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1.
Cereb Cortex ; 33(6): 2426-2440, 2023 03 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35671478

RESUMO

The neural basis of reading is highly consistent across many languages and scripts. Are there alternative neural routes to reading? How does the sensory modality of symbols (tactile vs. visual) influence their neural representations? We examined these questions by comparing reading of visual print (sighted group, n = 19) and tactile Braille (congenitally blind group, n = 19). Blind and sighted readers were presented with written (words, consonant strings, non-letter shapes) and spoken stimuli (words, backward speech) that varied in word-likeness. Consistent with prior work, the ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOTC) was active during Braille and visual reading. A posterior/anterior vOTC word-form gradient was observed only in sighted readers with more anterior regions preferring larger orthographic units (words). No such gradient was observed in blind readers. Consistent with connectivity predictions, in blind compared to sighted readers, posterior parietal cortices were recruited to a greater degree and contained word-preferring patches. Lateralization of Braille in blind readers was predicted by laterality of spoken language and reading hand. The effect of spoken language increased along a cortical hierarchy, whereas effect of reading hand waned. These results suggested that the neural basis of reading is influenced by symbol modality and spoken language and support connectivity-based views of cortical function.


Assuntos
Fala , Tato , Humanos , Lateralidade Funcional , Lobo Parietal , Cegueira
2.
J Am Chem Soc ; 145(39): 21600-21611, 2023 Oct 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37737723

RESUMO

Silicon (Si)-based anodes are currently considered a feasible solution to improve the energy density of lithium-ion batteries owing to their sufficient specific capacity and natural abundance. However, Si-based anodes exhibit low electric conductivities and large volume changes during cycling, which could easily trigger continuous breakdown/reparation of the as-formed solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) layer, seriously hampering their practical application in current battery technology. To control the chemoelectrochemical instability of the conventional SEI layer, we herein propose the introduction of elemental sulfur into nonaqueous electrolytes, aiming to build a sulfur-mediated gradient interphase (SMGI) layer on Si-based anodes. The SMGI layer is generated through the domino reactions (i.e., electrochemical cascade reactions) involving the electrochemical reductions of elemental sulfur followed by nucleophilic substitutions of fluoroethylene carbonate, which endows the corresponding SEI layer with strong elasticity and chemomechanical stability and enables rapid transportation of Li+ ions. Consequently, the prototype Si||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cells attain a high-energy density of 622.2 W h kg-1 and a capacity retention of 88.8% after 100 cycles. Unlike previous attempts based on sophisticated chemical modifications of electrolyte components, this study opens a new avenue in interphase design for long-lived and high-energy rechargeable batteries.

3.
J Am Chem Soc ; 144(33): 15100-15110, 2022 Aug 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35960703

RESUMO

Rechargeable lithium-based batteries built with high-energy anode materials (e.g., silicon-based and silicon-derivative materials) are considered a feasible solution to satisfy the stringent requirements imposed by emerging markets, including electric vehicles and grid storage, due to their higher energy density compared to contemporary lithium-ion batteries. The robustness of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on high-energy anodes is critical to achieve long-term and stable cycling performances of the batteries. Herein, we propose a new type of designer cathode additive (DCA), i.e., an ultrathin coating layer of elemental sulfur on the cathode, for the in situ formation of a thin and robust SEI layer on various types of high-energy anodes. The DCA elemental sulfur undergoes simultaneous oxidation and reduction paths, forming lithium alkyl sulfate (R-OSO2OLi) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-like polymers on the anode surface. The as-formed R-OSO2OLi/PEO-modified SEI layer has good lithium cation (Li+) permeability to facilitate fast ion transportation across the interphases and superior elasticity to adapt to large volume changes, which is particularly effective for improving the cycling efficiency of high-energy anodes (e.g., ca. 14-35% increase in capacity retention for the silicon-carbon composite (SiC) or silicon-tin alloy (Si-Sn)||LiFePO4 cells). The present work opens a new avenue toward the practical deployment of high-energy rechargeable lithium-based batteries.

