RESUMO
Deregulation of oncogenic signals in cancer triggers replication stress. Immediate early genes (IEGs) are rapidly and transiently expressed following stressful signals, contributing to an integrated response. Here, we find that the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1 localizes across the gene body and 3' UTR of IEGs, where it inhibits transcriptional elongation by RNA Pol II, generating R-loops and accessible chromatin domains. Acute replication stress causes immediate dissociation of NR4A1 and a burst of transcriptionally poised IEG expression. Ectopic expression of NR4A1 enhances tumorigenesis by breast cancer cells, while its deletion leads to massive chromosomal instability and proliferative failure, driven by deregulated expression of its IEG target, FOS. Approximately half of breast and other primary cancers exhibit accessible chromatin domains at IEG gene bodies, consistent with this stress-regulatory pathway. Cancers that have retained this mechanism in adapting to oncogenic replication stress may be dependent on NR4A1 for their proliferation.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/metabolismo , Mitose , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/metabolismo , Membro 1 do Grupo A da Subfamília 4 de Receptores Nucleares/metabolismo , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Instabilidade Genômica , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/genética , Indóis/farmacologia , Células MCF-7 , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Mitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patologia , Membro 1 do Grupo A da Subfamília 4 de Receptores Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Membro 1 do Grupo A da Subfamília 4 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Fenilacetatos/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , Estruturas R-Loop , RNA Polimerase II/genética , RNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Elongação da Transcrição Genética , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Polyomaviruses (PyV) are ubiquitous pathogens that can cause devastating human diseases. Due to the small size of their genomes, PyV utilize complex patterns of RNA splicing to maximize their coding capacity. Despite the importance of PyV to human disease, their transcriptome architecture is poorly characterized. Here, we compare short- and long-read RNA sequencing data from eight human and non-human PyV. We provide a detailed transcriptome atlas for BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), an important human pathogen, and the prototype PyV, simian virus 40 (SV40). We identify pervasive wraparound transcription in PyV, wherein transcription runs through the polyA site and circles the genome multiple times. Comparative analyses identify novel, conserved transcripts that increase PyV coding capacity. One of these conserved transcripts encodes superT, a T antigen containing two RB-binding LxCxE motifs. We find that superT-encoding transcripts are abundant in PyV-associated human cancers. Together, we show that comparative transcriptomic approaches can greatly expand known transcript and coding capacity in one of the simplest and most well-studied viral families.
Assuntos
Vírus BK , Infecções por Polyomavirus , Polyomavirus , Vírus BK/genética , Humanos , Polyomavirus/genética , Infecções por Polyomavirus/genética , Splicing de RNA , Vírus 40 dos Símios/genéticaRESUMO
MicroRNAs predominantly decrease gene expression; however, specific mRNAs are translationally upregulated in quiescent (G0) mammalian cells and immature Xenopus laevis oocytes by an FXR1a-associated microRNA-protein complex (microRNP) that lacks the microRNP repressor, GW182. Their mechanism in these conditions of decreased mTOR signaling, and therefore reduced canonical (cap-and-poly(A)-tail-mediated) translation, remains undiscovered. Our data reveal that mTOR inhibition in human THP1 cells enables microRNA-mediated activation. Activation requires shortened/no poly(A)-tail targets; polyadenylated mRNAs are partially activated upon PAIP2 overexpression, which interferes with poly(A)-bound PABP, precluding PABP-enhanced microRNA-mediated inhibition and canonical translation. Consistently, inhibition of PARN deadenylase prevents activation. P97/DAP5, a homolog of canonical translation factor, eIF4G, which lacks PABP- and cap binding complex-interacting domains, is required for activation, and thereby for the oocyte immature state. P97 interacts with 3' UTR-binding FXR1a-associated microRNPs and with PARN, which binds mRNA 5' caps, forming a specialized complex to translate recruited mRNAs in these altered canonical translation conditions.
