Nonscrotal Causes of Acute Scrotum.

Acute scrotum is characterized by intense acute scrotal pain, which may be associated with other symptoms and signs such as abdominal pain, inflammation, and fever. Many pathologic conditions can present in this way, most which involve the scrotal contents. Nonscrotal conditions, however, can rarely present clinically only as acute scrotum: among them, renal colic, aneurysm rupture or other causes of retroperitoneal hemorrhage, primary abdominal or pelvic tumors and metastases, pancreatitis, pelvic inflammation, and muscle injuries. The pathophysiologic characteristics of the clinical presentation, clues for diagnosis, and imaging features of a series of nonscrotal lesions presenting clinically with acute scrotal pain are herein reported and illustrated. In patients presenting with acute scrotal symptoms and normal scrotal ultrasound findings, nonscrotal causes of acute scrotal pain should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Therefore, an ultrasound investigation of the abdomen, groin, and thighs is indicated.

Evaluation of Intratesticular Lesions With Strain Elastography Using Strain Ratio and Color Map Visual Grading: Differentiation of Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic Lesions.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of strain elastography using calculated strain ratio and visual elastography score in differentiating nonneoplastic, benign, and malignant neoplastic intratesticular lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was approved by the hospital review board as a retrospective review of 86 patients examined with gray scale, color Doppler ultrasonography and strain elastography (visual elastography score and strain ratio). Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratio of color Doppler and stain elastography were documented. Receiver operator characteristic curves assessed the diagnostic accuracy of strain elastography to discriminate nonneoplastic, benign, and malignant neoplasms. Histology or follow-up ultrasonography determined lesion character. RESULTS: Thirty-one of 86 (36.0%) intratesticular malignant neoplasms, 17 of 86 (19.8%) benign neoplasms, and 38 of 86 (44.2%) nonneoplastic lesions were confirmed with histology (n = 52) or follow-up sonography (n = 34); 89.5% of intratesticular lesions were heterogeneous or hypoechoic on gray scale, with no difference between benign and malignant. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio for nonneoplasm versus neoplasm were documented: color Doppler: 68.8%, 97.4%, 26.5, 0.32; visual elastography score: 81.3%, 57.9%, 1.93, 0.32; strain ratio: 68.8%, 81.6%, 3.73, 0.38. Neoplastic lesions showed a higher strain ratio than nonneoplastic lesions (P < .001), with strong correlation between median strain ratio and visual elastography score (Spearman's coefficient, 0.693; P < .001). Strain ratio is a significantly better assessment than visual elastography score for malignant lesions (P = .025). Logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations between size (P = .001), hypervascularity (P < .001), and malignancy. CONCLUSION: Higher strain ratio and visual elastography score are associated with neoplastic lesions and offer an alternative to assess tissue characteristics but do not improve the diagnostic accuracy when compared with the color Doppler pattern.

Fine-Tuning and Optimization of Superconducting Quantum Magnetic Sensors by Thermal Annealing.

In the present article, we present the experimental results concerning the fine-tuning and optimization of superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) parameters by thermal annealing. This treatment allows for the modification of the parameters in order to meet a specific application or to adjust the device parameters to prevent the increase of magnetic field noise and work instability conditions due to a different critical current with respect to the design value. In particular, we report the sensor critical current, the voltage-flux (V-Φ) characteristics and the spectral density of the magnetic field of SQUID magnetometers for different annealing temperatures. The measurements demonstrate that it is possible to achieve a fine control of the most important device parameters. In particular, we show that thermal annealing allows for the reduction of SQUID noise by more than a factor of 5 and makes the device working operations very stable. These results are very useful in view of quantum technology applications related to superconducting quantum computing where the correct functioning of the quantum bit depends on the fine control of the superconducting quantum device parameters and selectable annealing is possible by using a suitable laser as a thermal source.

Detection of Magnetomechanical Effect in Structural Steel Using GMR 2nd Order Gradiometer Based Sensors.

The magneto-mechanical behaviour of structural steel specimens stressed up to the plastic deformation stage was investigated using a 2nd order gradiometer based on Giant Magneto Resistive (GMR) sensors. The correlation between the gradient of the magnetization and the dislocation density before the crack initiation inside the test material was reported. The capability of the GMR scanning sensor to detect the residual magnetization due to the tensile stress with a non-invasive technique was demonstrated.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in nephrology: Has the time come for its widespread use?