4.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 119: 163-172, 2021 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34562583

RESUMO

Non-coding RNAs are a class of RNAs, including circRNA and miRNA, that cannot be translated into proteins, but play an important role in the regulation of the expression of protein-coding genes. More and more evidences showed that circRNA can regulate the expression of miRNA target genes by adsorbing miRNA and form the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network. The inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida vaccine is a commercial vaccine for many teleost. Understanding the role of circRNA and miRNA in the early stage of vaccine injection will provide a new insight for the study of the early immune response process in teleost. In this study, the expression profiles of circRNA, miRNA and mRNA were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 96 h after injection of inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida vaccine and normal turbot spleen. Compared with the control group, 111, 141 and 453 differentially expressed circRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs were identified in the four vaccination groups, respectively. The targeting relationships of differentially expressed miRNA to circRNA and mRNA were predicted by using miRanda software, and the results showed that a variety of differentially expressed immune-related genes were targeted. A total of 53 differentially expressed circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks were constructed according to circRNA-miRNA pairs and miRNA-mRNA pairs. Among them, cell adhesion molecule 3 and immunoglobulin superfamily member 21 were regulated by the same miRNA (novel_880) and circRNA (novel_circ_0000311/novel_circ_0005326). These suggest that these circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks may be a multi-molecule regulatory network, and its regulatory mechanism needs to be further studied.


Assuntos
Aeromonas salmonicida , Linguados , MicroRNAs , Animais , Linguados/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/veterinária , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Imunidade , MicroRNAs/genética , RNA Circular , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Transcriptoma , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados
5.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 109: 71-81, 2021 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33316369

RESUMO

Galectins, a family of evolutionary conserved ß-galactoside-binding proteins, have been characterized in a wide range of species. Many reports have indicated vital roles of galectins in innate immunity, especially in the mucosal tissues against infection. However, the systematic identification of galectin gene family is still lacking in teleost. Here, we characterized the galectin gene family and investigated their expression profiles post bacterial challenge in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). In this study, a total of 13 galectin genes were characterized in turbot, phylogenetic analyses revealed their strong relationships to half smooth tongue sole and puffer fish, and syntenic analyses confirmed the orthology suggested by the phylogenetic analysis. In addition, the copy number of galectin genes is similar across a broad spectrum of species from fish to amphibians, birds, and mammals, ranging from 8 to 16 genes. Furthermore, the galectin genes were widely expressed in all the examined turbot tissues, and most of the galectin genes were strongly expressed in mucosal tissues (skin, gill and intestine). Moreover, majority of the galectin genes were significantly regulated after Vibrio anguillarum infection in the intestine, gill and skin, suggesting that galectins were involved in the mucosal immune response to V. anguillarum infection in turbot. In addition, subcellular localization analysis showed lgals3a was distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. However, the knowledge of galectins are still limited in teleost species, further studies should be carried out to better characterize its detailed roles in teleost mucosal immunity.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Linguados/genética , Galectinas/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/genética , Mucosa/imunologia , Família Multigênica/imunologia , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Proteínas de Peixes/química , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Linguados/metabolismo , Galectinas/química , Galectinas/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/veterinária , Filogenia , Sintenia , Vibrio/fisiologia , Vibrioses/imunologia , Vibrioses/microbiologia , Vibrioses/veterinária
6.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 97: 322-335, 2020 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31805413

