Development of a prognostic tool exploring female adolescent risk for HIV prevention and PrEP in rural South Africa, a generalised epidemic setting.

OBJECTIVES: Adolescent females in sub-Saharan Africa bear a disproportionate burden of new HIV infections but have been excluded from prognostic research, such as developed risk calculators. This study examines whether validated risk calculators, which calculate HIV risk among sub-Saharan African women, can be modified to assess HIV risk among adolescent girls. The performance of selected risk variables from validated calculators and the literature was evaluated among adolescent females using modern advanced statistical tools. METHODS: Risk variables for the updated tool were selected from the CAPRISA 007 (CAP007) trial (2010-2012) questionnaires. An initially HIV-seronegative cohort of rural South African female high school students (n=1049) aged 14-25 years was selected. The number and characteristics of latent factors, or dimensions, underlying selected variables were assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The updated tool's effectiveness identifying trends in adolescent risk were assessed with latent class analysis (LCA). RESULTS: EFA identified two key latent factors: sexual behaviour and socioeconomic risk factors. Latent sexual behaviour risk influenced contraception use (0.883), perceived HIV risk (0.691) and pregnancy (-0.384). Latent socioeconomic risk influenced low HIV knowledge (0.371), financial dependence (0.532), prior HIV testing (-0.379) and alcohol use (-0.332). Using LCA, three underlying categories of adolescent females were identified: those with no, low and high risk of HIV (1.10%, 2.26% and 2.91% 1-year seroconversion rates, respectively). Herpes simplex virus serotype-2, condom contraception, alcohol use, pregnancy and age were significantly associated with higher risk class membership, while non-condom contraception was associated with lower risk class membership. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent females are at unequal risk of acquiring HIV. Findings suggest the updated tool captures two main facets of adolescent characteristics and may identify differential risk. This work supports further investigation to inform development of targeted differentiated interventions and efficient prognostic tools for adolescents in high-risk settings.

Addressing Prevention Among HIV-Uninfected Women in PMTCT Programs in South India.

With nearly one million HIV-infected women in India, prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs serve an important role. While PMTCT programs focus on mothers living with HIV infection, offering them to uninfected pregnant women may prevent maternal HIV infections. To inform future efforts to offer PMTCT programs to uninfected women, we conducted focus groups with 24 uninfected women in the South Indian state of Karnataka who had given birth within the previous 2 years to explore their perceptions and experiences about HIV education and screening during pregnancy. Although all the participants had undergone HIV testing at a public health facility during pregnancy, they reported little knowledge about HIV transmission or prevention. Revisions are needed in existing PMTCT program curricula and instruction methods before they can be offered to uninfected women as an HIV prevention strategy.

Factors Motivating HPV Vaccine Uptake Among Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Hispanic Young Adult Women.

INTRODUCTION: To identify factors influencing human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination up taking decision making among vaccinated and nonvaccinated Hispanic college women. PARTICIPANTS: Hispanic young women between the ages of 18 and 24 years (N = 49). In total, 26 had not received the HPV vaccine, and 23 had started/completed the vaccine series. METHOD: Participants registered for the study via a psychology research pool at a large public university in the southeast United States after institutional review board approval. After completing a demographic information and HPV knowledge Web-based survey, participants were individually interviewed. RESULTS: Differences in HPV vaccine knowledge emerged between vaccinated and nonvaccinated women. Fear of side effects, perceptions of risk, and sources of encouragement influenced willingness to be vaccinated against HPV. Health care providers played a central role in addressing concerns and promoting vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Health care providers must address and integrate unique decision-making processes influencing Hispanic young adult women's perceptions of HPV vaccination.