Evaluation of the impact of an online video game as an educational intervention on sexual health and the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of sexually transmitted infection: A randomized controlled trial protocol.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is increasing, especially among young people. Tools are needed to increase knowledge about sex education and STI prevention and treatment. Gamification can be a good training tool for both young people and health professionals. The primary objective of this study is to assess the impact of a training intervention on STI prevention, detection, and treatment in primary care professionals. METHODS/DESIGN: Multicentre cluster randomized controlled trial. Groups of primary care professionals will receive an intervention (online video game on sex education and STIs [SEXIT]) and will be compared with control groups that will not receive the intervention. Group assignments will be randomized by clusters. The study will consist of a pre-post evaluation of the intervention: a knowledge test will be administered before and after the intervention and 3 months after the intervention. This test will also be carried out on the same time sequence in the control groups. The impact of the training intervention will be assessed over a 6-month period, focusing on various variables associated with the clinical management of STIs. This evaluation entails the clinical records of diagnostic tests and antibiotic prescriptions related to the clinical approach to STIs. The required sample size is 262 (131 per group). DISCUSSION: Compared with those in the control group, improvements in knowledge and clinical behavioural outcomes after the intervention are expected for participants in the intervention groups. We plan to develop an educational video game to increase the knowledge about sexuality, STIs and violence. Protocol registered at ISRCTN with reference number ISRCTN17783607.

Does the Use of Immunosuppressive Drugs Impact on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Outcome? Data From A National Cohort of Patients With Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases (SAR-COVID Registry).

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: This study describes the impact of immunomodulatory and/or immunosuppressive (IM/IS) drugs in the outcomes of COVID-19 infection in a cohort of patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). METHODS: Adult patients with IMIDs with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. Data were reported by the treating physician between August 13, 2020 and July 31, 2021. Sociodemographic data, comorbidities, and DMARDs, as well as clinical characteristics, complications, and treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, were recorded. Descriptive analysis and multivariable logistic regression models were carried out. RESULTS: A total of 1672 patients with IMIDs were included, of whom 1402 were treated with IM/IS drugs. The most frequent diseases were rheumatoid arthritis (47.7%) and systemic lupus erythematosus (18.4%). COVID-19 symptoms were present in 95.2% of the patients. A total of 461 (27.6%) patients were hospitalized, 8.2% were admitted to the intensive care unit, and 4.4% died due to COVID-19.Patients without IM/IS treatment used glucocorticoids less frequently but at higher doses, had higher levels of disease activity, were significantly older, were more frequently hospitalized, admitted to the intensive care unit, and died due to COVID-19. After adjusting for these factors, treatment with IM/IS drugs was not associated with a worse COVID-19 outcome (World Health Organization-Ordinal Scale ≥5) (odds ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.73-2.06). CONCLUSIONS: SAR-COVID is the first multicenter Argentine registry collecting data from patients with rheumatic diseases and SARS-CoV-2 infection. After adjusting for relevant covariates, treatment with IM/IS drugs was not associated with severe COVID-19 in patients with IMIDs. STUDY REGISTRATION: This study has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov under the number NCT04568421.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of transplant organs - liver and kidney - in children.

Ultrasound (US) is the first-line imaging tool for evaluating liver and kidney transplants during and after the surgical procedures. In most patients after organ transplantation, gray-scale US coupled with color/power and spectral Doppler techniques is used to evaluate the transplant organs, assess the patency of vascular structures, and identify potential complications. In technically difficult or inconclusive cases, however, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can provide prompt and accurate diagnostic information that is essential for management decisions. CEUS is indicated to evaluate for vascular complications including vascular stenosis or thrombosis, active bleeding, pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas. Parenchymal indications for CEUS include evaluation for perfusion defects and focal inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions. When transplant rejection is suspected, CEUS can assist with prompt intervention by excluding potential underlying causes for organ dysfunction. Intracavitary CEUS applications can evaluate the biliary tract of a liver transplant (e.g., for biliary strictures, bile leak or intraductal stones) or the urinary tract of a renal transplant (e.g., for urinary obstruction, urine leak or vesicoureteral reflux) as well as the position and patency of hepatic, biliary and renal drains and catheters. The aim of this review is to present current experience regarding the use of CEUS to evaluate liver and renal transplants, focusing on the examination technique and interpretation of the main imaging findings, predominantly those related to vascular complications.

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for identifying circulatory complications after liver transplants in children.