RESUMO

Cathepsin L (CTSL) is one of the crucial enzymes in cathepsin family, which has been widely known for its involvement in the innate immunity. However, it still remains poorly understood how CTSL modulates the immune system of teleosts. In this study, we captured three cathepsin L genes (SmCTSL, SmCTSL.1 and SmCTSL1) from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). The coding sequences of SmCTSL, SmCTSL.1 and SmCTSL1 are 1,026 bp, 1,005 bp and 1,017 bp in length and encode 341, 334 and 338 amino acids, respectively. In details, transcripts of CTSL genes share same domains as other CTSL genes, one signal peptide, one propeptide and one papain family cysteine protease domain. Protein interaction network analysis indicated that turbot CTSL genes may play important roles in apoptotic signaling and involve in innate immune response. Evidence from subcellular localization demonstrated that the three Cathepsin L proteins were ubiquitous in nucleus and cytoplasm. The cathepsin L genes were widely expressed in all the tested tissues with the highest expression level of SmCTSL in spleen, and SmCTSL.1 and SmCTSL1 in intestine. Following Vibrio anguillarum, Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus iniae challenge, these cathepsin L genes were significantly regulated in mucosal tissues in all the challenges, especially significant down-regulation occurred rapidly in intestine in all the three challenges. In addition, the three cathepsin L genes showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands (LPS, PGN and LTA). Further studies should be used to analyze the specific function of these three cathepsin L genes. By then, we can use their function to maintain the integrity of the mucosal barrier, thereby promoting the disease resistance line and family selection in turbot.


Assuntos
Catepsina L/genética , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Linguados/genética , Linguados/imunologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Imunidade nas Mucosas/genética , Animais , Catepsina L/imunologia , Edwardsiella tarda/fisiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/imunologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/veterinária , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/imunologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/veterinária , Estrutura Quaternária de Proteína , Infecções Estreptocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus iniae/fisiologia , Vibrio/fisiologia , Vibrioses/imunologia , Vibrioses/veterinária
7.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 102: 243-256, 2020 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32315741

RESUMO

Cathepsins, a superfamily of hydrolytic enzymes produced and enclosed within lysosomes, play multiple roles at physiological and pathological states. Cathepsin S is a lysosomal cysteine endopeptidase of the papain family, and exerts critical roles in the regulation of MHC class II immune responses. In the present study, we captured two Cathepsin S genes in turbot (SmCTSS1 and SmCTSS2.1), characterized their expression patterns following V. anguillarum and S. iniae infections, and explored their binding ability and agglutination capability. Firstly, the SmCTSS1 contained a 990 bp ORF encoding 329 amino acids, while SmCTSS2.1 contained a 1,014 bp ORF encoding 337 amino acids. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that both genes showed the closest relationship to their counterparts of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In addition, both genes were ubiquitously expressed in all examined healthy tissues, with the highest expression level observed in spleen and intestine, respectively, while the lowest expression level both observed in liver. Both SmCTSS1 and SmCTSS2.1 were significantly differentially expressed, and exhibited general down-regulations at most time points in skin and intestine after two bacterial infections. Finally, both rSmCTSS1 and rSmCTSS2.1 showed significant binding ability to three examined microbial ligands (LPS, PGN and LTA), and strong agglutination effect to different bacteria (E. tarda, S. agalactiae, S. aureus and V. anguillarum). Collectively, this study provided valuable data for understanding the roles of CTSS in the host defense against bacterial infections in turbot, and indicated the potential vital roles of CTSS in innate immune responses of teleost species.


Assuntos
Catepsinas/genética , Catepsinas/imunologia , Linguados/genética , Linguados/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/genética , Transcriptoma/imunologia , Animais , Infecções Bacterianas/imunologia , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/imunologia , Genoma/imunologia , Filogenia
8.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 84: 333-340, 2019 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30296481

