Potential ecological risk assessment and predicting zinc accumulation in soils.

The aims of this study were to investigate zinc content in the studied soils; evaluate the efficiency of geostatistics in presenting spatial variability of zinc in the soils; assess bioavailable forms of zinc in the soils and to assess soil-zinc binding ability; and to estimate the potential ecological risk of zinc in soils. The study was conducted in southern Poland, in the Malopolska Province. This area is characterized by a great diversity of geological structures and types of land use and intensity of industrial development. The zinc content was affected by soil factors, and the type of land use (arable lands, grasslands, forests, wastelands). A total of 320 soil samples were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties (texture, pH, organic C content, total and available Zn content). Based on the obtained data, assessment of the ecological risk of zinc was conducted using two methods: potential ecological risk index and hazard quotient. Total Zn content in the soils ranged from 8.27 to 7221 mg kg-1 d.m. Based on the surface semivariograms, the highest variability of zinc in the soils was observed from northwest to southeast. The point sources of Zn contamination were located in the northwestern part of the area, near the mining-metallurgical activity involving processing of zinc and lead ores. These findings were confirmed by the arrangement of semivariogram surfaces and bivariate Moran's correlation coefficients. The content of bioavailable forms of zinc was between 0.05 and 46.19 mg kg-1 d.m. (0.01 mol dm-3 CaCl2), and between 0.03 and 71.54 mg kg-1 d.m. (1 mol dm-3 NH4NO3). Forest soils had the highest zinc solubility, followed by arable land, grassland and wasteland. PCA showed that organic C was the key factor to control bioavailability of zinc in the soils. The extreme, very high and medium zinc accumulation was found in 69% of studied soils. There is no ecological risk of zinc to living organisms in the study area, and in 90% of the soils there were no potentially negative effects of zinc to ecological receptors.

Assessment of the pollution and ecological risk of lead and cadmium in soils.

The aim of the study was to assess the content, distribution, soil binding capacity, and ecological risk of cadmium and lead in the soils of Malopolska (South Poland). The investigation of 320 soil samples from differently used land (grassland, arable land, forest, wasteland) revealed a very high variation in the metal content in the soils. The pollution of soils with cadmium and lead is moderate. Generally, a point source of lead and cadmium pollution was noted in the study area. The highest content of cadmium and lead was found in the northwestern part of the area-the industrial zones (mining and metallurgical activity). These findings are confirmed by the arrangement of semivariogram surfaces and bivariate Moran's correlation coefficients. Among the different types of land use, forest soils had by far the highest mean content of bioavailable forms of both metals. The results showed a higher soil binding capacity for lead than for cadmium. However, for both metals, extremely high (class 5) accumulation capacities were dominant. Based on the results, the investigated soils had a low (Pb) and moderate (Cd) ecological risk on living components. Soil properties, such as organic C, pH, sand, silt, and clay content, correlated with the content of total and bioavailable forms of metals in the soils. The correlations, despite being statistically significant, were characterized by very low values of correlation coefficient (r = 0.12-0.20, at p ≤ 0.05). Therefore, the obtained data do not allow to define any conclusions as to the relationships between these soil properties. However, it must be highlighted that there was a very strong positive correlation between the total content of cadmium and lead and their bioavailable forms in the soils.