Grey-scale ultrasound has an important diagnostic role in nephrology. The absence of ionizing radiations and nephrotoxicity, rapidity of execution, excellent repeatability, the possibility to perform the test at the patient's bed and the low cost represent important advantages of this technique. Paired with real-time sonography and colour-power-Doppler contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) reduces the diagnostic gap with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) and represents a major step in the evolution of clinical ultrasound. Although there are several situations in which contrast-enhanced CT and MR are indicated (i.e. evaluation of cystic or ischemic lesions, traumatisms and ablative therapies of the native and transplanted kidney), the use of CT contrast media presents a high risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (i.e. in elderly people, subjects with comorbidities and those with renal dysfunction), while gadolinium-based RM contrast agents are contraindicated for the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (i.e. in patients with severe renal dysfunction). In these situations, CEUS may be a viable alternative, however, as any technique associated with the infusion of pharmacological substances, the potential advantages and risks of CEUS should be critically evaluated. In this regard, the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) has published the guidelines for the use of CEUS for the kidney imaging and the International Contrast Ultrasound Society (ICUS) has been recently founded. The aim of this review is to offer an updated overview of the potential applications of CEUS in nephrology, reporting some indications and possible risks associated to its use.

Grayscale and color Doppler features of testicular lymphoma.

Pooled data from 16 radiology centers were retrospectively analyzed to seek patients with pathologically proven testicular lymphoma and grayscale and color Doppler images available for review. Forty-three cases were found: 36 (84%) primary and 7 (16%) secondary testicular lymphoma. With unilateral primary lymphoma, involvement was unifocal (n = 10), multifocal (n = 11), or diffuse (n = 11). Synchronous bilateral involvement occurred in 6 patients. Color Doppler sonography showed normal testicular vessels within the tumor in 31 of 43 lymphomas (72%). Testicular lymphoma infiltrates through the tubules, preserving the normal vascular architecture of the testis. Depiction of normal testicular vessels crossing the lesion is a useful adjunctive diagnostic criterion.

The role of CEUS in the assessment of haemodynamically stable patients with blunt abdominal trauma.

Computed tomography (CT) still represents the preferred imaging method in the assessment of patients presenting with multiple trauma. Nevertheless, in patients with low-energy abdominal trauma, the use of CT is debated because of the possible unnecessary radiation exposure. Accordingly, conventional ultrasound (US) imaging has been increasingly employed as the initial imaging modality in the workup of minor traumatic emergency conditions. Focused assessment with sonography for trauma is widely used to detect free intra-abdominal fluid, but its role is controversial, because the absence of free fluid does not exclude the presence of injuries to abdominal organ. Injection of an ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) may give the radiologist relevant additional information to that obtained with conventional US. Thus, in trauma patients, following early assessment with conventional US imaging, a contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) can provide a more reliable evaluation of solid organ injuries and related vascular complications, including active bleeding, pseudoaneurysms, and artero-venous fistulas. CEUS cannot replace abdominal CT, but it represents a noninvasive and repeatable imaging tool capable of providing a reliable assessment of trauma severity and expedite the patient's treatment.

Diagnostic value of chest ultrasound after cardiac surgery: a comparison with chest X-ray and auscultation.

OBJECTIVE: Chest auscultation and chest x-ray commonly are used to detect postoperative abnormalities and complications in patients admitted to intensive care after cardiac surgery. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether chest ultrasound represents an effective alternative to bedside chest x-ray to identify early postoperative abnormalities. DESIGN: Diagnostic accuracy of chest auscultation and chest ultrasound were compared in identifying individual abnormalities detected by chest x-ray, considered the reference method. SETTING: Cardiac surgery intensive care unit. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred fifty-one consecutive adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS: All patients included were studied by chest auscultation, ultrasound, and x-ray upon admission to intensive care after cardiac surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Six lung pathologic changes and endotracheal tube malposition were found. There was a highly significant correlation between abnormalities detected by chest ultrasound and x-ray (k = 0.90), but a poor correlation between chest auscultation and x-ray abnormalities (k = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: Chest auscultation may help identify endotracheal tube misplacement and tension pneumothorax but it may miss most major abnormalities. Chest ultrasound represents a valid alternative to chest x-ray to detect most postoperative abnormalities and misplacements.

Economic evaluation of intravenous iodinated contrast media in Italy.