RESUMO

Galectins, a family of evolutionary conserved ß-galactoside-binding proteins, have been characterized in a wide range of species. Galectin-3 is the only member in the chimera type, which is a monomeric lectin with one CRD domain. A growing body of evidence have indicated vital roles of galectin-3 in innate immune responses against infection. Here, one galectin-3 gene was captured in turbot (SmLgals3) with a 1203 bp open reading frame (ORF). In comparison to other species, SmLgals3 showed the highest similarity and identity to large yellow croaker and medaka, respectively. The genomic structure analysis showed that SmLgals3 had 5 exons similar to other vertebrate species. The syntenic analysis revealed that galectin-3 had the same neighboring genes across all the selected species, which suggested the synteny encompassing galectin-3 region during vertebrate evolution. Subsequently, SmLgals3 was widely expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest expression level in brain and the lowest expression level in skin. In addition, SmLgals3 was significantly down-regulated in intestine following both Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, and Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae immersion challenge. Finally, the rSmLgals3 showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands. Taken together, our results suggested SmLgals3 played vital roles in fish innate immune responses against infection. However, the knowledge of SmLgals3 are still limited in teleost species, further studies should be carried out to better characterize its detailed roles in teleost mucosal immunity.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Linguados/genética , Linguados/imunologia , Galectina 3/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/genética , Imunidade nas Mucosas/genética , Animais , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Galectina 3/imunologia , Galectina 3/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/veterinária , Distribuição Aleatória , Infecções Estreptocócicas/imunologia , Streptococcus iniae/fisiologia , Vibrio/fisiologia , Vibrioses/imunologia
9.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 84: 673-679, 2019 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30359748

RESUMO

Galectins are a family of galactoside-binding proteins with an affinity for ß-galactosides, involved in mediating fundamental processes including development, inflammation, cell migration and apoptosis. Galectin-4 is a member of tendem-repeat galectins, plays vital roles in intestinal epithelial barrier. Here, one galectin-4 gene was captured in turbot (SmLgals4) contains a 1197 bp open reading frame (ORF). In comparison to other species, SmLgals4 showed the highest similarity and identity both to large yellow croaker. The genomic structure analysis showed that SmLgals4 had conserved exons in the CRD domains compared to other vertebrate species. The syntenic analysis revealed that galectin-4 had the same neighboring genes across all the selected species, which suggested the synteny encompassing galectin-4 region during vertebrate evolution. Subsequently, SmLgals4 was widely expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest expression level in intestine and the lowest expression level in skin. In addition, SmLgals4 was significantly down-regulated in intestine following both Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, and Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae immersion challenge. Finally, the rSmLgals4 showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands. Taken together, our results suggested SmLgals4 plays vital roles in fish intestinal immune responses against infection, but the detailed roles of galectin-4 in teleost are still lacking, further studies are needed to be carried out to characterize whether galectin-4 plays similar roles in teleost intestinal immunity.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Linguados/genética , Linguados/imunologia , Galectina 4/genética , Galectina 4/imunologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/genética , Animais , Proteínas de Peixes/química , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/imunologia , Galectina 4/química , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/veterinária , Filogenia , Distribuição Aleatória , Infecções Estreptocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus iniae/fisiologia , Vibrio/fisiologia , Vibrioses/imunologia , Vibrioses/veterinária
10.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 93: 153-160, 2019 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31319206

RESUMO

Cathepsins are the best-known group of proteases in lysosomes, playing a significant role in immune responses. Cathepsin K (CTSK) is abundantly and selectively expressed in osteoclasts, dendritic cells and monocyte-derived macrophages, where it is involved in ECM degradation and bone remodeling. A growing body of evidences have indicated the vital roles of cathepsin K in innate immune responses. Here, one CTSK gene was captured in turbot (SmCTSK) with a 993 bp open reading frame (ORF). The genomic structure analysis showed that SmCTSK had 7 exons similar to other vertebrate species. The syntenic analysis revealed that CTSK had the same neighboring genes across all the selected species, which suggested the synteny encompassing CTSK region was conserved during vertebrate evolution. Subsequently, SmCTSK was widely expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest expression level in spleen and the lowest expression level in liver. In addition, SmCTSK was significantly down-regulated in intestine following Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum immersion challenge, but up-regulated in three tissues (gill, skin and intestine) following Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae immersion challenge. Finally, the rSmCTSK showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands. Taken together, our results suggested SmCTSK played vital roles in fish innate immune responses against infection. However, the knowledge of SmCTSK is still limited in teleost species, further studies should be carried out to better characterize its comprehensive roles in teleost mucosal immunity.