Assuntos
Senescência Celular , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Oócitos/metabolismo , Biossíntese de Proteínas , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Ribonucleoproteínas/metabolismo , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas , Animais , Proteínas Argonautas/genética , Proteínas Argonautas/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Linhagem Celular , Fator de Iniciação Eucariótico 4G/genética , Fator de Iniciação Eucariótico 4G/metabolismo , Exorribonucleases/genética , Exorribonucleases/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Humanos , MicroRNAs/genética , Proteômica/métodos , Capuzes de RNA/genética , Capuzes de RNA/metabolismo , Interferência de RNA , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Ribonucleoproteínas/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Transfecção , Xenopus laevisRESUMO
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), a developmentally regulated and maternally imprinted gene, is frequently overexpressed in pediatric cancers. Although loss of imprinting (LOI) at fetal promoters contributes to increased IGF2 in tumors, the magnitude of IGF2 expression suggests the involvement of additional regulatory mechanisms. A microRNA (miRNA) screen of primary Wilms' tumors identified specific overexpression of miR-483-5p, which is embedded within the IGF2 gene. Unexpectedly, the IGF2 mRNA itself is transcriptionally up-regulated by miR-483-5p. A nuclear pool of miR-483-5p binds directly to the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of fetal IGF2 mRNA, enhancing the association of the RNA helicase DHX9 to the IGF2 transcript and promoting IGF2 transcription. Ectopic expression of miR-483-5p in IGF2-dependent sarcoma cells is correlated with increased tumorigenesis in vivo. Together, these observations suggest a functional positive feedback loop of an intronic miRNA on transcription of its host gene.
Assuntos
Carcinogênese/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like II/genética , Íntrons , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Regiões 5' não Traduzidas/genética , Linhagem Celular , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/metabolismo , Feto/metabolismo , Humanos , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like II/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
The reversible state of proliferative arrest known as "cellular quiescence" plays an important role in tissue homeostasis and stem cell biology. By analyzing the expression of miRNAs and miRNA-processing factors during quiescence in primary human fibroblasts, we identified a group of miRNAs that are induced during quiescence despite markedly reduced expression of Exportin-5, a protein required for canonical miRNA biogenesis. The biogenesis of these quiescence-induced miRNAs is independent of Exportin-5 and depends instead on Exportin-1. Moreover, these quiescence-induced primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) are modified with a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine (TMG)-cap, which is known to bind Exportin-1, and knockdown of Exportin-1 or trimethylguanosine synthase 1, responsible for (TMG)-capping, inhibits their biogenesis. Surprisingly, in quiescent cells Exportin-1-dependent pri-miR-34a is present in the cytoplasm together with a small isoform of Drosha, implying the existence of a different miRNA processing pathway in these cells. Our findings suggest that during quiescence the canonical miRNA biogenesis pathway is down-regulated and specific miRNAs are generated by an alternative pathway to regulate genes involved in cellular growth arrest.
Assuntos
Vias Biossintéticas/genética , Proliferação de Células/genética , Carioferinas/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/genética , Vias Biossintéticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Citoplasma/genética , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Baixo/genética , Guanosina/análogos & derivados , Guanosina/farmacologia , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Proteína Exportina 1RESUMO
Multidimensional cancer genome analysis and validation has defined Quaking (QKI), a member of the signal transduction and activation of RNA (STAR) family of RNA-binding proteins, as a novel glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumor suppressor. Here, we establish that p53 directly regulates QKI gene expression, and QKI protein associates with and leads to the stabilization of miR-20a; miR-20a, in turn, regulates TGFßR2 and the TGFß signaling network. This pathway circuitry is substantiated by in silico epistasis analysis of its components in the human GBM TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas Project) collection and by their gain- and loss-of-function interactions in in vitro and in vivo complementation studies. This p53-QKI-miR-20a-TGFß pathway expands our understanding of the p53 tumor suppression network in cancer and reveals a novel tumor suppression mechanism involving regulation of specific cancer-relevant microRNAs.