BACKGROUND: Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is defined as a deterioration in renal function after administration of radiologic iodinated contrast media (CM). Iodixanol, showed a lower CI-AKI incidence than low-osmolar contrast media (LOCM). A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed comparing iodixanol and LOCM in intravenous (IV) setting in Italy. METHODS: A Markov model was developed. Patients moved across four health states: CI-AKI free, CI-AKI, myocardial infarction, and death. The simulation horizon was lifetime with 1-month cycles. Costs and outcomes were discounted at 3.5 percent rate. CI-AKI incidence was considered from published literature across different definitions. Cost-effectiveness of iodixanol was assessed in terms of incremental cost per life-year gained. Net monetary benefit (NMB) was also calculated. Both deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: Base-case results showed an average survival increase of 0.51 life-years and a savings of €7.25 for iodixanol versus LOCM. The cost-effectiveness of iodixanol was confirmed when other scenarios were explored, such as varying CI-AKI definition, sub-populations with specified risk factors, CM hospital bids prices, and inclusion of adverse drug reactions of allergic nature. An NMB ranging between €6,007.25 and €30,007.25 was calculated. CONCLUSION: Base-case results show that IV iodixanol is cost-effective compared with LOCM in the Italian clinical setting of a hospital computed tomography radiology practice. However, some caution is due, mainly linked to inherent limitations of the modeling technique and to the lack of agreement on CI-AKI incidence data in the clinical literature.

Incidentally detection of non-palpable testicular nodules at scrotal ultrasound: what is new?

The increased use of ultrasound in patients with urological and andrological symptoms has given an higher detection of intra-testicular nodules. Most of these lesions are hypoechoic and their interpretation is often equivocal. Recently, new ultrasound techniques have been developed alongside of B-mode and color-Doppler ultrasound. Although not completely standardized, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and tissue elastography (TE), added to traditional ultrasonography, can provide useful information about the correct interpretation of incidentally detected non-palpable testicular nodules. The purpose of this review article is to illustrate these new techniques in the patient management.

Lumbar interspinous bursitis in active polymyalgia rheumatica.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the inflammatory involvement of lumbar interspinous bursae in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Ten consecutive, untreated new patients with PMR and pain in the shoulder and pelvic girdles were investigated. Seven patients with spondyloarthritis (4 with psoriatic spondyloarthrits, one with entheropatic spondyloarthritis, and 2 with ankylosing spondylitis) as well as 2 patients with spinal osteoarthritis and 2 patients with rheumatoid arthritis with lumbar pain served as controls. MRI of lumbar spine was performed in all PMR patients and controls. Nine patients (5 PMR patients and 4 controls) also had MRI of the thoracic spine. RESULTS: MRI evidence of interspinous lumbar bursitis was found in 9/10 patients with PMR and in 5/11 controls. A moderate to marked (grade ≥2 on a semiquantitative 0-3 scale) lumbar bursitis occurred significantly more frequently in patients with PMR than in control patients (60% vs. 9%, p=0.020). In most of the patients and controls lumbar bursitis was found at the L3-L5 interspaces. Only 2 patients had bursitis at a different level (one patient had widespread lumbar bursitis, and one control at L2-L4). No interspinous bursitis was demonstrated by MRI of the thoracic spine in patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation of lumbar bursae may be responsible for the low back pain reported by patients with PMR. The prominent inflammatory involvement of bursae including those of the lumbar spine supports the hypothesis that PMR may be a disorder affecting predominantly extra-articular synovial structures.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound findings in a case of renal extramedullary hematopoiesis.

We present the case of an 80-year-old man with two renal solid masses found at sonography, which were imaged by contrast-enhanced ultrasound, CT, and MRI and confirmed histologically. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound findings suggested a benign mass and a CT-guided biopsy yielded a diagnosis of extramedullary hematopoiesis.

Zinner's Syndrome: Case report of a Developmental Anomaly of the Mesonephric Duct.

Zinner's syndrome is a rare congenital malformation characterized by the association of unilateral renal agenesis with ipsilateral seminal vesicle cyst and ejaculatory duct obstruction. Most patients are asymptomatic until the third or fourth decade of life when the syndrome is associated with dysuria, perineal pain, infertility, and painful ejaculation. In this report, we present the common imaging findings of this rare developmental anomaly involving the mesonephric duct in a 48-year-old male patient experiencing pelvic pain, recurrent dysuria, and pollakiuria.

Assessing and managing frailty in emergency laparotomy: a WSES position paper.

