distance and nanowire length. In side-by-side dimers, the transverse states have CTP character and generally larger than in the end-to-end dimers, particularly for the longer nanowires. In side-by-side dimers where one nanowire is shifted along the length of the other, the CTP character of the longitudinal states peaks when the dimer is shifted by two Ag-Ag bond lengths, while the transverse states show decreasing CTP character as displacement increases. In the larger Ag31+ nanorod dimers, CTP character follow a similar distance dependence to that seen in the small nanowire but have smaller overall CTP character than the nanowires. Our study demonstrates that INDO/CIS is capable of modeling metal nanocluster dimers at a low computational cost, making it possible to study larger dimers that are difficult to analyze using TDDFT.

Klotho Deficiency Causes Heart Aging via Impairing the Nrf2-GR Pathway.

RATIONALE: Cardiac aging is an important contributing factor for heart failure, which affects a large population but remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Klotho plays a role in cardiac aging. METHODS AND RESULTS: Heart function declined in old mice (24 months), as evidenced by decreases in fractional shortening, ejection fraction, and cardiac output. Heart size and weight, cardiomyocyte size, and cardiac fibrosis were increased in old mice, indicating that aging causes cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. Circulating Klotho levels were dramatically decreased in old mice, which prompted us to investigate whether the Klotho decline may cause heart aging. We found that Klotho gene mutation (KL-/-) largely decreased serum klotho levels and impaired heart function. Interestingly, supplement of exogenous secreted Klotho prevented heart failure, hypertrophy, and remodeling in both old mice and KL (-/-) mice. Secreted Klotho treatment inhibited excessive cardiac oxidative stress, senescence and apoptosis in old mice and KL (-/-) mice. Serum phosphate levels in KL (-/-) mice were kept in the normal range, suggesting that Klotho deficiency-induced heart aging is independent of phosphate metabolism. Mechanistically, Klotho deficiency suppressed GR (glutathione reductase) expression and activity in the heart via inhibition of transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2). Furthermore, cardiac-specific overexpression of GR prevented excessive oxidative stress, apoptosis, and heart failure in both old and KL (-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS: Klotho deficiency causes cardiac aging via impairing the Nrf2-GR pathway. Supplement of exogenous secreted Klotho represents a promising therapeutic strategy for aging-associated cardiomyopathy and heart failure.

Bonding and Acidity of the Formal Hydride in the Prototypical Au9 (PPh3 )8 H2+ Nanocluster.

The role of hydrogen atoms as surface ligands on metal nanoclusters is of profound importance but remains difficult to directly study. While hydrogen atoms often appear to be incorporated formally as hydrides, evidence suggests that they donate electrons to the cluster's delocalized superatomic orbitals and may consequently behave as acidic protons that play key roles in synthetic or catalytic mechanisms. Here we directly test this assertion for the prototypical Au9 (PPh3 )8 H2+ nanocluster, formed by addition of a hydride to the well-characterized Au9 (PPh3 )8 3+ . Using gas-phase infrared spectroscopy, we were able to unambiguously isolate Au9 (PPh3 )8 H2+ and Au9 (PPh3 )8 D2+ , revealing an Au-H stretching mode at 1528 cm-1 that shifts to 1038 cm-1 upon deuteration. This shift is greater than the maximum expected for a typical harmonic potential, suggesting a potential governing cluster-H bonding that has some square-well character consistent with the hydrogen nucleus behaving as a metal atom in the cluster core. Complexing this cluster with very weak bases reveals a redshift of 37 cm-1 in the Au-H vibration, consistent with those typically seen for moderately acidic groups in gas phase molecules and providing an estimate of the acidity of Au9 (PPh3 )8 H2+ , at least with regard to its surface reactivity.

Parametrization of the PM7 Semiempirical Quantum Mechanical Method for Silver Nanoclusters.