Assuntos
Catepsina K/genética , Catepsina K/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Linguados/genética , Linguados/imunologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/genética , Animais , Catepsina K/química , Proteínas de Peixes/química , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/imunologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/veterinária , Filogenia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus iniae/fisiologia , Vibrio/fisiologia , Vibrioses/imunologia , Vibrioses/veterinária
11.
Neuroimage ; 179: 288-297, 2018 10 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29902587

RESUMO

Several neuroimaging studies have explored the neural basis of literacy difficulties in the second language (L2). However, it remains unclear whether the associated neural alterations are related to literacy abilities in the first language (L1). Using magnetic resonance imaging, we explore this issue with two experiments in Mandarin-speaking children learning English as second language. In the first experiment, we investigated children with literacy difficulties in L2 and L1 (poor in both, PB) and children with literacy difficulties only in L2 (poor in English, PE). We compared the brain structure in these two groups to a control literacy (CL) group. The results showed that the CL group had significantly less gray matter volume in the left supramarginal gyrus compared to the PB group and moderately less gray matter volume compared to the PE group. In addition, the PB group had significant greater gray matter volume in the left medial fusiform gyrus compared to the PE group and had marginally greater gray matter volume compared to the CL group. In the second experiment, we explored the relationship between the two atypical regions and literacy abilities in the two languages in an independent sample consisting of children with typical literacy. Correlation analyses revealed that the left supramarginal gyrus was significantly associated with literacy performance only in the second language, English, whereas the left medial fusiform gyrus did not correlate with the performances in either L1 or L2. Taken together, these findings suggest that literacy difficulties in an alphabetic L2 are associated with a structural abnormality in the left supramarginal gyrus, a region implicated in phonological processing, which is independent of literacy abilities in the native language.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Idioma , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Alfabetização , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Multilinguismo
12.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 81: 242-249, 2018 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30006044

RESUMO

Scavenger receptors (SRs) are a group of membrane-bound receptors that could bind to a variety of ligands including endogenous proteins and pathogens. SRs have been recognized to play vital roles in innate immune response against pathogen infection in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In this regard, one SmSCARA5 gene was captured in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). The full-length SmSCARA5 transcript contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1494 bp. SmSCARA55 showed both the highest identity and similarity to half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), and a high degree of conservation of genomic structure to the teleost species. In addition, the phylogenetic tree analysis showed SmSCARA5 had the closest relationship to half-smooth tongue sole, the syntenic analysis revealed a relatively conserved synteny pattern of SmSCARA5 to other species. Moreover, SmSCARA5 was ubiquitously expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest expression level in brain and the lowest expression level in blood. And it was significantly down-regulated in intestine following Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, and Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae challenge. Finally, the recombinant SmSCARA5 showed the highest affinity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), as well as the strong inhibition effect on the growth of V. anguillarum. Taken together, our results suggested SmSCARA5 plays vital roles in innate immune response in teleost, further studies should be carried out to better understand its regulatory mechanism for innate inflammation response in teleost.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Peixes/imunologia , Linguados/imunologia , Receptores Depuradores Classe A/imunologia , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Linguados/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Receptores Depuradores Classe A/genética , Infecções Estreptocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus iniae , Vibrio , Vibrioses/imunologia , Vibrioses/veterinária
13.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 81: 485-492, 2018 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30064021