Many countries are facing an aging population. As people live longer, surgeons face the prospect of operating on increasingly older patients. Traditional teaching is that with older age, these patients face an increased risk of mortality and morbidity, even to a level deemed too prohibitive for surgery. However, this is not always true. An active 90-year-old patient can be much fitter than an overweight, sedentary 65-year-old patient with comorbidities. Recent literature shows that frailty-an age-related cumulative decline in multiple physiological systems, is therefore a better predictor of mortality and morbidity than chronological age alone. Despite recognition of frailty as an important tool in identifying vulnerable surgical patients, many surgeons still shun objective tools. The aim of this position paper was to perform a review of the existing literature and to provide recommendations on emergency laparotomy and in frail patients. This position paper was reviewed by an international expert panel composed of 37 experts who were asked to critically revise the manuscript and position statements. The position paper was conducted according to the WSES methodology. We shall present the derived statements upon which a consensus was reached, specifying the quality of the supporting evidence and suggesting future research directions.

Laboratory diagnosis of acute pancreatitis: in search of the Holy Grail.

Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the pancreas, which might extend to local and distant extrapancreatic tissues. The global incidence varies between 17.5 and 73.4 cases per 100,000 and the pathogenesis recognizes alcohol exposure and biliary tract disease as the leading causes, ahead of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, drugs and abdominal trauma. The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is substantially based on a combination of clinical signs and symptoms, imaging techniques and laboratory investigations. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography is the reference standard for the diagnosis, as well as for establishing disease severity. The assessment of pancreatic enzymes, early released from necrotic tissue, is the cornerstone of laboratory diagnosis in this clinical setting. Although there is no single test that shows optimal diagnostic accuracy, most current guidelines and recommendations indicate that lipase should be preferred over total and pancreatic amylase. Although a definitive diagnostic threshold cannot be identified, cut-offs comprised between ≥ 2 and ≥ 4 times the upper limit of the reference interval are preferable. The combination of amylase and lipase has been discouraged as although it marginally improves the diagnostic efficiency of either marker alone, it increases the cost of investigation. Some interesting biomarkers have been also suggested (e.g., serum and urinary trypsinogen-1, -2 and -3, phospholipase A2, pancreatic elastase, procalcitonin, trypsinogen activated protein, activation peptide of carboxypeptidase B, trypsin-2-alpha1 antitrypsin complex and circulating DNA), but none of them has found widespread application for a variety of reasons, including the inferior diagnostic accuracy when compared with the traditional enzymes, the use of cumbersome techniques, or their recent discovery. The promising results of recent proteomics studies showed that this innovative technique might allow the identification of changes characterizing pancreatic tissue injury, thus highlighting new potential biomarkers of acute pancreatitis.

The current role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging in the evaluation of renal pathology.

BACKGROUND: By using a microbubble contrast agent and contrast-specific imaging software, the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is able to depict the micro and macrocirculation of the target organ. METHODS: A review of the peer reviewed literature was done regarding the current role of ultrasound CEUS imaging in the evaluation of renal pathology with reference to the diagnosis of renal ischaemia, in the characterization of complex cystic lesions and in those with equivocal enhancement at CT. RESULTS: CEUS provides information on tissue perfusion and may play a role in kidney mass characterization similar to the role of contrast-enhanced CT and MRI. In this context, the characterization of cystic lesions is probably the most consolidated field of application of contrast agents on kidney ultrasound imaging. Finally, CEUS provides a good alternative to CT, especially in patients with contraindications to iodinated contrast agents. CONCLUSIONS: The usefulness of CEUS in these applications is confirmed by extensive literature production and this article focuses on the potential clinical applications of recent advances in CEUS technology in urology.

Role of imaging and biopsy to assess local recurrence after definitive treatment for prostate carcinoma (surgery, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, HIFU).

PURPOSE: Defining the site of recurrent disease early after definitive treatment for a localized prostate cancer is a critical issue as it may greatly influence the subsequent therapeutic strategy or patient management. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed by searching Medline from January 1995 up to January 2011. Electronic searches were limited to the English language, and the keywords prostate cancer, radiotherapy [RT], high intensity focused ultrasound [HIFU], cryotherapy [CRIO], transrectal ultrasound [TRUS], magnetic resonance [MRI], PET/TC, and prostate biopsy were used. RESULTS: Despite the fact that diagnosis of a local recurrence is based on PSA values and kinetics, imaging by means of different techniques may be a prerequisite for effective disease management. Unfortunately, prostate cancer local recurrences are very difficult to detect by TRUS and conventional imaging that have shown limited accuracy at least at early stages. On the contrary, functional and molecular imaging such as dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), offers the possibility of imaging molecular or cellular processes of individual tumors. Recently, PET/CT, using 11C-choline, 18F-fluorocholine or 11C-acetate has been successfully proposed in detecting local recurrences as well as distant metastases. Nevertheless, in controversial cases, it is necessary to perform a biopsy of the prostatic fossa or a biopsy of the prostate to assess the presence of a local recurrence under guidance of MRI or TRUS findings. CONCLUSION: It is likely that imaging will be extensively used in the future to detect and localize prostate cancer local recurrences before salvage treatment.