Quality of life in cervical cancer patients treated with radiation therapy.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the quality of life in hospitalised patients with cervical cancer treated by radiation therapy. BACKGROUND: Aside from clinical variables, the quality of life should be considered in the planning and monitoring of the therapeutic process in patients with cancer. Although it is widely known that this parameter can have a considerable impact on the therapeutic outcome, it is not routinely screened in oncological patients. DESIGN: Survey. METHODS: The study was performed in six cancer centres in Poland between June 2004-December 2005, and included 205 women hospitalised for any stage of cervical cancer. The EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire (v.3) was used to evaluate the patients' quality of life. The survey was conducted three times: (1) stage 1 - before treatment, on admission, (2) stage 2 - after treatment, at discharge, and (3) stage 3 - five to six months after treatment. RESULTS: Physical functioning was assessed the worst before the radiation treatment and increased gradually throughout further stages; all interstage differences proved to be significant. In contrast, emotional functioning was scored the highest before the initiation of the treatment and was the lowest at stage 2, a difference that proved to be significant. Role functioning was highest immediately after the treatment and the lowest prior to the treatment. Differences between stages proved to be significant. Financial problems increased their negative impact on the quality of patients' lives significantly throughout consecutive stages of this study. Age and cancer stage did not significantly influence the way participants perceived their global health, physical, cognitive, emotional and social functioning, nor their financial difficulties. Overall, the quality of life was evaluated as highest immediately after the end of radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Although this study revealed that patients with cervical cancer subjected to radiotherapy are satisfied with their global quality of life, attention should be paid to certain dimensions of the latter (i.e. emotional functioning and role functioning) during post-treatment period. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The ability to performing everyday activities independently is perceived as the most important during all stages of the cervical cancer treatment, and therefore, appropriate support in this matter is necessary on the part of the nursing personnel.

Radiation therapy complications in patients with primary invasive vaginal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to estimate acute and late complications of radiation therapy in primary invasive vaginal carcinoma (PIVC) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The analysis was performed for the group of 152 PIVC patients given radical radiotherapy in the Krakow Branch of Centre of Oncology during the 1967-2005 period. Twenty five (16.5%) patients in I stage with primary tumour of the thickness not larger than 0.5 cm were treated with intracavitary brachytherapy alone, for 120 (78.9%) patients (stages I-IVA) intracavitary brachytherapy was combined with external radiation therapy; and 7 (4.6%) patients in stage IVA were given only external radiotherapy In total, 145 (95.4%) patients were treated with intracavitary LDR brachyterapy by means of Ra-226 or afterloaded Cs-137 sources, and 127 (83.5%) received external radiation therapy using Co-60 and linac 10MV or 6MV photon beams. RESULTS: Early radiotherapy tolerance was good in the investigated group; 146 (96.1%) patients completed full planned radiation therapy treatment. Late complications of radiation therapy were observed in 21 (13.8%) patients: 3 (2%) patients reported mild complications, 12 (7.9%) moderate complications, and 6 (3.9%) severe complications. Severe complications of radiation therapy in the investigated group included: recto-vaginal fistula (5 patients) and vesico-vaginal fistula (1 patient). None of the patients in the group died of radiation therapy complications. CONCLUSIONS: Early tolerance of radiotherapy in PIVC patients is generally good. Late radiation therapy complications, particularly the severe, are rare and can be efficiently managed with conservative therapy or surgical treatment.

Prognostic factors in patients with primary invasive vaginal carcinoma.

AIM OF THE STUDY: Aim of the study was the assessment of prognostic factors in the group of primary invasive vaginal carcinoma (PIVC) patients subjected to radical radiation therapy MATERIAL AND METHODS: The analysis was performed for the group of 152 PIVC patients treated with intracavitary brachytherapy alone (16.5%), the combination of brachytherapy and external radiotherapy (78.9%), or external radiotherapy alone (4.6%). The relationship was investigated between treatment outcome and the following demographic, clinical and histopathological features: age, duration of pathological symptoms, number of births given, prior hysterectomy haemoglobin level, Karnofsky performance status score, primary tumour location in vagina, length of vagina involved, FIGO stage, gross appearance, histological type, and tumour grade. RESULTS: Five-year disease-free survival was observed in 46.1% of the patients (70/152). Patients below 60 years of age, with Karnofsky score of 80-90, diagnosed with PIVC in stage 10 or 110, and with tumour of grade G1 or G2 had significantly higher 5-year disease-free survival. Multifactoral analysis showed that age below 60 and FIGO stage 10 and 110 are independent favourable prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: The independent prognostic factors in PIVC patients treated with radical radiotherapy are patient age and FIGO stage.

Radiotherapy-induced lumbosacral plexopathy in a patient with cervical cancer: a case report and literature review.