Our main goal with this study was to share our off-label experience with CEUS for identifying circulatory complications after liver transplantation in children. A total of 74 CEUS examinations performed on 34 pediatric patients who underwent a liver transplant were retrospectively included. About 53% of the examinations were performed on children 2 years old or younger. About 82% of the examinations were performed within 30 days from the transplant. About 62% of patients were transplanted due to a cholestatic disease, 11% due to a metabolic disease, 8% were re-transplanted due to graft failure, and 19% was due to other conditions. BA was the most common reason for transplantation and represented 38% of patients. About 38% of the transplantations were performed with whole grafts from DD, 40% with split liver grafts, and 22% with left lateral segments from LD. For diagnosing arterial circulatory complications, the PPV was 80%. For diagnosing portal vein circulatory complications, the PPV was 66.7%. NPV was 100%. In 28% of the examinations, the examiner could not visualize the normal arterial blood flow without CEUS. CEUS is a non-invasive and safe imaging technique that seems valuable in these patients and further efforts are needed to license its use in the post-transplant setting.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound using sulfur hexafluoride is safe in the pediatric setting.

Background Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) by using sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles is not licensed for use in children, but its off-label use is widespread. Purpose To outline our experience with the off-label use of CEUS in children, specifically with regards to safety. Material and Methods We retrieved all records of 10681 patients aged under 18 years who underwent abdominal ultrasound (US) January 2004 to December 2014. We then identified those who underwent an abdominal CEUS using sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles. Electronic patient charts were used to verify the indication for contrast agent, dose, possible adverse effects as well as information on patient height, weight, and age. Results We identified 173 patients (mean age, 11 years; range, 0.1-18 years) who underwent a total of 287 CEUS exams. Of all exams, 46% were performed on the native liver, 31% on a transplanted liver, and 23% on other organs. The indications were "circulatory status?" (40%), "characterization of lesion?" (40%), and miscellaneous (20%). Mean contrast dose was 2.3 mL (range, 0.1-8.1 mL). No immediate adverse effects were recorded. One patient experienced itching the day after, but this was considered to be a reaction to concomitantly administered fentanyl. Conclusion The use of intravenous ultrasound contrast seems safe in patients aged under 18 years and our results do not support the current practice to restrict the use of CEUS in children.

Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes in patients with rheumatic diseases: data from the SAR-COVID Registry.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the course and to identify poor prognostic factors of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with rheumatic diseases. METHODS: Patients ≥ 18 years of age, with a rheumatic disease, who had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were consecutively included by major rheumatology centers from Argentina, in the national, observational SAR-COVID registry between August 13, 2020 and July 31, 2021. Hospitalization, oxygen requirement, and death were considered poor COVID-19 outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1915 patients were included. The most frequent rheumatic diseases were rheumatoid arthritis (42%) and systemic lupus erythematosus (16%). Comorbidities were reported in half of them (48%). Symptoms were reported by 95% of the patients, 28% were hospitalized, 8% were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), and 4% died due to COVID-19. During hospitalization, 9% required non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) or high flow oxygen devices and 17% invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). In multivariate analysis models, using poor COVID-19 outcomes as dependent variables, older age, male gender, higher disease activity, treatment with glucocorticoids or rituximab, and the presence of at least one comorbidity and a greater number of them were associated with worse prognosis. In addition, patients with public health insurance and Mestizos were more likely to require hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the known poor prognostic factors, in this cohort of patients with rheumatic diseases, high disease activity, and treatment with glucocorticoids and rituximab were associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. Furthermore, patients with public health insurance and Mestizos were 44% and 39% more likely to be hospitalized, respectively. STUDY REGISTRATION: This study has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov under the number NCT04568421. Key Points • High disease activity, and treatment with glucocorticoids and rituximab were associated with poor COVID-19 outcome in patients with rheumatic diseases. • Some socioeconomic factors related to social inequality, including non-Caucasian ethnicity and public health insurance, were associated with hospitalization due to COVID-19.