Role of contrast enhanced ultrasound in acute scrotal diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in patients with acute scrotal pain not defined at ultrasound (US) with colour Doppler . METHODS: CEUS was carried out in 50 patients with acute scrotal pain or scrotal trauma showing testicular lesion of undefined nature at US. The accuracy of US and CEUS findings versus definitive diagnosis (surgery or follow-up) was calculated. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients had a final diagnosis of testicular tumour, three abscess, eight focal infarction, seven trauma, three testicular torsion, one haematoma. Five patients were negative. Thirty-five patients were operated (23 testicular tumours, six trauma, three testicular torsion, one abscess, one focal infarction, and one haematoma) and 15 underwent medical treatment or were discharged. US provided a definitive diagnosis in 34/50 as compared to the 48/50 patients diagnosed at CEUS. Sensitivity and specificity were 76% and 45% for US and 96% and 100% for CEUS respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CEUS was more accurate in the final diagnosis compared to US, potentially reducing the need for further imaging. In particular CEUS can be proposed in emergency in cases where US diagnosis remains inconclusive, namely in infarction, and trauma, when testicular torsion cannot be ruled out, and in identifying testicular mass.

Acute segmental testicular infarction at contrast-enhanced ultrasound: early features and changes during follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess whether contrast-enhanced ultrasound is useful for characterization of acute segmental testicular infarction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty men with acute scrotal pain and suspected segmental testicular infarction underwent contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Three patients underwent orchiectomy. For the other patients, the final diagnosis was based on the absence of tumor markers and a change in the size or shape of the tumor during follow-up. Forty-nine color Doppler ultrasound studies (16 within 24 hours of the onset of pain; 14, 2-17 days after pain onset; 19 after 1 month or more), and 38 contrast-enhanced ultrasound studies (13 within 24 hours after pain onset; nine, 2-17 days; 16 after 1 month or more) were performed. RESULTS: Fourteen of 16 lesions examined within 24 hours were oval, and two were wedge shaped. Eight lesions were isoechoic to the testis, six were hypoechoic, and two had mixed echogenicity. Twelve lesions were avascular and four were hypovascular at color Doppler examination. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound showed avascular parenchymal lobules in all cases and without perilesional rim enhancement in 12 of 13 studies. Two to 17 days after the symptoms appeared, contrast-enhanced ultrasound showed avascular lobules in all cases and perilesional rim enhancement in eight examinations. After 1 month or more, contrast-enhanced ultrasound depicted intralesional vascular spots in 12 of 14 infarcts. Perilesional enhancement was absent. CONCLUSION: Recognition of lobular morphologic characteristics and the presence of perilesional rim enhancement at contrast-enhanced ultrasound can increase confidence in the diagnosis of segmental testicular infarction compared with reliance on gray-scale and color Doppler findings. Changes in lesion features during follow-up confirm the differential diagnosis from other testicular lesions and allow conservative management.

Reduced graphene oxide on silicon-based structure as novel broadband photodetector.

Heterojunction photodetector based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been realized using a spin coating technique. The electrical and optical characterization of bare GO and thermally reduced GO thin films deposited on glass substrate has been carried out. Ultraviolet-visible-infrared transmittance measurements of the GO and rGO thin films revealed broad absorption range, while the absorbance analysis evaluates rGO band gap of about 2.8 eV. The effect of GO reduction process on the photoresponse capability is reported. The current-voltage characteristics and the responsivity of rGO/n-Si based device have been investigated using laser diode wavelengths from UV up to IR spectral range. An energy band diagram of the heterojunction has been proposed to explain the current versus voltage characteristics. The device demonstrates a photoresponse at a broad spectral range with a maximum responsivity and detectivity of 0.20 A/W and 7 × 1010 cmHz/W, respectively. Notably, the obtained results indicate that the rGO based device can be useful for broadband radiation detection compatible with silicon device technology.