Assuntos
Linhagem Celular , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Estabilidade de RNA , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Animais , Glioblastoma/genética , Humanos , Camundongos , MicroRNAs/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismoRESUMO
Eukaryotic protein synthesis is a multifaceted process that requires coordination of a set of translation factors in a particular cellular state. During normal growth and proliferation, cells generally make their proteome via conventional translation that utilizes canonical translation factors. When faced with environmental stress such as growth factor deprivation, or in response to biological cues such as developmental signals, cells can reduce canonical translation. In this situation, cells adapt alternative modes of translation to make specific proteins necessary for required biological functions under these distinct conditions. To date, a number of alternative translation mechanisms have been reported, which include non-canonical, cap dependent translation and cap independent translation such as IRES mediated translation. Here, we discuss one of the alternative modes of translation mediated by a specialized microRNA complex, FXR1a-microRNP that promotes non-canonical, cap dependent translation in quiescent conditions, where canonical translation is reduced due to low mTOR activity.
Assuntos
Proteínas Argonautas/metabolismo , Proteína do X Frágil da Deficiência Intelectual/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Animais , Fator de Iniciação Eucariótico 4G/metabolismo , Exorribonucleases/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Poli A/genética , Ligação Proteica , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cap de RNA/metabolismo , Capuzes de RNA/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismoRESUMO
Proliferation arrest and distinct developmental stages alter and decrease general translation yet maintain ongoing translation. The factors that support translation in these conditions remain to be characterized. We investigated an altered translation factor in three cell states considered to have reduced general translation: immature Xenopus laevis oocytes, mouse ES cells, and the transition state of proliferating mammalian cells to quiescence (G0) upon growth-factor deprivation. Our data reveal a transient increase of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B (eIF5B), the eukaryotic ortholog of bacterial initiation factor IF2, in these conditions. eIF5B promotes 60S ribosome subunit joining and pre-40S subunit proofreading. eIF5B has also been shown to promote the translation of viral and stress-related mRNAs and can contribute indirectly to supporting or stabilizing initiator methionyl tRNA (tRNA-Met(i)) association with the ribosome. We find that eIF5B is a limiting factor for translation in these three conditions. The increased eIF5B levels lead to increased eIF5B complexes with tRNA-Met(i) upon serum starvation of THP1 mammalian cells. In addition, increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, the translation factor that recruits initiator tRNA-Meti for general translation, is observed in these conditions. Importantly, we find that eIF5B is an antagonist of G0 and G0-like states, as eIF5B depletion reduces maturation of G0-like, immature oocytes and hastens early G0 arrest in serum-starved THP1 cells. Consistently, eIF5B overexpression promotes maturation of G0-like immature oocytes and causes cell death, an alternative to G0, in serum-starved THP1 cells. These data reveal a critical role for a translation factor that regulates specific cell-cycle transition and developmental stages.