Trends in the prevalence and distribution of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Although most HTLV infections in Spain have been found in native intravenous drug users carrying HTLV-2, the large immigration flows from Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa in recent years may have changed the prevalence and distribution of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections, and hypothetically open the opportunity for introducing HTLV-3 or HTLV-4 in Spain. To assess the current seroprevalence of HTLV infection in Spain a national multicenter, cross-sectional, study was conducted in June 2009. RESULTS: A total of 6,460 consecutive outpatients attending 16 hospitals were examined. Overall, 12% were immigrants, and their main origin was Latin America (4.9%), Africa (3.6%) and other European countries (2.8%). Nine individuals were seroreactive for HTLV antibodies (overall prevalence, 0.14%). Evidence of HTLV-1 infection was confirmed by Western blot in 4 subjects (prevalence 0.06%) while HTLV-2 infection was found in 5 (prevalence 0.08%). Infection with HTLV types 1, 2, 3 and 4 was discarded by Western blot and specific PCR assays in another two specimens initially reactive in the enzyme immunoassay. All but one HTLV-1 cases were Latin-Americans while all persons with HTLV-2 infection were native Spaniards. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of HTLV infections in Spain remains low, with no evidence of HTLV-3 or HTLV-4 infections so far.

Development of a Prediction Model for COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients With Rheumatic Diseases: Results From the Global Rheumatology Alliance Registry.

OBJECTIVE: Some patients with rheumatic diseases might be at higher risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We aimed to develop a prediction model for COVID-19 ARDS in this population and to create a simple risk score calculator for use in clinical settings. METHODS: Data were derived from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance Registry from March 24, 2020, to May 12, 2021. Seven machine learning classifiers were trained on ARDS outcomes using 83 variables obtained at COVID-19 diagnosis. Predictive performance was assessed in a US test set and was validated in patients from four countries with independent registries using area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. A simple risk score calculator was developed using a regression model incorporating the most influential predictors from the best performing classifier. RESULTS: The study included 8633 patients from 74 countries, of whom 523 (6%) had ARDS. Gradient boosting had the highest mean AUC (0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67-0.88) and was considered the top performing classifier. Ten predictors were identified as key risk factors and were included in a regression model. The regression model that predicted ARDS with 71% (95% CI: 61%-83%) sensitivity in the test set, and with sensitivities ranging from 61% to 80% in countries with independent registries, was used to develop the risk score calculator. CONCLUSION: We were able to predict ARDS with good sensitivity using information readily available at COVID-19 diagnosis. The proposed risk score calculator has the potential to guide risk stratification for treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies, that have potential to reduce COVID-19 disease progression.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is useful for the evaluation of focal liver lesions in children.

INTRODUCTION: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a widely used diagnostic method. In adults, it has been proven to be a useful alternative to CT and MRI for the characterisation of focal liver lesions (FLLs). However, since there is no official paediatric licensing for any ultrasound contrast agents in Europe, its use has been restricted. PURPOSE: To retrospectively outline our experience with CEUS as a tool for the characterisation of FLLs in paediatric patients. METHODS: An eleven-year retrospective single-centre study. During this period, we identified 287 CEUS examinations performed on children, of these 36 were relevant first-time examinations with the aim of characterising a focal liver lesion. Clinical and radiological data were collected from the hospital chart. RESULTS: The overall agreement between the CEUS diagnosis and the reference diagnosis for benign versus malignant differentiation was 75%. When analysing conclusive CEUS examinations only, the overall agreement was 96%. The specificity for correctly characterising a lesion as benign was 96%, and the negative predictive value was 100%. No side effects from CEUS were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reinforces that CEUS can be useful in the medical workup for the identification and classification of focal liver lesions in children.

Dysregulation of Lysyl Oxidases Expression in Diabetic Nephropathy and Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are amino oxidase enzymes that catalyze the oxidative deamination of lysine and hydroxylysine residues to form allysine, the first step towards the development of the final cross-linking reaction in collagens, a crucial macromolecule that reinforces extracellular matrices. Basement membranes are specialized extracellular matrices that are essential components of the glomerular filtration barrier, which also support tubular epithelial cells. Lysyl oxidases are post-translational enzymes indispensable for tissue architecture, participating actively in the development and function of kidneys. The differential expression and dysregulation of these enzymes promote diabetic nephropathy, one of the major complications observed in end-stage renal diseases. In addition, these enzymes act as transcription factors that trigger the epithelial-mesenchymal transition responsible for the generation of different cancers. In the kidney, the expression studies in physiological conditions identified LOXL1 and LOXL2 as constituent proteins of glomerular basement membranes. Besides, LOX and LOXL2 are upregulated in fibrosis and renal cell carcinoma. The current review summarizes the physiological expression of LOXs enzymes in the nephrons, including glomerulus and tubules. Their roles in renal diseases are particularly highlighted in diabetic nephropathy and renal cell carcinoma, two pathophysiological conditions where these enzymes have been demonstrated to participate. The focus of the present study is to describe and discuss the current understanding in this field. The current potential of LOXs enzymes as a biomarker and pharmacological target to kidney diseases that involves extracellular matrix cross-linking enzymes is also discussed. LOXs isoforms and their capacity as therapeutic targets could be used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes and in treating these renal complications.

