A high sensitivity electrochemical sensor based on a dual-template molecularly imprinted polymer for simultaneous determination of clenbuterol hydrochloride and ractopamine.

A nitrogen-doped Fe-MOF shows a high specific surface area and excellent electrical conductivity after high temperature carbonization. A novel electrochemical sensor based on a N@Fe-MOF@C loaded dual-template molecularly imprinted polymer (DTMIP) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was proposed for the rapid and ultra-sensitive simultaneous detection of clenbuterol hydrochloride (CLB) and ractopamine (RAC). N@Fe-MOF@C combined with a MIP significantly enhanced the electrical signal. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to detect CLB and RAC. The electrochemical polymerization was conducted with O-phenylenediamine as the functional monomer and CLB and RAC as template molecules. The factors affecting the sensor response were optimized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the CV current response showed a linear range of 10-12-8 × 10-9 M for both CLB and RAC, and the detection limit (LOD) for both CLB and RAC was 3.03 × 10-13 M (S/N = 3). This electrochemical sensing system has high sensitivity, selectivity, excellent reproducibility, repeatability and stability. The recoveries of the actual samples (97.4%-101.2%) and reasonable relative standard deviations (RSDs) (1.06%-3.17%) indicate the practicability of the sensor system. The system has high application value in the rapid detection of CLB and RAC in clenbuterol hydrochloride tablets, human urine and raw pork.

Electrochemical sensor based on N-doped carbon dots decorated with manganese oxide nanospheres for simultaneous detection of p-aminophenol and paracetamol.

Nitrogen doped carbon dots were synthesized using the hydrothermal reaction of cellulose and urea, and then carbonized in a N2 atmosphere at a high temperature to prepare N-doped carbon dots decorated with manganese oxide nanospheres (N-CMOS) formed using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and MnO. The introduction of N-CMOS resulted in a large specific surface area, abundant pores, favourable conductivity and an excellent electrocatalytic performance. A glassy carbon electrode modified with N-CMOS was used for the simultaneous identification of paracetamol (AP) and p-aminophenol (PAP) utilising differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimum conditions, the electrical sensor showed a wide linear range of 0.1-100 µM for PAP and 0.1-80 µM for AP, with detection limits of 0.0456 and 0.0303 µM (S/N = 3), respectively. The sensitivities for detecting PAP and AP were calculated as 1.615 and 1.971 µA µM-1 cm-2, respectively. The sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) meet the requirements of detection of drug impurity limits in tablets. In addition, the sensor has been successfully applied to detect PAP and AP in paracetamol tablets. The constructed sensor not only possesses a superior repeatability, reproducibility and stability, but a relatively wide linear range, and a superior detection limit and sensitivity.

Seasonal variation and risk assessment of microplastics in surface water of the Manas River Basin, China.

The ubiquity of microplastics in the environment has caused great influence to ecosystems and seriously threatened human health. To better understand the variation in microplastics in different seasons in an inland freshwater environment and determine the sources of microplastic pollution and its migration features, this study investigated the characteristics of microplastic pollution during dry (April) and wet (July) seasons in surface water of the Manas River Basin, China. The size, color, shape, area distribution and compound composition of microplastics were studied. Moreover, the risk of microplastic contamination was explored based on risk assessment models. The results demonstrated that the degree of pollution caused by microplastic abundance was minor in this study area. The average abundance of microplastics in April (17 ± 4 items/L) was higher than that in July (14 ± 2 items/L). The range in the abundance of microplastics in April and July were 22 ± 5-14 ± 3 items/L and 19 ± 2-10 ± 1 items/L, respectively. Highly hazardous polymers such as Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Polycarbonate (PC) have a significant impact on the results of the evaluation of the presence of microplastics. This study is an important reference for understanding the characteristics of the seasonal variation in microplastics in inland freshwater environments and has practical significance, as it will allow relevant agencies to accurately assess the pollution level of microplastics in different seasons. It is of practical significance to understand the sources and sinks of microplastics in inland freshwater environment.

Two amino acids missing of MtrA resulted in increased erythromycin level and altered phenotypes in Saccharopolyspora erythraea.