Assuntos
Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular , Fatores de Iniciação em Eucariotos/genética , Regulação para Cima , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular , Meios de Cultura Livres de Soro , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/citologia , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/metabolismo , Fator de Iniciação 2 em Eucariotos/metabolismo , Fatores de Iniciação em Eucariotos/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Oócitos/citologia , Oócitos/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Biossíntese de Proteínas , RNA de Transferência de Metionina , Xenopus laevisRESUMO
MicroRNA-protein complexes (microRNPs) can activate translation of target reporters and specific mRNAs in quiescent (i.e., G0) mammalian cell lines. Induced quiescent cells, like folliculated immature oocytes, have high levels of cAMP that activate protein kinase AII (PKAII) to maintain G0 and immature states. We report microRNA-mediated up-regulated expression of reporters in immature Xenopus laevis oocytes, dependent on Xenopus AGO or human AGO2 and on FXR1, as in mammalian cells. Importantly, we find that maintenance of cAMP levels and downstream PKAII signaling are required for microRNA-mediated up-regulated expression in oocytes. We identify an important, endogenous cell state regulator, Myt1 kinase, as a natural target of microRNA-mediated up-regulation in response to xlmiR16, ensuring maintenance of oocyte immaturity. Our data reveal the physiological relevance of cAMP/PKAII-controlled posttranscriptional gene expression activation by microRNAs in maintenance of the immature oocyte state.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica , MicroRNAs/fisiologia , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Ribonucleoproteínas/fisiologia , Xenopus laevis/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas Argonautas , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase Tipo II Dependente de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Fator de Iniciação 2 em Eucariotos , Humanos , MicroRNAs/genética , Oócitos , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA , Xenopus laevis/genéticaRESUMO
MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNA regulatory molecules that control gene expression by guiding associated effector complexes to other RNAs via sequence-specific recognition of target sites. Misregulation of microRNAs leads to a wide range of diseases including cancers, inflammatory and developmental disorders. MicroRNAs were found to mediate deadenylation-dependent decay and translational repression of messages through partially complementary microRNA target sites in the 3'-UTR (untranslated region). A growing series of studies has demonstrated that microRNAs and their associated complexes (microRNPs) elicit alternate functions that enable stimulation of gene expression in addition to their assigned repressive roles. These reports, discussed in this chapter, indicate that microRNA-mediated effects via natural 3' and 5'-UTRs can be selective and controlled, dictated by the RNA sequence context, associated complex, and cellular conditions. Similar to the effects of repression, upregulated gene expression by microRNAs varies from small refinements to significant amplifications in expression. An emerging theme from this literature is that microRNAs have a versatile range of abilities to manipulate post-transcriptional control mechanisms leading to controlled gene expression. These studies reveal new potentials for microRNPs in gene expression control that develop as responses to specific cellular conditions.
Assuntos
Expressão Gênica , MicroRNAs/genética , Processamento Pós-Transcricional do RNA , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Ribonucleoproteínas/genética , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas , Regiões 5' não Traduzidas , Animais , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/metabolismo , Humanos , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Estabilidade de RNA , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ribonucleoproteínas/metabolismo , Ativação TranscricionalRESUMO
Our data previously revealed that chemosurviving cancer cells translate specific genes. Here, we find that the m6A-RNA-methyltransferase, METTL3, increases transiently in chemotherapy-treated breast cancer and leukemic cells in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, m6A increases on RNA from chemo-treated cells, and is needed for chemosurvival. This is regulated by eIF2α phosphorylation and mTOR inhibition upon therapy treatment. METTL3 mRNA purification reveals that eIF3 promotes METTL3 translation that is reduced by mutating a 5'UTR m6A-motif or depleting METTL3. METTL3 increase is transient after therapy treatment, as metabolic enzymes that control methylation and thus m6A levels on METTL3 RNA, are altered over time after therapy. Increased METTL3 reduces proliferation and anti-viral immune response genes, and enhances invasion genes, which promote tumor survival. Consistently, overriding phospho-eIF2α prevents METTL3 elevation, and reduces chemosurvival and immune-cell migration. These data reveal that therapy-induced stress signals transiently upregulate METTL3 translation, to alter gene expression for tumor survival.