Semiempirical quantum mechanical methods (SEQMs) are widely used in computational chemistry because of their low computational cost, but their accuracy depends on the quality of the parameters. The neglect of diatomic differential overlap method PM7 is among the few SEQMs that contain parameters for Ag, but the experimental reference data was insufficient to obtain reliable parameters in the original parametrization. In this work, we reparametrize the PM7 parameters for Ag to accurately reproduce the ground-state potential energy surfaces of Ag clusters. Since little experimental data is available, we use reference data obtained from the ab initio method CCSD(T). The resulting parameters significantly reduce the errors in binding energies, energies required to displace clusters along their normal modes, and relative energies of isomers compared to the default PM7 Ag parameters.

Urban-rural differences in catastrophic health expenditure among households with chronic non-communicable disease patients: evidence from China family panel studies.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) challenges the Chinese health system reform. Little is known for the differences in catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) between urban and rural households with NCD patients. This study aims to measure the differences above and quantify the contribution of each variable in explaining the urban-rural differences. METHODS: Unbalanced panel data were obtained from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) conducted between 2012 and 2018. The techniques of Fairlie nonlinear decomposition and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition were employed to measure the contribution of each independent variable to the urban-rural differences. RESULTS: The CHE incidence and intensity of households with NCD patients were significantly higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The urban-rural differences in CHE incidence increased from 8.07% in 2012 to 8.18% in 2018, while the urban-rural differences in CHE intensity decreased from 2.15% in 2012 to 2.05% in 2018. From 2012 to 2018, the disparity explained by household income and self-assessed health status of household head increased to some extent. During the same period, the contribution of education attainment to the urban-rural differences in CHE incidence decreased, while the contribution of education attainment to the urban-rural differences in CHE intensity increased slightly. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with urban households with NCD patients, rural households with NCD patients had higher risk of incurring CHE and heavier economic burden of diseases. There was no substantial change in urban-rural inequality in the incidence and intensity of CHE in 2018 compared to 2012. Policy interventions should give priority to improving the household income, education attainment and health awareness of rural patients with NCDs.

A transcriptome atlas of silkworm silk glands revealed by PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing.

The silk gland of the silkworm Bombyx mori is a specialized organ where silk proteins are efficiently synthesized under precise regulation that largely determines the properties of silk fibers. To understand the genes involved in the regulation of silk protein synthesis, considerable research has focused on the transcripts expressed in silk glands; however, the complete transcriptome profile of this organ has yet to be elucidated. Here, we report a full-length silk gland transcriptome obtained by PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing technology. In total, 11,697 non-redundant transcripts were identified in mixed samples of silk glands dissected from larvae at five developmental stages. When compared with the published reference, the full-length transcripts optimized the structures of 3002 known genes, and a total of 9061 novel transcripts with an average length of 2171 bp were detected. Among these, 1403 (15.5%) novel transcripts were computationally revealed to be lncRNAs, 8135 (89.8%) novel transcripts were annotated to different protein and nucleotide databases, and 5655 (62.4%) novel transcripts were predicted to have complete ORFs. Furthermore, we found 1867 alternative splicing events, 2529 alternative polyadenylation events, 784 fusion events and 6596 SSRs. This study provides a comprehensive set of reference transcripts and greatly revises and expands the available silkworm transcript data. In addition, these data will be very useful for studying the regulatory mechanisms of silk protein synthesis.

Feasibility Study of Transthoracic Echocardiography for Coronary Slow Flow Phenomenon Evaluation: Validation by Coronary Angiography.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess echocardiography parameters in CSFP evaluation. METHODS: This study enrolled 79 consecutive patients with CSFP validated by coronary angiography and control individuals with normal coronary flow. Coronary flow rates were determined by corrected CTFC. Clinical and coronary angiography data and coronary parameters assessed by echocardiography using the CFI were recorded. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. Patients with CSFP were predominantly males, with higher BMI values, weights and triglyceride levels (p < 0.05), but lower platelet counts (p < 0.05). Conventional echocardiography parameters were similar in the two groups. However, echocardiographic measurements of the LAD, including PDV, MDV, PDP, MDP and VTI, in the CSFP group were lower compared with control values (p < 0.05). BMI was positively correlated with CSFP. LAD's CTFC showed strong inverse correlations with PDV, MDV, PDP, and MDP in CSFP groups. ROC curve analysis revealed that coronary artery flow-related parameters occupied more than half of the AUC. CONCLUSIONS: CSFP could be identified with the help of echocardiography.