The MtrA-MtrB two-component regulatory system is highly conserved in Actinobacteria and plays crucial roles in cell cycle progression, cell morphology, antibiotic resistance, and osmoprotection. Previously, we revealed that the MtrA protein of Saccharopolyspora erythraea E3 strain (a high erythromycin-producing strain) had a two amino acid (H197 and V198) deletion in the DNA recognition helices of the C-terminal domain compared to the wild type S. erythraea strain NRRL2338. Here, we identified mepA (encoding a membrane protein related to metalloendopeptidases) as an MtrA target gene, and found that deleting the two amino acids in MtrA (MtrAdel) resulted in the loss of its DNA-binding activity for the mepA gene. The mutant MtrAdel lost its regulatory activity and affected various physiological functions consistent with mtrA deletion, including increased erythromycin biosynthesis, enhanced antibiotic resistance, deregulated osmoprotection, and improved transport of substances. The introduction of the wild type mtrA gene into the S. erythraea E3 strain with the mtrAdel gene decreased the erythromycin yield by approximately 50%, confirming that MtrA repressed erythromycin production. These findings demonstrate that MtrA is an important pleiotropic regulator of erythromycin biosynthesis, antibiotic resistance, osmoprotection, and substance transport in S. erythraea and provide new insights for improving erythromycin production. Future studies linking the molecular effects of MtrA to these phenotypes will improve our understanding of the MtrA-MtrB two-component regulatory system in Actinobacteria.

Efficient production and characterization of homopolymeric poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) produced by Bacillus strain PJC48.

Aliphatic polyester, poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHV), is commonly produced as a granular component in bacterial cells of various species. Based on 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis, strain PJC48 was identified as a Bacillus species. The current study is aimed to screen for a high-yield strain that can produce PHV efficiently and to increase PHV product yield by optimizing the fermentative process. We identified a high-producer strain based on Nile red staining. Characterization of the PHV produced by PJC48 by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that it consisted of (R)-3-hydroxyvalerate monomers. The suggested model was validated by response surface methodology. Optimization of the PHV yield resulted in an increase of 32.75% compared to control, with a maximum production of 1.64 g/L after 48 H.

Occurrence and elimination of antibiotics in three sewage treatment plants with different treatment technologies in Urumqi and Shihezi, Xinjiang.

Fourteen antibiotics, including five quinolones (QNs), five sulfonamides (SAs), and four tetracyclines (TCs), were selected to investigate their occurrence and elimination in three sewage treatment plants (STPs) by employing different treatment technologies in Urumqi (two STPs) and Shihezi (one STP), China. The STP in Shihezi was chosen as representative to investigate the distribution of antibiotics in a sludge-sewage system. Results showed that the concentrations of most detected antibiotics ranged from tens to hundreds of nanograms per liter in influent samples and under 100 ng L-1 in effluent samples. QNs and TCs were dominant species with concentrations of 2.33 mg kg-1 to 3.34 mg kg-1 and 0.36 mg kg-1 to 0.47 mg kg-1 in sludge samples, respectively. The elimination rates of target antibiotics by various STPs ranged from 17% to 100%. The STP with anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic and membrane bio-reactor technology removed antibiotics more efficiently than those with anaerobic/anoxic/oxic and oxidation ditch technology. The elimination capacities of treatment units from the three STPs were also investigated. SAs were mainly degraded in biological treatment units; conversely, QNs and TCs were significantly eliminated in sedimentary treatment units. Ozonation effectively removed remaining antibiotics but not UV and chlorination disinfection in this study.

Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China.

The occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and resistant bacteria was quantified in 17 water samples collected across Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China. The heterotrophic plate count method was used to detect the levels of sulfonamide- and tetracycline-resistant bacteria, which have mean concentrations of 2.50×10(5) and 4.63×10(3) CFU/mL, respectively. The resistance genes of sulfonamide (sul1, sul2) and tetracycline (tetM, tetO and tetW) were detected, and results showed that all other ARGs except the tetO gene were obtained from all samples. Four of the obtained ARGs were further quantified, and results showed that the sulfonamide resistance genes were prevalent. The relative abundance was in the range of 2.81×10(-5) to 3.33×10(-3) for the sul1/16s-rRNA and 1.04×10(-5) to 3.80×10(-3) for the sul2/16s-rRNA. For the tet genes, the relative concentrations of tetM/16s-rRNA and tetW16s-rRNA ranged from 1.18×10(-5) to 2.46×10(-4) and 1.58×10(-6) to 4.19×10(-4), respectively. The concentration divergence among ARGs may be related to the different characteristics of each gene. This study validated that Bosten Lake was affected by ARGs and resistant bacteria, thus turning the lake into an important reservoir for the transfer of ARGs and resistant bacteria.

Bioaugmented biological contact oxidation reactor for treating simulated textile dyeing wastewater.

In this study, modified polyamide fibers were used as biocarriers to enrich dense biofilms in a multi-stage biological contact oxidation reactor (MBCOR) in which partitioned wastewater treatment zone (WTZ) and bioaugmentation zone (BAZ) were established to enhance the removal of methyl orange (MO) and its metabolites while minimizing sludge yields. WTZ exhibited high biomass loading capacity (5.75 ± 0.31 g/g filler), achieving MO removal rate ranging from 68 % to 86 % under different aeration condition within 8 h in which the most dominant genus Chlorobium played an important role. In the BAZ, Pseudoxanthomonas was the dominant genus while carbon starvation stimulated the enrichment of chemoheterotrophy and aerobic_chemoheterotrophy genes thereby enhanced the microbial utilization of cell-released substrates, MO as well as its metabolic intermediates. These results revealed the mechanism bioaugmentation on MBCOR in effectively eliminating both MO and its metabolites.

Differences in microbial community composition and factors affecting different particulate matter during autumn in three cities of Xinjiang, China.

Environmental pollution has become an issue of increasing concern in China, owing to the country's rapid economic development. Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is known to be an important parameter in air quality monitoring; further, bioaerosol forms a crucial component of PM. As the climatic environments in the north and south of Xinjiang, China, are significantly different, here, atmospheric PM samples collected from three cities, Shihezi, Yining, and Tumushuk, located in different directions, were analysed for a better understanding of the spatial distribution patterns of microbial community composition of Xinjiang. The16s rDNA and 18 s rDNA were used to locate bacteria and fungi in PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particulate matter (TSP) at the species level and genus level, and the microbial communities with the top 15 abundances were selected for analysis. The reports indicate that the most abundant group in Shihezi and Yining was Cenchrus_americanus, which belongs to Proteobacteria. The remaining 14 dominant species had their own distribution pattern in each city. The most dominant strain in Tumushuk was Bacillus_taeanensis, but this strain was not detected in Yining and Shihezi. Similarly, the most predominant fungus in Tumushuk (Microdorylaimus_miser under Myriophyllum) was not detected in the other two cities. The analysis of the effect of environmental impact factors on bacteria and fungi revealed that the impact factors such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed had a greater effect on microorganisms, while O3 had a negative correlation with most microorganisms, owing to its toxicity. Overall, the results of this study show that short-range transported air masses have a greater impact on local pollutants and microorganisms.

Preparation of polyaluminium silicate sulphate by gravity supercritical method and its coagulation in oily sewage.

In this work, different synthetic methods of polymeric aluminum silicate sulfate (PASS) and their coagulability to oily sewage were comparatively studied. PASS was synthesized by two methods: gravity supercritical method and basic titration method, denoted as PASS-B and PASS-S, respectively. The results show that the PASS prepared by gravity supercritical method has better Alb and stability. By applying two coagulants to oily sewage, it was found that PASS-B exhibited better turbidity and oil removal. It was found that PASS-B still has good coagulation by testing its coagulation after placing the coagulant for 2 months. In acidic test water, PASS-B exhibited stronger deprotonation ability. Finally, the polymerization mechanism and coagulation mechanism of PASS-B were analyzed in combination with Al morphology distribution and coagulation experiments. Gravity supercritical method as a new polymerization method may replace the traditional preparation method of inorganic polymer coagulants in the future, especially in large-scale applications.