RESUMO

CD36 is a scavenger receptor, a type of membrane-bound receptors that characterized by recognizing a variety of ligands including endogenous proteins and pathogens. Here, we characterized CD36 gene in turbot, and its expression patterns in mucosal barriers following different bacterial infection, as well as microbial ligand binding ability and bacteriostatic activities. In current study, one SmCD36 gene was captured with a 1407 bp open reading frame (ORF). In multiple species comparison, SmCD36 showed the highest similarity and identity to Cynoglossus semilaevis. In the phylogenetic analysis, SmCD36 showed the closest relationship to C. semilaevis, followed by Takifugu rubripes. The genomic structure analysis showed that CD36 had 12 exons with almost the same length in vertebrate species, indicating the conservation of CD36 during evolution. The syntenic analysis revealed that CD36 located between GNAI1 and SEMA3C genes across all the selected species, which suggested the synteny encompassing CD36 region during vertebrate evolution. Subsequently, SmCD36 was expressed in all the examined turbot tissues, with the highest expression level in intestine. In addition, SmCD36 was significantly up-regulated in intestine following both Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, and Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae immersion challenge. Finally, the rSmCD36 showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands and significant inhibition effect on Staphylococcus aureusrequires. Taken together, our results suggested SmCD36 involved in fish innate immune responses to bacterial infection. However, the knowledge of CD36 are still limited in teleost species, further studies should be carried out to better characterize its detailed roles in teleost mucosal immunity.


Assuntos
Antígenos CD36/genética , Antígenos CD36/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/imunologia , Linguados/genética , Linguados/imunologia , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/genética , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixes/farmacologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Imunidade Inata , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Staphylococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Infecções Estreptocócicas/genética , Infecções Estreptocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus iniae , Vibrioses/genética , Vibrioses/imunologia , Vibrioses/veterinária
14.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 81: 21-28, 2018 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29981472

RESUMO

Mucosal immune system is one of the most vital components in the innate immunity and constitutes the first line of host defense against bacterial infections, especially for the teleost, which live in the pathogen-rich aquatic environment. Cathepsins, a superfamily of hydrolytic enzymes produced and enclosed within lysosomes, play multiple roles at physiological and pathological states. In this regard, we sought here to identify Cathepsin A in turbot (SmCTSA), characterize its mucosal expression patterns following Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus iniae infections in mucosal tissues, and explore its binding ability with three microbial ligands for the first time. The SmCTSA was 2631 bp long containing a 1422 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded 473 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SmCTSA showed the closest relationship to half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). In addition, SmCTSA was ubiquitously expressed in all examined healthy tissues, with high expression levels in head kidney (HK) and intestine, while the lowest expression level in blood. Moreover, SmCTSA was significantly differentially expressed at least two timepoints in each mucosal tissue, suggesting its potential important roles in innate immune responses of turbot. Finally, in vitro assays showed that recombinant SmCTSA bound Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with high affinity, and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN) with relatively low affinity. This study provides valuable data for understanding the roles of ctsa in the host defense against bacterial infections.


Assuntos
Catepsina A/metabolismo , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Linguados/imunologia , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Mucosa/imunologia , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Catepsina A/genética , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Imunidade Inata , Ligantes , Lipopolissacarídeos/metabolismo , Mucosa/microbiologia , Filogenia , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Alimentos Marinhos/microbiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/imunologia , Streptococcus iniae , Vibrio , Vibrioses/imunologia
15.
Cerebellum ; 16(2): 496-507, 2017 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27785760

