Nonconcomitant host-to-host transmission of multipartite virus genome segments may lead to complete genome reconstitution.

Because multipartite viruses package their genome segments in different viral particles, they face a potentially huge cost if the entire genomic information, i.e., all genome segments, needs to be present concomitantly for the infection to function. Previous work with the octapartite faba bean necrotic stunt virus (FBNSV; family Nanoviridae, genus Nanovirus) showed that this issue can be resolved at the within-host level through a supracellular functioning; all viral segments do not need to be present within the same host cell but may complement each other through intercellular trafficking of their products (protein or messenger RNA [mRNA]). Here, we report on whether FBNSV can as well decrease the genomic integrity cost during between-host transmission. Using viable infections lacking nonessential virus segments, we show that full-genome infections can be reconstituted and function through separate acquisition and/or inoculation of complementary sets of genome segments in recipient hosts. This separate acquisition/inoculation can occur either through the transmission of different segment sets by different individual aphid vectors or by the sequential acquisition by the same aphid of complementary sets of segments from different hosts. The possibility of a separate between-host transmission of different genome segments thus offers a way to at least partially resolve the genomic maintenance problem faced by multipartite viruses.

Genome-wide identification of fitness determinants in the Xanthomonas campestris bacterial pathogen during early stages of plant infection.

Plant diseases are an important threat to food production. While major pathogenicity determinants required for disease have been extensively studied, less is known on how pathogens thrive during host colonization, especially at early infection stages. Here, we used randomly barcoded-transposon insertion site sequencing (RB-TnSeq) to perform a genome-wide screen and identify key bacterial fitness determinants of the vascular pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (Xcc) during infection of the cauliflower host plant (Brassica oleracea). This high-throughput analysis was conducted in hydathodes, the natural entry site of Xcc, in xylem sap and in synthetic media. Xcc did not face a strong bottleneck during hydathode infection. In total, 181 genes important for fitness were identified in plant-associated environments with functional enrichment in genes involved in metabolism but only few genes previously known to be involved in virulence. The biological relevance of 12 genes was independently confirmed by phenotyping single mutants. Notably, we show that XC_3388, a protein with no known function (DUF1631), plays a key role in the adaptation and virulence of Xcc possibly through c-di-GMP-mediated regulation. This study revealed yet unsuspected social behaviors adopted by Xcc individuals when confined inside hydathodes at early infection stages.

Reassortments in single-stranded DNA multipartite viruses: Confronting expectations based on molecular constraints with field observations.

Single-stranded DNA multipartite viruses, which mostly consist of members of the genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae, and all members of the family Nanoviridae, partly resolve the cost of genomic integrity maintenance through two remarkable capacities. They are able to systemically infect a host even when their genomic segments are not together in the same host cell, and these segments can be separately transmitted by insect vectors from host to host. These capacities potentially allow such viruses to reassort at a much larger spatial scale, since reassortants could arise from parental genotypes that do not co-infect the same cell or even the same host. To assess the limitations affecting reassortment and their implications in genome integrity maintenance, the objective of this review is to identify putative molecular constraints influencing reassorted segments throughout the infection cycle and to confront expectations based on these constraints with empirical observations. Trans-replication of the reassorted segments emerges as the major constraint, while encapsidation, viral movement, and transmission compatibilities appear more permissive. Confronting the available molecular data and the resulting predictions on reassortments to field population surveys reveals notable discrepancies, particularly a surprising rarity of interspecific natural reassortments within the Nanoviridae family. These apparent discrepancies unveil important knowledge gaps in the biology of ssDNA multipartite viruses and call for further investigation on the role of reassortment in their biology.