Effect of Operational Conditions on the Behaviour and Associated Costs of Mixed Microbial Cultures for PHA Production.

Massive production and disposal of petrochemical derived plastics represent relevant environmental problems. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a renewable alternative that can even be produced from wastes. The production of PHA from acetate using mixed microbial cultures was studied. The effect of two key operational conditions was evaluated, i.e., substrate concentration and cycle length. The effects of these factors on several responses were studied using a surface response methodology. Several reactors were operated under selected conditions for at least 10 solids retention times to ensure stable operation. Results show that conditions providing higher PHA content involve lower biomass productivities. This has a great impact on biomass production costs. Results suggest then that PHA content alone may not be a reasonable criterion for determining optimal conditions for PHB production. If production costs need to be reduced, conditions that provide a lower PHA content in the selection reactor, but a higher biomass productivity may be of interest.

The accumulation of volatile fatty acids and phenols through a pH-controlled fermentation of olive mill solid waste.

This work aims to compare the use of olive mill solid waste as substrate in pH-controlled fermentation at acid (pH = 5), neutral (uncontrolled, pH ≈ 7) and alkaline (pH = 9) operating pH levels. The results obtained in this study indicate that operating pH strongly affected the anaerobic microorganisms and, hence, different target compounds could be obtained by adjusting the operating pH. Fermentation at neutral pH resulted in the conversion of 93.5% of the fed chemical oxygen demand to methane. However, fermentations at pH 5 and 9 resulted in the inhibition of the methanogenic activity. At pH 9, volatile fatty acids reached a maximum concentration of 3.69 g O2/L, where acetic acid represented up to 79.3% of the total volatile fatty acids. Unlike volatile fatty acid production, an optimal operation of fermentation at pH 5 could allow the recovery of phenols such as vanillin.

From altered synaptic plasticity to atypical learning: A computational model of Down syndrome.

Learning and memory rely on the adaptation of synaptic connections. Research on the neurophysiology of Down syndrome has characterized an atypical pattern of synaptic plasticity with limited long-term potentiation (LTP) and increased long-term depression (LTD). Here we present a neurocomputational model that instantiates this LTP/LTD imbalance to explore its impact on tasks of associative learning. In Study 1, we ran a series of computational simulations to analyze the learning of simple and overlapping stimulus associations in a model of Down syndrome compared with a model of typical development. Learning in the Down syndrome model was slower and more susceptible to interference effects. We found that interference effects could be overcome with dedicated stimulation schedules. In Study 2, we ran a second set of simulations and an empirical study with participants with Down syndrome and typically developing children to test the predictions of our model. The model adequately predicted the performance of the human participants in a serial reaction time task, an implicit learning task that relies on associative learning mechanisms. Critically, typical and atypical behavior was explained by the interactions between neural plasticity constraints and the stimulation schedule. Our model provides a mechanistic account of learning impairments based on these interactions, and a causal link between atypical synaptic plasticity and associative learning.

Performance of an enzymatic extract in Botrycoccus braunii cell wall disruption.

Microalgae can produce and contain lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, which can be extracted and marketed as potential novel added-value bio-products. However, microalgae cell wall disruption is one of the most important challenges involved while processing this type of biomass. In this context, white-rot fungi, responsible for the biodegradation of lignin present in wood due to non-specific extracellular enzymes, could be applied for promoting microalgae cell wall degradation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an enzymatic extract produced by the white-rot fungi Anthracophyllum discolor as a biotechnological tool for Botryococcus braunii cell wall disruption. The fungus was inoculated in wheat grains and manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity was monitored while obtaining the enzymatic extract. Then, cell wall disruption trials with different MnP activity were evaluated by the biochemical methane potential (BMP). In relation to cell wall disruption, it was observed that the optimal value was obtained with enzymatic concentration of 1000 U/L with a BMP of 521 mL CH4/g VS. Under these conditions almost 90% of biomass biodegradability was observed, increasing in 62% compared to the microalgae without treatment. Therefore, the results indicate that enzymes secreted by A. discolor promoted the attack of the different cell wall components finally weakening it. Therefore, the application of this treatment could be a promissory biotechnological approach to decrease the energetic input required for the cell wall disruption step.

Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) modulates oxidative stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans by direct and indirect mechanisms.

Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) has recently emerged as a promising source of natural antioxidants. Despite its claimed pharmacological and nutraceutical value, studies regarding the effects of açaí in vivo are limited. In this study, we use the Caenorhabditis elegans model to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant properties of açaí on an organismal level and to examine its mechanism of action. Supplementation with açaí aqueous extract (AAE) increased both oxidative and osmotic stress resistance independently of any effect on reproduction and development. AAE suppressed bacterial growth, but this antimicrobial property did not influence stress resistance. AAE-increased stress resistance was correlated with reduced ROS production, the prevention of sulfhydryl (SH) level reduction and gcs-1 activation under oxidative stress conditions. Our mechanistic studies indicated that AAE promotes oxidative stress resistance by acting through DAF-16 and the osmotic stress response pathway OSR-1/UNC-43/SEK-1. Finally, AAE increased polyglutamine protein aggregation and decreased proteasome activity. Our findings suggest that natural compounds available in AAE can improve the antioxidant status of a whole organism under certain conditions by direct and indirect mechanisms.

Immunogenicity and acceptance of influenza A (H1N1) vaccine in a cohort of chronic hepatitis C patients receiving pegylated-interferon treatment.

UNLABELLED: BACKGROUND #ENTITYSTARTX00026; AIMS: Individuals at risk of (H1N1) influenza A infection are recommended to receive vaccination. Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients receiving treatment might be at a higher risk of respiratory bacterial infections after influenza infection. However, there are no observational studies evaluating the immunogenicity, tolerance and acceptance of 2009 influenza A vaccine in CHC patients. METHODS: We evaluated the immunogenicity of influenza A vaccine (Pandemrix®) by using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers method in a well defined cohort of CHC patients receiving or not receiving pegylated-interferon and ribavirin, and compared it with healthy subjects (controls). A group of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) under immunosuppression, thought to have a lower immune response to seasonal influenza vaccine, were also included as a negative control group. In addition, tolerance to injection site reactions and acceptance was assessed by a validated questionnaire (Vaccinees' perception of injection-VAPI-questionnaire). RESULTS: Of 114 subjects invited to participate, 68% accepted and, after exclusions, 72 were included. Post-vaccination geometric mean titers and seroprotection/seroconversion rates were optimal in CHC patients with ongoing treatment (n = 15; 232, CI95% 46-1166; 93%; 93%), without treatment (n = 10; 226, CI95% 69-743: 100%; 100%) and controls (n = 15;168, CI95% 42-680; 93%; 86%) with no differences between groups (P = 0.8). In contrast, IBD patients had a significantly lower immunogenic response (n = 27; 60, CI95% 42-680;66%;66%; P = 0.006). All the groups showed a satisfactory tolerance although CHC patients with ongoing treatment showed more local discomfort after vaccine injection. CONCLUSION: There appeared to be no differences between CHC patients and healthy controls in serological response and acceptance of (H1N1) influenza vaccination.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): a prospective evaluation of risk factors and prognostic scores.

INTRODUCTION: Many risk scores for malignancy in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are based on the combination of size, mitotic index, and location in order to predict recurrence, appearance of metastases, or survival. DESIGN: This is a prospective analysis of prognosis factors (size, mitotic index, Ki-67, and others) and malignancy risk scores (Fletcher's, modified NIH, Miettinen, NCCN, and A or B Goh's scores). This is a study of the sensitivity and specificity of the different malignancy risk scores in the prognosis of recurrence and survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We operated on 52 patients from 1 January 2002 to 10 January 2008. Mean follow-up was 35 months. We used SPSS 13.0 for Windows for the statistical analysis. The differences between frequencies and means were calculated using the chi-square test, Student's t test, and analysis of variance. Kaplan-Meier and the Cox multiple regression methods were used to calculate overall and disease-free survival. Sensitivity and specificity were depicted graphically as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: Thirteen patients suffered recurrences (27.7%). Eleven died from disease-related causes. Two-year and 5-year actuarial survival was 80% and 76%, respectively, and the mean survival was 60 months (CI 95% 51.9-69.5). Two-year and 5-year actuarial disease-free survival was 76% and 72% respectively, and the mean disease-free survival was 52 months (CI 95% 43.5-61.1). The score proposed by Fletcher has the greatest sensitivity and specificity in our series to predict overall survival (AUROC = 0.761; SE 0.084, p = 0.009; CI 95% 0.597-0.926) and recurrence (AUROC RECURRENCE = 0.693; SE 0.087, p = 0.042; CI 95% 0.523-0.864) compared with other scores.

Intraabdominal bronchogenic cyst.