RESUMO

Previous neuroimaging studies have found atypical cerebellar activation in individuals with dyslexia in either motor-related tasks or language tasks. However, studies investigating atypical cerebellar activation in individuals with dyslexia have mostly used tasks tapping phonological processing. A question that is yet unanswered is whether the cerebellum in individuals with dyslexia functions properly during orthographic processing of words, as growing evidence shows that the cerebellum is also involved in visual and spatial processing. Here, we investigated cerebellar activation and cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity during word processing in dyslexic readers and typically developing readers using tasks that tap orthographic and phonological codes. In children with dyslexia, we observed an abnormally higher engagement of the bilateral cerebellum for the orthographic task, which was negatively correlated with literacy measures. The greater the reading impairment was for young dyslexic readers, the stronger the cerebellar activation was. This suggests a compensatory role of the cerebellum in reading for children with dyslexia. In addition, a tendency for higher cerebellar activation in dyslexic readers was found in the phonological task. Moreover, the functional connectivity was stronger for dyslexic readers relative to typically developing readers between the lobule VI of the right cerebellum and the left fusiform gyrus during the orthographic task and between the lobule VI of the left cerebellum and the left supramarginal gyrus during the phonological task. This pattern of results suggests that the cerebellum compensates for reading impairment through the connections with specific brain regions responsible for the ongoing reading task. These findings enhance our understanding of the cerebellum's involvement in reading and reading impairment.


Assuntos
Cerebelo/fisiopatologia , Cérebro/fisiopatologia , Dislexia/fisiopatologia , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos/fisiologia , Fonética , Leitura , Mapeamento Encefálico , Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Cérebro/diagnóstico por imagem , Criança , Dislexia/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Humanos , Testes de Linguagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Vias Neurais/diagnóstico por imagem , Vias Neurais/fisiopatologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Estimulação Luminosa
16.
J Learn Disabil ; : 222194241241040, 2024 Apr 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38591175

RESUMO

A growing body of evidence suggests that children with dyslexia in alphabetic languages exhibit visual-spatial attention deficits that can obstruct reading acquisition by impairing their phonological decoding skills. However, it remains an open question whether these visual-spatial attention deficits are present in children with dyslexia in non-alphabetic languages. Chinese, with its logographic writing system, offers a unique opportunity to explore this question. The presence of visual-spatial attention deficits in Chinese children with dyslexia remains insufficiently investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether such deficits exist, employing a visual search paradigm. Three visual search tasks were conducted, encompassing two singleton feature search tasks and a serial conjunction search task. The results indicated that Chinese children with dyslexia performed as well as chronological age-matched control children in color search tasks but less effectively in orientation search, suggesting a difficulty in the rapid visual processing of orientation: a deficit potentially specific to Chinese dyslexia. Crucially, Chinese children with dyslexia also exhibited lower accuracy, longer reaction times, and steeper slopes in the reaction times by set size function in the conjunction search task compared to control children, which is indicative of a visual-spatial attention deficit.

17.
Dev Cogn Neurosci ; 66: 101360, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38394708

RESUMO

How rigidly does innate architecture constrain function of developing cortex? What is the contribution of early experience? We review insights into these questions from visual cortex function in people born blind. In blindness, occipital cortices are active during auditory and tactile tasks. What 'cross-modal' plasticity tells us about cortical flexibility is debated. On the one hand, visual networks of blind people respond to higher cognitive information, such as sentence grammar, suggesting drastic repurposing. On the other, in line with 'metamodal' accounts, sighted and blind populations show shared domain preferences in ventral occipito-temporal cortex (vOTC), suggesting visual areas switch input modality but perform the same or similar perceptual functions (e.g., face recognition) in blindness. Here we bring these disparate literatures together, reviewing and synthesizing evidence that speaks to whether visual cortices have similar or different functions in blind and sighted people. Together, the evidence suggests that in blindness, visual cortices are incorporated into higher-cognitive (e.g., fronto-parietal) networks, which are a major source long-range input to the visual system. We propose the connectivity-constrained experience-dependent account. Functional development is constrained by innate anatomical connectivity, experience and behavioral needs. Infant cortex is pluripotent, the same anatomical constraints develop into different functional outcomes.