Formation of stable imine intermediates in the coexistence of sulfamethoxazole and humic acid by electrochemical oxidation.

The electrochemical degradation performance of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was studied in the presence of humic acid (HA) by using a Ti/Ti4O7/ß-PbO2 anode. The electrochemical degradation efficiency of SMX decreased from 93.4% to 45.8% in 50 min after the addition of 25 mg L-1 HA. The pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constant decreased by 71.4%, and the EEO value increased from 63.8 Wh L-1 to 90.9 Wh L-1. HA and its degradation intermediates could compete for free radicals, especially for ·OH, with SMX. The analytical results obtained using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS showed that 18 degradation intermediates were identified in the coexistence of SMX and HA. Four imine intermediates were formed through the reactions between the aniline moieties of SMX and quinone groups in the HA structure through covalent bonds. Furthermore, the relative abundances of the intermediates demonstrated that the imine intermediates were complex and stable during electrochemical degradation.

Characteristics of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in PM2.5 and the Influence of Air Pollutants in Shihezi, Northwestern China.

Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a kind of hazardous substance that exist stably in the atmosphere for a long time. EPFRs combined with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can enter the human respiratory tract through respiration, causing oxidative stress and DNA damage, and they are also closely related to lung cancer. In this study, the inhalation risk for EPFRs in PM2.5 and factors influencing this risk were assessed using the equivalent number of cigarette tar EPFRs. The daily inhalation exposure for EPFRs in PM2.5 was estimated to be equivalent to 0.66-8.40 cigarette tar EPFRs per day. The concentration level and species characteristics were investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The concentration of EPFRs in the study ranged from 1.353-4.653 × 1013 spins/g, and the types of EPFRs were mainly oxygen- or carbon-centered semiquinone-type radicals. Our study showed that there is a strong correlation between the concentrations of EPFRs and conventional pollutants, except for sulfur dioxide. The major factors influencing EPFR concentration in the atmosphere were temperature and wind speed; the higher the temperature and wind speed, the lower the concentration of EPFRs. The findings of this study provide an important basis for further research on the formation mechanism and health effects of EPFRs.

Microplastic pollution in urban green-belt soil in Shihezi City, China.

The problems are associated with microplastic (MP) pollution of global concern. However, little is known about the pollution characteristics and sources of MPs in urban green-belt soils. Therefore, this study investigated MP pollution in 11 sampling sites (22 green belts) in Shihezi City. The results showed that the abundance of MPs (0.02-5.00 mm) ranged from 287 ± 100 items/kg dw to 3227 ± 155 items/kg dw (mean + SD). Fibers (69.9%) accounted for the majority of MPs, and the MPs were mainly black (36.7%) and 0.02-0.5 mm (64.8%). The main types of MPs were polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE). Compared with agricultural soil, the color and composition of green-belt soil MPs are diverse, which means that the source of green-belt soil MPs is more diverse. In different types of green-belt soil, MP pollution of industrial green land is more serious. Through cluster analysis and spatial distribution, fragments and fibers were found to have similar sources, mainly originating from food and textile industrial activities. This study provides important information for revealing MP pollutions in urban green-belt soils.

Evaluation of microplastic pollution in Shihezi city, China, using pine needles as a biological passive sampler.

Microplastic (MP) pollution has attracted much attention. To understand the characteristics of atmospheric MP pollution in Shihezi, Northwest China, this study used pine needles from trees in Shihezi City as passive samplers. MP contamination was found in all pine needle samples, with an average concentration of 16.52 ± 3.76 items/g. MPs were mainly in the shape of fragments (<0.05 mm). Differences in MP pollution were observed in different functional areas. The abundance of MPs in pine needles was the highest on the main traffic road (19.02 ± 2.52 items/g). Spectral analysis showed that the main polymer of MPs was polyethylene (17.2%), followed by polystyrene (15.5%) and polypropylene (13.8%). By analyzing the principal components and spatial distribution, fragments and pellets were found to have similar sources (mainly industrial activities), whereas films and fibers were influenced by traffic flow. The source of films was related to the packaging industry. The purpose of this study was to provide a reference for the future use of pine needles as atmospheric MP passive samplers, for the traceability and prevention of urban atmospheric MP pollution and for the formulation of national atmospheric MP environmental standards.