Radiotherapy-induced lumbosacral plexopathy in cervical cancer treatment is a very rare, but extremely serious complication. The clinical course is associated with severe bilateral lower leg pain, reduced sensation, different degrees of weakness, paresis or paralysis, and sometimes also urinary or fecal incontinence. Patient quality of life becomes significantly deteriorated. Escalating neurological disorders may make self-sufficient functioning impossible. Neurological symptoms, most often irreversible, may develop at different times after irradiation, even after more than 30 years. We present a case of neurological toxicity in a patient successfully treated for cervical cancer with pelvis and para-aortic lymph node irradiation and weekly cisplatin. Neurological symptoms developed a few weeks after completion of external irradiation, were gradually escalating and resulted in complete immobilization of the woman. We underline the significance of long-term, systematic physiotherapy and pharmacological therapy which has resulted in significant improvement of motion efficiency. The literature review concerns the questions of frequency, clinical course and mechanisms of radiation-induced plexopathy.

Hematogenous metastases in patients with Stage I or II endometrial carcinoma.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to present the characteristics, methods of treatment, and the survival of patients with hematogenous metastases from endometrial carcinoma, free from local and other distant recurrences. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 1,610 endometrial carcinoma patients managed with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, we defined hematogenous metastases as a tumor spread to the lung or other sites via hematogenous routes. RESULTS: A total of 110 patients with stage I and II endometrial carcinoma, presenting with 134 metastases sites (69 in the lungs, 32 in the liver, 23 in the bones, and 10 in the brain), were observed. Progestin and combination chemotherapy were the most commonly used therapies. Primary treatment consisted of surgery in patients with solitary metastases to the lung (30 patients), liver (2 patients), and brain (2 patients). Radiotherapy was performed in 32 patients with metastases to the brain and bones. Presenting with a 36-month survival rate were 11.6% (8/69) of patients with metastases to the lungs, 6.3% (2/32) of patients with metastases to the liver, 8.7% (2/23) of patients with metastases to the bones, and 20.0% (2/10) of patients with metastases to the brain. CONCLUSIONS: Hormonal therapy and chemotherapy play a major role in the palliative management of patients with hematogenous metastases from endometrial carcinoma to the liver, lungs, and bones. Radical treatment in patients with metastases to the lung or liver consists of resection of the metastasis combined with chemo- and/or hormonotherapy for metastases to the bones treatment consists of radiotherapy + chemotherapy, for metastasis to the brain treatment consists of resection combined with radiotherapy.

Clinico-morphological parameters affecting survival of patients with advanced cervical cancer.

The aim of the study was to investigate the prognostic significance of selected clinico-morphological parameters including Ki-67 antigen expression and microvessel density. The data of 122 patients with squamous cell carcinoma, FIGO stages IB-IIIB and treated with radiochemotherapy and brachytherapy were studied. Significant prognostic factors for disease-free survival in univariate analysis were the FIGO stage and the presence of atypical mitoses in carcinoma cells. Multivariate Cox analysis confirmed prognostic significance of the FIGO stage and Ki-67 expression with regard to disease-free survival. With regard to overall survival, the most important prognostic factor was Ki-67 antigen expression. The data concerning the pretreatment status of these parameters may be helpful in clinical practice.

[Hereditary ovarian cancer. The role of BRCA1 gene dysfunction in response to chemotherapy]. / Rodzinny rak jajnika. Rola dysfunkcji genu BRCA1 w odpowiedzi na leczenie chemiczne.

Hereditary ovarian cancer is often believed to be as a distinct disease. It is diagnosed earlier than its sporadic type; serous subtypes and more advanced stages are usually observed. Mutations of genes like BRCA1, BRCA2, MMR (MLH1, MSH2, PMS1, PMS2) are strictly associated with the heredity of ovarian and also breast cancer. Systematic controls and specific procedures to lower the risk of those tumors are required for mutation carriers. Most authors emphasize better prognosis for patients with inherited type of ovarian cancer when comparing to sporadic one. It probably results from dysfunction of BRCA1 gene, inducing better response to platinum-based cytostatic drugs. This phenomenon, called "BRCAness profile", is also observed in non-hereditary ovarian cancers and it arises from somatic mutation or hypermetylation of BRCA1 promoter. Thus, the process of DNA repair is defective. Currently new groups of drugs using the BRCA1 dysfunctions are being introduced into clinical practice.