18.
Adv Mater ; 36(25): e2400707, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38506631

RESUMO

The minimization of irreversible active lithium loss stands as a pivotal concern in rechargeable lithium batteries, particularly in the context of grid-storage applications, where achieving the utmost energy density over prolonged cycling is imperative to meet stringent demands, notably in terms of life cost. Departing from conventional methodologies advocating electrode prelithiation and/or electrolyte additives, a new paradigm is proposed here: the integration of a designer lithium reservoir (DLR) featuring lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4) and elemental sulfur. This approach concurrently addresses active lithium consumption through solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and mitigates minor yet continuous parasitic reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface during extended cycling. The remarkable synergy between the Li-ion conductive Li4SiO4 and the SEI-favorable elemental sulfur enables customizable compensation kinetics for active lithium loss throughout continuous cycling. The introduction of a minute quantity of DLR (3 wt% Li4SiO4@S) yields outstanding cycling stability in a prototype pouch cell (graphite||LiFePO4) with an ampere-hour-level capacity (≈2.3 Ah), demonstrating remarkable capacity retention (≈95%) even after 3000 cycles. This utilization of a DLR is poised to expedite the development of enduring lithium batteries for grid-storage applications and stimulate the design of practical, implantable rechargeable batteries based on related cell chemistries.

19.
bioRxiv ; 2023 Sep 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36865300

RESUMO

Comparisons across adults with different sensory histories (blind vs. sighted) have uncovered effects of experience on human brain function. In people born blind visual cortices are responsive to non-visual tasks and show altered functional connectivity at rest. Since almost all research has been done with adults, little is known about the developmental origins of this plasticity. Are infant visual cortices initially functionally like those of sighted adults and blindness causes reorganization? Alternatively, do infants start like blind adults, with vision required to set up the sighted pattern? To distinguish between these possibilities, we compare resting state functional connectivity across blind (n = 30) and blindfolded sighted (n = 50) adults to a large cohort of sighted infants (Developing Human Connectome Project, n = 475). Remarkably, we find that infant secondary visual cortices functionally resemble those of blind more than sighted adults, consistent with the idea that visual experience is required to set up long-range functional connectivity. Primary visual cortices show a mixture of instructive effects of vision and reorganizing effects of blindness. Specifically, in sighted adults, visual cortices show stronger functional coupling with nonvisual sensory-motor networks (i.e., auditory, somatosensory/motor) than with higher-cognitive prefrontal cortices (PFC). In blind adults, visual cortices show stronger coupling with PFC. In infants, connectivity of secondary visual cortices is stronger with PFC, while V1 shows equal sensory-motor/PFC connectivity. In contrast, lateralization of occipital-to-frontal connectivity resembles the sighted adults at birth and is reorganized by blindness, possibly due to recruitment of occipital networks for lateralized cognitive functions, such as language.

20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35092874

RESUMO

The prawn, Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei), is the most widely farmed species in the world but the incidence of enteritis in L. vannamei has increased in recent years. However, the pathogenesis of enteritis remains unclear. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the hepatopancreatic and intestinal transcriptome of healthy and enteritis-affected individuals from the same pond. In total, 1209 and 1608 differently-expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the hepatopancreatic and intestinal transcriptomes, respectively. Significantly changed genes were enriched in the intestinal immune network for IgA Production, Lysosomes, Sphingolipid Metabolism and the Peroxisome Signaling Pathway. Expression of the integrin α4ß7 gene was significantly increased in the intestine of L. vannamei with enteritis, while expression of 38 DEGs associated with the lysosome was significantly down-regulated. Furthermore, the expression of sphingolipid metabolism-related enzymes and superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes was also significantly decreased, indicating that abnormal autoimmune function, weak intestinal resistance to external pathogenic microbial invasion, and self-healing ability were important factors associated with enteritis in L. vannamei. In addition, the expression of trypsin and pancreatic lipase was decreased in the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei with enteritis. This study provided new insights into the possible molecular pathogenesis of enteritis in L. vannamei.


Assuntos
Enterite , Penaeidae , Animais , Enterite/genética , Enterite/metabolismo , Enterite/veterinária , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Hepatopâncreas/metabolismo , Humanos , Intestinos , Penaeidae/genética , Esfingolipídeos/metabolismo , Transcriptoma
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