Speckle tracking echocardiography in the diagnosis of early left ventricular systolic dysfunction in type II diabetic mice.

BACKGROUND: The leptin receptor-deficient db/db mouse is a well-established type II diabetes animal model used to investigate diabetic cardiomyopathy. Previous reports have documented diabetic cardiomyopathy is accompanied by cardiac structural and functional abnormalities. To better elucidate early or subtle changes in cardiac performance in db/db mice, we used speckle tracking echocardiography to assess systolic myocardial strain in vivo with diabetic db/db mice in order to study early changes of left ventricle contractile function in type II diabetes model. METHODS: Male diabetic db/db mice and age-matched control mice from C57BL/6J strain at 8,12 and 16 weeks of age were subjected to echocardiography. At the midpapillary level in the parasternal left ventricular short-axis view, end diastolic and systolic left ventricular diameter, interventricular septal thickness and posterior wall thicknesses, ejection fraction, fractional shortening were determined by M-mode echocardiography. Using speckle-tracking based strain analysis of two-dimensional echocardiographic images acquired from the parasternal short-axis views at the mid-papillary level, systolic global radial and circumferential strain values were analyzed. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in interventricular septal thickness, posterior wall thicknesses, end diastolic and systolic left ventricular diameter, ejection fraction and fractional shortening between db/db and age-matched control mice at 8,12 or 16 weeks of age (P > 0.05). At 8 and 12 weeks of age, there was no significant difference in left ventricular radial strain and circumferential strain between db/db mice and age-matched controls (P > 0.05). But at 16 weeks of age, the left ventricular radial strain and circumferential strain in db/db mice were lower than in control mice (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The present study shows that speckle tracking echocardiography can be used to evaluate cardiac functional alterations in mouse models of cardiovascular disease. Radial and circumferential strain are more sensitive and can be used for detection of early left ventricular contractile dysfunction in db/db type II diabetic mice.

Multistage stabilization of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and As in contaminated soil by phosphorus-coated nZVI layered composite materials: characteristics, process and mechanism.

This study developed a shell-like slow-release material, PF@ST/Fe-0.5, by encapsulating nanoscale zero-valent iron composites (NZC) with phosphate fertilizer (PF) and a starch binder (ST). The material dissolved in soil in stages, first releasing P and Ca to increase the soil pH from 4.95 to 7.14. This was followed by the formation of phosphates and hydroxides precipitates with Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd in soil, reducing their bioavailable forms by 81.73 %, 79.58 %, 91.05 %, and 86.47 %, respectively. The process also involved the competitive adsorption between PO43-/HPO42- and arsenate/arsenite led to the release of specifically adsorbed arsenic, increasing the probability of reaction with the material. Afterwards, the exposure of the NZC core reacted with arsenate/arsenite to form ferric arsenates, thus reducing the content of bioavailable arsenic in the soil by 73.57 %. Excess PO43- and alkali metal cations were captured and mineralized by the iron (hydro) oxides and reactive silicates in NZC, enhancing the remediation effect. Furthermore, the wet-dry alternation test had demonstrated the adaptability of PF@ST/Fe-0.5 to the rainy dry-wet soil environment in Yunnan, which enabled the bioavailable content of As, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd decreased by 71.2 %, 94.8 %, 84.1 %, 79.8 %, and 83.9 %, respectively. The layered structure minimized internal reactive substance consumption and protected the internal nZVI from oxidation. The phased release of phosphate and Fe0 stabilized Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd, enhancing As stabilization and providing a new perspective for the synchronous stabilization of soil contaminated.

The Effect of Notch and Molecular Weight on the Impact Fracture Behavior of Polycarbonate.