[The prevalence of BRCA1 mutations among families at high-risk of breast and ovarian cancer in province of Malopolska between 2004-2009]. / Wystepowanie mutacji genu BRCA1 w populacji rodzin wysokiego ryzyka zachorowania na raka piersi i jajnika w Malopolsce w latach 2004-2009.

INTRODUCTION: Germinal mutations of BRCA1/BRCA2 genes are one of the important reasons of breast and ovarian cancer development. The prevalence of BRCA1 mutations in Polish population is relatively frequent, particularly among families at high-risk of breast and/or ovarian cancer. Moreover, the presence of "founder effect" is characteristic for those families. The aim of this paper was analysis of the incidence of BRCA1 mutation among such families in province of Malopolska, Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the Genetic Outpatient Clinic of Center of Oncology, Cracow Department 630 families with positive and characteristic for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer familial history were registered since 2004. The main criterion were recommendations for genetic testing of families at high-risk, expressed in National Program for Cancer Control in Poland. The BRCA1 test was done in 710 representatives of families at high-risk of breast and/or ovarian cancer. RESULTS: The BRCA1 mutations were found in 101 (16%) families. The domination of 3 types of mutation--5382insC, C61G and 4153delA--typical for Polish population, was described. They have been found in 94.6% of all mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of BRCA1 mutations in families at high-risk of breast and/or ovarian cancer is relatively frequent. Among the carriers, the founder mutations were found in the most of cases.

Comparison of chromosomal radiosensitivity of normal cells with and without HRS-like response and normal tissue reactions in patients with cervix cancer.

PURPOSE: In our previous study, using the micronucleus (MN) assay, the low- and high-dose radiation response of fibroblasts and keratinocytes from cancer patients was assessed. We reported that a hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS)-like phenomenon was observed for fibroblasts of two and keratinocytes of four of the 40 patients studied. In this paper, we report the comparison of these in vitro results and normal tissue reactions in patients with cervix cancer and answer the question of the predictive value of the MN assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 40 patients with cervix cancer whose cells were previously studied in vitro, 32 received radiotherapy. The treated group included two patients with HRS-like positive fibroblasts and four patients with HRS-like positive keratinocytes. In 26 patients both types of cells were HRS-like negative. The in vitro results (MN induction measured in patients' fibroblasts and keratinocytes after in vitrogamma-irradiation with doses ranging from 0.05-4 Gy) were compared with the maximum grade of acute and late reactions. RESULTS: Five of the six patients whose cells demonstrated low-dose chromosomal hypersensitivity in vitro, did not suffer from any mild or severe side effects after radiotherapy. Although individual variations in the grade scores of normal-tissue reactions were observed in cancer patients, no significant relationship was found between MN induction, either in fibroblasts or keratinocytes, and acute and late effects. CONCLUSION: Since the MN assay showed no predictive value, it is rather impossible that the severe late complication observed in one of the six HRS-like positive patients reflects her low-dose chromosomal hypersensitivity in vitro.

Low-dose radiation response of primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts from patients with cervix cancer.

The aim of the present study was to examine, using the micronucleus (MN) assay, the low-dose radiation response of normal skin cells from cancer patients and to determine whether the hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS)-like phenomenon occurs in cells of these patients. Primary skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes derived from 40 patients with cervix cancer were studied. After in vitro gamma irradiation with single doses ranging from 0.05 to 4 Gy, MN induction was assessed. For each patient, the linear-quadratic (LQ) model and the induced repair (IR) model were fitted over the whole data set. In fits of the IR model, an HRS-like response after low doses (seen as the deviation over the LQ curve) was demonstrated for the fibroblasts of two patients and for the keratinocytes of four other patients. The alpha(s)/alpha(r) ratio for the six patients ranged from 2.7 to 15.4, whereas the values of the parameter d(c) ranged from 0.13 to 0.36 Gy. No relationship was observed between chromosomal radiosensitivity of fibroblasts and keratinocytes derived from the same donor in the low-dose (0.1-0.25 Gy) region. In conclusion, the fact that low-dose chromosomal hypersensitivity was observed for cells of only six of the patients studied suggests that it is not a common finding in human normal cells and can represent an individual characteristic.