Single-atom electrocatalysts templated by MOF for determination of levodopa.

To overcome the problem of incorrect levodopa (LD) dosage in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, a new analytical tool is urgently needed for accurately determining the concentration of LD in human fluids. Herein, an effective and stable sensor based on a Co-single-atomic-site catalyst (Co-SASC)-modified glassy carbon electrode (Co-SASC/GCE) was developed for the determination of LD concentration. The physicochemical characterization of Co-SASC is systematically investigated. It has excellent thermal stability, graphitization degree, and a large specific surface area. Benefiting from its porous structure for kinetically fast catalysis and component advantages for fix a single cobalt atom to improve stability, Co-SASC/GCE exhibits a superior electrochemical response. Under optimal conditions (pH 2.0, coating amount is 10 µg), an ideal linear relationship is achieved between the logarithm of the peak current of the sensor and the logarithm of LD concentration. The linear range is 0.1-200 µM, and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.033 µM. After a simple pretreatment, LD in human serum is detected by Co-SASC/GCE with excellent stability and selectivity. As such, this work enlarges the existing electrochemical sensor toolbox by offering a reasonable design and synthesis protocol for advanced materials to accurately determine LD in human fluids for the clinical treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Trace Metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) and Stable Isotope Ratios (δ13C and δ15N) in Fish from Wulungu Lake, Xinjiang, China.

Wulungu Lake is a vital fishery area in Xinjiang. However, the concentration, enrichment rules, and sources of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the aquatic organisms, have rarely been investigated. The results suggest that the concentrations of As, Ni, Pb, and Zn were higher than those recommended by the national standards for edible fish in some species. Hg, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Zn in the fish were dependent on the concentration of trace metals in the water environment (p < 0.05). The body weights of the fish were significantly negatively correlated with only Hg (p < 0.05); however, their body lengths were significantly positively correlated with As, Cu, Zn, and Hg contents. Values of δ13C ‰ (δ15N ‰) for the entire fish food web was found to range from -19.9‰ (7.37‰) to -27.7‰ (15.9‰), indicating a wide range of trophic positions and energy sources. Based on the linear correlation, As, Cu, Cd, and Zn contents were positively correlated with δ15N (p < 0.05), and bioaccumulation was observed in the fish. The target hazard quotient (THQ) of all fish species was less than 1, indicating the absence of potential risks to human health.

Simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers in cosmetics by synthesis of nitrogen-doped nickel carbide spheres and construction of ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor.

N-doped nickel carbide spheres (N-NiCSs) were synthesised for the first time by controlling the type of surfactant, surfactant-to-Ni molar ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The morphology, composition, and electrochemical behaviour of the synthesised spheres revealed that the spheres presented a large specific surface area, abundant pores, and good conductivity, with excellent electrocatalytic performance. A glassy carbon electrode-modified with N-NiCSs was used for the simultaneous identification of hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CC), and resorcinol (RS) utilising differential pulse voltammetry. The oxidation peaks of HQ, CC, and RS were observed at 9.8, 119, and 470 mV, respectively (vs. SCE). Under optimal conditions, the oxidation peak currents of HQ, CC, and RS were linear in the concentration ranges of 0.005-100 µM, 0.05-200 µM, and 5-500 µM, respectively. The detection limits of HQ, CC, and RS were 0.00152 µM, 0.015 µM, and 0.24 µM (S/N = 3), respectively. The sensitivities of HQ, CC, and RS were 4.635, 2.069, and 0.985 µA µM-1 cm-2 (S/N = 3), respectively. The fabricated sensor was successfully used to detect HQ, CC, and RS in hair dye, whitening cream, and local tap water samples. Moreover, the sensor presented a good repeatability, reproducibility, and stability during cosmetic testing and a relatively wide linear range, an ultralow detection limit, and an ultrahigh sensitivity.