The impact protection applications of polycarbonate (PC) products are gradually increasing. Due to the high sensitivity of PC to notches, research on notch impacts has become very important. In this paper, the impact performance of PC with two different molecular weights under different notch states was investigated. Three notch size factors, namely notch tip radius, notch angle, and notch center depth, were selected to design orthogonal experiments and research impact toughness. Subsequently, a single-factor study was conducted on the impact radius at the tip of the notch, which was the most important factor affecting the impact performance. Research shows that the brittle-ductile-transition tip radius of high-molecular-weight PC is 0.15 mm, and it has a higher impact toughness than low-molecular-weight PC during the brittle fracture process. The brittle-ductile-transition tip radius of lower molecular weight is 0.25 mm, while low-molecular-weight PC has a higher impact toughness during the ductile fracture process. The brittle and ductile fracture mechanisms of PC with different molecular weights were analyzed by observing the stress changes and cross-sectional morphology.

Comparison of industry payments to psychiatrists and psychiatric advanced practice clinicians in the USA, 2021: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare industry payment patterns among US psychiatrists and psychiatric advanced practice clinicians (APCs) and determine how scope of practice laws has influenced these patterns. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: This study used the publicly available US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Sunshine Act Open Payment database and the National Plan and Provider Enumeration System (NPPES) database for the year 2021. PARTICIPANTS: All psychiatrists and psychiatric APCs (subdivided into nurse practitioners (NPs) and clinical nurse specialists (CNSs)) included in either database. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Number and percentage of clinicians receiving industry payments and value of payments received. Total payments and number of transactions by type of payment, payment source and clinician type were also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 85 053 psychiatric clinicians (61 011 psychiatrists (71.7%), 21 895 NPs (25.7%), 2147 CNSs (2.5%)) were reviewed; 16 240 (26.6%) psychiatrists received non-research payment from industry, compared with 10 802 (49.3%) NPs and 231 (10.7%) CNSs (p<0.001) for pairwise comparisons). Psychiatric NPs were significantly more likely to receive industry payments compared with psychiatrists (incidence rate ratio (IRR), 1.85 (95% CI 1.81 to 1.88); p<0.001)). Compared with psychiatrists, NPs were more likely to receive payments of > United States Dollars (US) $) 100 (33.9% vs 14.6%; IRR, 2.14 (2.08 to 2.20); p<0.001) and > US$ 1000 (5.3% vs 4.1%; IRR, 1.29 (1.20 to 1.38); p<0.001) but less likely to receive > US$ 10 000 (0.4% vs 1.0%; IRR, 0.39 (0.31 to 0.49); p<0.001). NPs in states with 'reduced' or 'restricted' scope of practice received more frequent payments (reduced: IRR, 1.22 (1.18 to 1.26); restricted: IRR, 1.26 (1.22 to 1.30), both p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric NPs were nearly two times as likely to receive industry payments as psychiatrists, while psychiatric CNSs were less than half as likely to receive payment. Stricter scope of practice laws increases the likelihood of psychiatric NPs receiving payment, the opposite of what was found in a recent specialty agnostic study.

Effect of addition of γ-poly glutamic acid on bacterial nanocellulose production under agitated culture conditions.