INTRODUCTION: Bronchogenic cyst is pathology of the respiratory track. It consists of a defect during the embryological development of the tracheobronchial tree. Most common presentation is as a solid or cystic mass located in mediastinum, and it is usually diagnosed in relation to respiratory problems or recurrent infections in children. In adulthood, it is a rare pathology, and its diagnosis is usually incidental. CASE REPORT: We present a case of a patient with a paraesophageal cystic mass suggestive of intraabdominal esophageal duplication cyst but, after the histopathological examination, was discovered to be a bronchogenic cyst, something extremely rare as in most cases of subdiaphragmatic location; bronchogenic cysts appear as retroperitoneal lesions. DISCUSSION: After we review the current literature, surgical extirpation appears to be the treatment of choice due to potential complications, and laparoscopic approach is a feasibily and safe procedure for this pathology up to date.

Prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infections in Spain: A cross-sectional hospital-based survey.

The presence of antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2 was examined in 5742 sera belonging to consecutive adult outpatients attended during June 2008 at 13 different hospitals across Spain. Overall, 58.8% were female. Foreigners represented 8% of the study population. Seven individuals were seropositive for HTLV-2 (overall prevalence 0.12%). No cases of HTLV-1 infection were found. All HTLV-2(+) subjects were Spanish natives, of whom six were coinfected with HIV-1 and five with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Moreover, all but one of the HTLV-2(+) subjects had been intravenous drug users. In summary, this cross-sectional survey suggests that the rate of HTLV infection in Spain is low, and is mostly represented by HTLV-2. Infected individuals are generally Spanish natives with a prior history of intravenous drug use and are coinfected with HIV-1 and/or HCV.

Utilización de drenaje postoperatorio en cirugía artroscópica ambulatoria del ligamento cruzado anterior: un estudio prospectivo randomizado / Postoperative use of intraarticular closed-suction drainage after ACL reconstruction. prospective randomized study

Introducción: la utilización de drenajes en los postoperatorios de reconstrucción artroscópica de ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) es una práctica común en nuestro medio. Existe poca evidencia sólida en la literatura que avale el beneficio de la utilización sistemática de drenaje postoperatorio. Hipótesis: la utilización de drenaje, en pacientes sometidos a cirugía artroscópica ambulatoria de reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA), no aportaría beneficios significativos. Materiales y Métodos: se evaluaron 100 pacientes consecutivos sometidos a una reconstrucción artroscópica del LCA utilizando injerto cuádruple de semitendinoso y recto interno. Se aleatorizó la muestra en dos grupos, grupo de estudio al cuál no se le colocó drenaje y grupo control al cuál se le colocó un drenaje aspirativo. Se evaluó el rango de movilidad (RDM), dolor según escala analógica visual (de 1 al 10), hemartrosis según diámetro supra-patelar, y valoración subjetiva del paciente; comparándose los parámetros en la 1°, 2° y 4° semana del postoperatorio. Resultados: no se encontró ninguna diferencia significativa (P <0.05) en términos RDM, dolor o hemartrosis entre el grupo de estudio y el grupo control en la 1°, 2° y 4° semana postoperatorias. Subjetivamente todos los pacientes estaban satisfechos o muy satisfechos y volverían a realizarse el procedimiento. El estudio presentaba suficiente poder estadístico para detectar diferencias entre los dos grupos en el caso que las hubiera. Conclusión: no existe beneficio evidente en la utilización sistemática de un drenaje aspirativo luego de una cirugía ambulatoria del LCA, por lo que ha dejado de ser una práctica corriente en nuestro servicio. Tipo de Estudio: Prospectivo Randomizado. Nivel de evidencia: I-II.

Introduction: postoperative use of intrarticular closed-suction drainage after ACL reconstructive surgery is common practice. There is no strong evidence in the literature supporting it. Material and Methods: prospective evaluation of two groups of patients undergoing primary arthroscopic ambulatory ACL reconstruction, using hamstrings autografts. Group 1: 50 patients using postoperative suction drains. Group 2: 50 patients not using postop drains. We evaluated ROM, pain (withw VAS), intraarticular swelling (hemarthrosis) and subjective scoring at 1, 2 and 4 weeks postop.Results: there were no statistically significant differences (p< 0,05) between groups, in any evaluated variable, at any time point of the study. Conclusion: the present study shows no clear benefit in the systematic use of close-suction drains after arthroscopic ambulatory ACL surgery, therefore we do not recommend this practice anymore. Study Design: Prospective Randomized. Level of evidence: I-II.