Source identification and characteristics of dissolved organic matter and disinfection by-product formation potential using EEM-PARAFAC in the Manas River, China.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous in natural water and reacts with disinfectants to form disinfection by-products (DBPs). The analysis of DOM in raw water is helpful in evaluating the formation potential of DBPs. However, there is relatively little research on the DOM identification of raw water in northern China. In this study, the sources and characteristics of DOM were investigated in the samples collected from the Manas River. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV254, specific ultraviolet absorbance, and fluorescence indices (fluorescence index, humification index, and biological index) were measured to characterize the DOM, and trihalomethanes (THMs) were quantified following formation potential tests with free chlorine. The maximum amount of total trihalomethane formation potential (THMsFP) was 225.57 µg L-1. The DOM of the Manas River consisted of microorganisms and soil resources. The excitation-emission matrix combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) identified microbial humus (C1, 54%) and tryptophan-like protein (C2, 46%). PARAFAC components were evaluated as the precursor surrogate parameters of THMsFP. Additionally, the linear THMsFP correlation was stronger with C1 + C2 (r = 0.529, p < 0.01) than with C1 (r = 0.485, p < 0.01). Thus, C1 + C2 is an accurate THMsFP precursor surrogate parameter for the Manas River, and the use of fluorescence spectroscopy may be a robust alternative for predicting DOC removal.

Adsorption property and mechanism of polyacrylate-divinylbenzene microspheres for removal of trace organic micropollutants from water.

In this study, polyacrylate-divinylbenzene (PADVB) microspheres were facilely prepared via the precipitation polymerization method, and the microspheres were used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of trace level organic micropollutants (OMPs) from environmental waters. Preparation conditions of PADVB microspheres were optimized, and the characterizations of the microspheres were performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. The microspheres had broad-spectrum adsorption ability for various organic micropollutants containing hydroxy, amidogen, aromatic or heteroaromatic ring in their chemical structure, such as atrazine, 2,4 dichlorophenol, 2,4 dibromophenol, 2,6 dichlorophenol, sulfamethoxazole, estradiol, and bisphenol A. Besides, the effects of initial concentration, initial pH value, adsorption time, and the type of adsorbates on the adsorption performance were investigated systematically. PADVB microspheres could be used for removing trace OMPs from environmental water. Monolayer and homogeneous sorption process occurred on the surface of PADVB microspheres through chemisorption mechanisms. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and FT-IR spectrum of PADVB microspheres before and after adsorption proved that the OMPs adsorption onto PADVB microspheres was mainly due to the formation of the hydrogen bond and π-π electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) interactions. Besides, PADVB microspheres can be recovered for reuse via (low-pressure) microfiltration and could be regenerated sufficiently by using 80% (v/v) ethanol.

Exposure to fine particulate matter induces self-recovery and susceptibility of oxidative stress and inflammation in rat lungs.

PM2.5 induces pulmonary inflammation via oxidative stress, and this role in the lungs is widely accepted, but studies on whether oxidative stress and inflammation can self-recover and be fully restored are limited. In this study, the oxidative stress and inflammation in the lungs of rats, which were first exposed to different PM2.5 dosages (0, 0.5, 3.0, and 15.0 mg/kg body weight) and different recovery days (0, 15, and 30 days) and then were exposed to the same PM2.5 dosages (30 mg/kg b.w.) after 30 days of recovery, were investigated. Results showed that the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly inhibited, and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) significantly increased. These changes were accompanied with damage to the pathological structure of the rat lungs. After stopping PM2.5 exposure, the difference between the PM2.5 group and the control group gradually decreased with the extension of recovery time. However, when the rats were again exposed to the same dose of PM2.5, the levels of IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, MDA, and iNOS were significantly increased, and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were significantly inhibited in the high-dose group. And the high-dose group was accompanied by more severe lung pathological structural damage. Results showed that PM2.5 could induce oxidative stress and inflammatory damage in the lungs of rats, and these damages gradually recovered as exposure ceased, but increased lung susceptibility in rats.