BACKGROUND: Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), a natural polymer material, gained significant popularity among researchers and industry. It has great potential in areas, such as textile manufacturing, fiber-based paper, and packaging products, food industry, biomedical materials, and advanced functional bionanocomposites. The main current fermentation methods for BNC involved static culture, as the agitated culture methods had lower raw material conversion rates and resulted in non-uniform product formation. Currently, studies have shown that the production of BNC can be enhanced by incorporating specific additives into the culture medium. These additives included organic acids or polysaccharides. γ-Polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA), known for its high polymerization, excellent biodegradability, and environmental friendliness, has found extensive application in various industries including daily chemicals, medicine, food, and agriculture. RESULTS: In this particular study, 0.15 g/L of γ-PGA was incorporated as a medium additive to cultivate BNC under agitated culture conditions of 120 rpm and 30 â„ƒ. The BNC production increased remarkably by 209% in the medium with 0.15 g/L γ-PGA and initial pH of 5.0 compared to that in the standard medium, and BNC production increased by 7.3% in the medium with 0.06 g/L γ-PGA. The addition of γ-PGA as a medium additive resulted in significant improvements in BNC production. Similarly, at initial pH levels of 4.0 and 6.0, the BNC production also increased by 39.3% and 102.3%, respectively. To assess the characteristics of the BNC products, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were used. The average diameter of BNC fibers, which was prepared from the medium adding 0.15 g/L γ-PGA, was twice thicker than that of BNC fibers prepared from the control culture medium. That might be because that polyglutamic acid relieved the BNC synthesis from the shear stress from the agitation. CONCLUSIONS: This experiment held great significance as it explored the use of a novel medium additive, γ-PGA, to improve the production and the glucose conversion rate in BNC fermentation. And the BNC fibers became thicker, with better thermal stability, higher crystallinity, and higher degree of polymerization (DPv). These findings lay a solid foundation for future large-scale fermentation production of BNC using bioreactors.

Building Coarse to Fine Convex Hulls with Auxiliary Vertices for Palette-based Image Recoloring.

Constructing a convex hull for the pixel colors of an image by viewing them as 3D points can extract a set of palette colors for the image, then image recoloring can be achieved by modifying the palette colors. For better recoloring effect, the convex hull should contain more pixels (inclusive) and be more compact. Otherwise, reconstruction error would occur or the extracted palette color would be less representative, yielding wrong recoloring results or less effective edit. We observe that convex hulls constructed by prior methods can contain all the image pixels, but are far from compact. Efforts have been made to optimize the vertices of convex hull to increase the compactness but are still not perfect. In this paper, we propose a novel coarse to fine convex hull construction scheme with auxiliary vertices. We start by constructing a coarse convex hull whose vertices are directly image pixels which is thus the most compact but cannot contain all pixels. We then make a remedy by adding auxiliary vertices into the coarse convex hull to obtain a fine convex hull. More auxiliary vertices are added, more image pixels will be contained into the fine convex hull. The auxiliary vertices are image pixels too so that the compactness can still be maintained. During editing, the auxiliary vertices are not allowed to be edited for edit convenience, but deformed as-rigid-as-possible with the adjusting of other vertices. Our convex hull is both inclusive and compact. Extensive experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Geographic distribution of general industry payments to advanced-practice clinicians.

Following the recent expansion of the Open Payments program to include advanced-practice clinicians (APCs) as covered recipients, we characterized the geographical distribution of general industry payments to nurse practitioners and physician assistants using the Open Payments database. The number and dollar value of payments, as well as the average and median payment amount earned per provider, varied by state. However, a significantly higher proportion of APCs received payments in states with more restrictive scope-of-practice laws. Understanding how and why payments to APCs vary by state can elucidate how industry-APC relationships are related to changing scope-of-practice and state-specific transparency/disclosure laws, informing future legislation.

Synchronous stabilization of Pb, Zn, Cd, and As in lead smelting slag by industrial solid waste.

In order to prevent heavy metal (HM) pollution from lead smelting slag (LSS) to the surrounding environment, this work investigated the feasibility, influencing factors, and mechanisms of using industrial solid waste such as fly ash (FA), oil sludge pyrolysis residue (PR), and steel slag (SS) as remediation amendments. The results demonstrated that the stabilization process was influenced by the material dosage, water content, and LSS particle size. Compared to single materials, the combination amendment PR2FA1 (with a mass ratio of PR to FA as 2:1) exhibited the best stabilization effect, simultaneously reducing the leaching concentrations of As, Zn, Cd, and Pb in LSS to 0.032, 0.034, 0.002, and 0.014 mg/L, respectively. The pH value of the leachate remained between 8 and 9, which met the requirements of surface water quality class IV (GB3838-2002). Through morphological analysis, microscopic characterization, and simulated solution adsorption experiments, it was determined that the stabilization process of HMs was controlled by various mechanisms, including electrostatic attraction, physical adsorption, ion exchange, and chemical precipitation. PR2FA1 had more active components, and its fine-porous structure provided more active sites, resulting in good stabilization performance for As, Zn, Cd, and Pb. Furthermore, cost analysis showed that PR2FA1, as an environmentally friendly material, could generate profits of 157.2 ¥/ton. In conclusion, the prepared PR2FA1 not only addressed the HMs pollution from lead smelting slag to the surrounding environment but also achieved the safe and resourceful disposal of hazardous waste-oil sludge. Its excellent performance in stabilizing HMs and cost-effectiveness suggested promising commercial applications.