The response of primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts from cancer patients to multiple low-dose irradiations.

In our previous study, using the micronucleus (MN) assay, a hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS)-like phenomenon was observed after single low doses for fibroblasts from two and keratinocytes from four of the 40 patients studied. In this paper, we report the response of primary keratinocytes from 23 and fibroblasts from 21 of these cancer patients to multiple low-dose irradiations and answer the question regarding whether the patients with an HRS-like response after single low doses also demonstrate chromosomal hypersensitivity after multiple low doses. The cells were irradiated with three doses of 0.25 Gy separated by 4-h intervals, and MN induction was compared with that after the same total dose given as a single fraction of 0.75 Gy. Similarly, the effect of three doses of 0.5 Gy was compared with that of a single dose of 1.5 Gy. For fibroblasts from two and keratinocytes from four patients who demonstrated a single-dose HRS-like response, a significant inverse effect of fractionation (greater MN induction after three doses of 0.25 Gy than after a single dose of 0.75 Gy) was observed, which suggests a repeated hypersensitive response after each dose of 0.25 Gy. Such an effect was not seen for the cells from 19 patients who were single-dose HRS-like negative. In conclusion, an inverse fractionation effect for MN induction that was observed in fibroblasts from two and keratinocytes from four patients after three doses of 0.25 Gy (but not 3 x 0.5 Gy) reflects the chromosomal hyper-radiosensitivity seen in the same patients in response to single low doses.

[Large, asymptomatic left atrial myxoma--a case report]. / Olbrzymi, bezobjawowy sluzak lewego przedsionka--opis przypadku.

We report a patient with a large, asymptomatic left atrial myxoma detected by transoesophageal echocardiography. The tumour filled the great part of the left atrium cave and led to mitral valve obstruction. Surgical management gave an excellent result.

Concentration, sources and risk assessment of PAHs in bottom sediments.

The aims of the study were to investigate the concentration, sources and ecological risk of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in bottom sediments collected from nine reservoirs located in south-eastern Poland. The concentration of ∑PAHs in sediments ranged from 150 to 33,900 µg kg-1. The total PAH concentration in the bottom sediments was arranged in the following order: Rybnik > Rzeszów > Brzóza Królewska > Brzóza Stadnicka > Besko > Chechlo > Ozanna > Gluchów > Narozniki. BAP was the major compound in sediments from the Besko, Brzóza Stadnicka and Rzeszów reservoirs; FLT in the sediments from the Rybnik, Narozniki, Ozanna and Brzóza Królewska reservoirs; and FLN from the Gluchów and Chechlo reservoirs. The major inputs of PAHs were of pyrolytic origin. However, petrogenic sources of PAHs occurred especially in the Chechlo and Gluchów reservoirs. The ecological risk assessment indicated that non-adverse effects on the benthic fauna may occur for sediments from the Gluchów, Narozniki and Ozanna reservoirs, while slightly adverse effects were found for sediments from the Brzóza Królewska, Besko, Brzóza Stadnicka and Chechlo reservoirs. The other sediments showed moderate (Rzeszów reservoirs) and strong effect (Rybnik reservoir) on biological communities. Individual PAHs such as NAP, PHE, FLT, PYR, BAA, CHR and BAP in sediments from the Rybnik reservoir and BAP in sediments from the Rzeszów reservoirs indicated a higher possibility of occurrence of an adverse ecological effect. PCA analysis found slight difference between the reservoirs in the profile of variable PAHs. Only the sediments from the Rybnik and Chechlo reservoirs differ considerably from this grouping.