The immunogenic involvement of miRNA-492 in mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the role of miRNA-492 in the progression of mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection in pediatric patients. METHODS: Forty-six children admitted to the present study's hospital and diagnosed with mycoplasma pneumonia were recruited as the study group from March 2018 to August 2019, and 40 healthy children were selected as the control group. RESULTS: The expression levels of miRNA-492, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18 in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between miRNA-492 and most of the immune-correlated indicators in the study group, except for IL-6, IL-18 and HMGB1. Meanwhile, overexpression of miRNA-492 increased IL-6 secretion in PMA-activated monocytes (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The present study's results suggested that miRNA-492 might play a role in the pathogenesis of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children by regulating the secretion of immune-inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and IL-18 in the mononuclear macrophages.

Co-production of pigment and high value-added bacterial nanocellulose from Suaeda salsa biomass with improved efficiency of enzymatic saccharification and fermentation.

This study evaluated the co-production of pigment and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) from S. salsa biomass. The extraction of the beet red pigment reduced the salts and flavonoids contents by 82.7%-100%, promoting the efficiencies of enzymatic saccharification of the biomass and the fermentation of BNC from the hydrolysate. SEM analysis revealed that the extraction process disrupted the lignocellulosic fiber structure, and the chemical analysis revealed the lessened cellulase inhibitors, consequently facilitating enzymatic saccharification for 10.4 times. BNC producing strains were found to be hyper-sensitive to NaCl stress, produced up to 400.4% more BNC from the hydrolysate after the extraction. The fermentation results of BNC indicated that the LDU-A strain yielded 2.116 g/L and 0.539 g/L in ES-M and NES-M, respectively. In comparison to the control, the yield in ES-M increased by approximately 20.0%, while the enhancement in NES-M was more significant, reaching 292.6%. After conducting a comprehensive characterization of BNC derived from S. salsa through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), the average fiber diameter distribution of these four BNC materials ranges from 22.23 to 33.03 nanometers, with a crystallinity range of 77%-90%. Additionally, they exhibit a consistent trend during the thermal degradation process, further emphasizing their stability in high-temperature environments and similar thermal properties. Our study found an efficient co-production approach of pigment and BNC from S. salsa biomass. Pigment extraction made biomass more physically and chemically digestible to cellulase, and significantly improved BNC productivity and quality.

Stem cell therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: An update.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a deadly disease, and there currently is no cure for this life-threating medical problem. The average lifespan is about 5 to 7 years after diagnosis of PAH. Therefore, a conceptual breakthrough to develop new therapeutic strategies for PAH is urgently needed. Growing evidence shows that stem cells are emerging as a novel effective treatment, but the understanding of its underlying mechanisms is still limited. This review highlights the mechanisms through which stem cells successfully reverse pulmonary vascular endothelial dysfunction, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell over-proliferation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in PAH patients and common rodent models used in PAH research. They can modulate common underlying pathways involved in PAH, including the nitric oxide synthase, mitochondrial regulators, microRNAs and STAT3-BMPR signaling. Genetic modifications further enhance the therapeutic effects of stem cells on PAH. Clinical trials showed promising therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells for PAH. Potential limitations and challenges are also discussed. The current findings support the need for further investigation and validation of stem cell therapy for PAH.