[Analysis of treatment outcome in patients with endometrial cancer limited to the uterus]. / Analiza wyników skojarzonego leczenia chorych na niezaawansowanego raka endometrium.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of study was to analyse results of treatment patients with uterine-confined endometrial cancer which underwent surgery and postoperative radiotherapy in Center of Oncology in Kraków between 1985 and 1997. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research included a group of 650 women. All patients undergo total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and postoperative radiotherapy. 155 patients with intermediate-risk of recurrence (IA-G3, IB-G1, G2) received postoperative whole pelvic irradiation only. In the group of 495 patients with high-risk of recurrence (IB-G3, IC, II) 210 patients received brachytherapy vaginal cuff only and 285 patients whole pelvic and vaginal cuff irradiation. RESULTS: In the group of patients with intermediate-risk of recurrence five NED survival was 93.5%. In the group of patients with high-risk of recurrence five NED survival was statistically lower in patients treated with brachytherapy vaginal cuff only (83.2% vs. 71.9%). CONCLUSION: In uterine-confined endometrial cancer patients, with intermediate-risk of recurrence treated with surgery and postoperative whole pelvis irradiation, 5-year NED survival is above of 90%. In the group of patients with high-risk of recurrence the adjuvant treatment of choice is whole pelvic and vaginal cuff irradiation.

[Prognostic factors in patients with cervical--confined endometrial carcinoma treated with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy]. / Czynniki prognostyczne w grupie chorych na niezaawansowanego raka trzonu macicy leczonych chirurgicznie z uzupelniajacym napromienianiem.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine prognostic factors in the group of the patients with uterine--confined endometrial carcinoma treated with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors analyzed 102 patients (mean age 58 years) with stage 1 (74 patients) and stage 11 (28 patients) endometrial carcinoma. All patients were treated with surgery (abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy) and postoperative radiotherapy: external beam pelvic irradiation (20 patients), vaginal cuff irradiation (33 patients) and combination (49 patients). Analysed were prognostic factors as follows: age, stage, tumor grade, depth of myometrial invasion, hormone receptors, expression of the tumor suppressor gene p53, Her 2/neu and MIB-1 (ki-67 paraffin). RESULTS: In our group of patients, multivariate analysis has identified tumor grade, progesterone receptors status and MIB-1 as independent significant prognostic factors.

Effect of Chemotherapeutic Drugs on Caspase-3 Activity, as a Key Biomarker for Apoptosis in Ovarian Tumor Cell Cultured as Monolayer. A Pilot Study.

We aimed to develop a cost-effective and robust method to predict drug resistance in individual patients. Representative tissue fragments were obtained from tumors removed from female patients, aged 24-74 years old. The tumor tissue was taken by a histopathology's or a surgeon under sterile conditions. Cells obtained by enzymatic dissociation from tumor after surgery, were cultured as a monolayer for 6 days. Paclitaxel, doxorubicin, carboplatin and endoxan alone or in combination were added at the beginning of culture and after 6 days, Alamar blue test was used for showing action on cell proliferation why caspase- 3 activity assays for verifying action on apoptosis. Inhibitory action on cell proliferation was noted in 2 of 12 patients tumor treated with both single and combined drugs. Using caspase-3 assay we showed that 50% of tumor cells was resistant to single chemotherapeutic drugs and 40% for combined. In 2 of 12 tumors, which did not reacted on single drugs, positive synergistic action on cell proliferation was observed in combination of D + E and C + E. This pilot study suggests: 1) monolayer culture of tumor cells, derived from individual patients, before chemotherapy could provide a suitable model for studying resistance for drugs; 2) caspase-3 activity is cheap and useful methods; 3) Alamar blue test should be taken into consideration for measuring cell proliferation.

[Effectiveness of surgical treatment of patients with stage IA endometrial cancer]. / Ocena skutecznosci leczenia operacyjnego chorych na raka trzonu macicy w stopniu IA zaawansowania.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyse results of surgical treatment patients with stage IA-G1, G2 endometrial cancer treated in Center of Oncology in Kraków between 1985 and 1997. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research included a group of 44 women. All patients underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH and BSO) without complementary treatment. RESULTS: Five NED survival was 95.5%. During the 5-year follow-up period 2 patients died, I of myocardial infarction and 1 of cerebral hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy are the treatment of choice for stage IA-G1, G2 endometrial cancer.

[Prognostic factors in the primary invasive vaginal carcinoma]. / Czynniki prognostyczne w pierwotnym inwazyjnym raku pochwy.

In the period 1965-1988, 125 women with primary invasive vaginal carcinoma were treated with radiotherapy. 53 (42.4%) survived 5-year without evidence of disease. In the Cox multivariate analysis three variables were independently related to survival: age of the patients, grade of differentiation of tumor and the clinical stage of illness.