RESUMO
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA regulators of gene expression that play important roles in critical biological processes, including cell division, self-renewal and cell state maintenance. Their deregulation leads to extensive clinical consequences in tumorigenesis. Cancers demonstrate heterogeneity in their cell states implicated in their resistance and resurgence. Apart from proliferating cells, cancers harbor a small proportion of assorted quiescent cells that resist conventional therapeutics and contribute to cancer recurrence. MicroRNA expression, targets, microRNPs (microRNA-protein complexes) and their functions have been demonstrated to be regulated in distinct tumor cell states and as an adaptive response to stress signals in tumor-unfavorable environments. In turn, altered microRNPs and their modified post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene expression may contribute to tumor resistance and influence tumor progression. An understanding of distinct microRNA mechanisms in cancer cells would provide extensive insights into the versatile roles of microRNAs in the perpetuation of tumors and indicate potential therapeutic avenues.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , MicroRNAs/genética , Neoplasias/patologia , Interferência de RNA , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Proliferação de Células , Humanos , MicroRNAs/fisiologia , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Estabilidade de RNARESUMO
Quiescent leukemic cells survive chemotherapy, with translation changes. Our data reveal that FXR1, a protein amplified in several aggressive cancers, is elevated in quiescent and chemo-treated leukemic cells and promotes chemosurvival. This suggests undiscovered roles for this RNA- and ribosome-associated protein in chemosurvival. We find that FXR1 depletion reduces translation, with altered rRNAs, snoRNAs, and ribosomal proteins (RPs). FXR1 regulates factors that promote transcription and processing of ribosomal genes and snoRNAs. Ribosome changes in FXR1-overexpressing cells, including RPLP0/uL10 levels, activate eIF2α kinases. Accordingly, phospho-eIF2α increases, enabling selective translation of survival and immune regulators in FXR1-overexpressing cells. Overriding these genes or phospho-eIF2α with inhibitors reduces chemosurvival. Thus, elevated FXR1 in quiescent or chemo-treated leukemic cells alters ribosomes that trigger stress signals to redirect translation for chemosurvival.
RESUMO
Recent studies demonstrate that the factors involved in mRNA processing specify the fate of a transcript. The mRNA is either committed for export to the cytoplasm or accumulates in the nucleus, where it may be degraded. These studies reveal crosstalk among the nuclear events faced by the pre-mRNA. It is becoming evident that the components of the mRNA synthesis machinery interact with each other to establish a distinct surveillance mechanism that determines release of the transcript from the transcription site for further export and utilisation. Recent advances suggest that the major nuclear decay machinery, the nuclear exosome, and an Rrp6p-specific complex coordinate with processing factors to perform a unique regulatory function that determines its fate: either confinement of the defective mRNA at its transcription site, or release from its site of transcription for further processing and export or decay. Furthermore, message-specific regulatory mechanisms correspond with the nuclear mRNA synthesis machinery to control gene expression.
Assuntos
Núcleo Celular/fisiologia , Processamento Pós-Transcricional do RNA/fisiologia , Splicing de RNA/fisiologia , RNA Mensageiro/fisiologia , AnimaisRESUMO
Recruitment of DNA repair proteins to DNA damage sites is a critical step for DNA repair. Post-translational modifications of proteins at DNA damage sites serve as DNA damage codes to recruit specific DNA repair factors. Here, we show that mRNA is locally modified by m5C at sites of DNA damage. The RNA methyltransferase TRDMT1 is recruited to DNA damage sites to promote m5C induction. Loss of TRDMT1 compromises homologous recombination (HR) and increases cellular sensitivity to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). In the absence of TRDMT1, RAD51 and RAD52 fail to localize to sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA damage. In vitro, RAD52 displays an increased affinity for DNA:RNA hybrids containing m5C-modified RNA. Loss of TRDMT1 in cancer cells confers sensitivity to PARP inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. These results reveal an unexpected TRDMT1-m5C axis that promotes HR, suggesting that post-transcriptional modifications of RNA can also serve as DNA damage codes to regulate DNA repair.
Assuntos
DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Recombinação Homóloga , Processamento Pós-Transcricional do RNA/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citosina/metabolismo , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Metilação , Camundongos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/patologia , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/uso terapêutico , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Proteína Rad52 de Recombinação e Reparo de DNA/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Host dependency factors that are required for influenza A virus infection may serve as therapeutic targets as the virus is less likely to bypass them under drug-mediated selection pressure. Previous attempts to identify host factors have produced largely divergent results, with few overlapping hits across different studies. Here, we perform a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen and devise a new approach, meta-analysis by information content (MAIC) to systematically combine our results with prior evidence for influenza host factors. MAIC out-performs other meta-analysis methods when using our CRISPR screen as validation data. We validate the host factors, WDR7, CCDC115 and TMEM199, demonstrating that these genes are essential for viral entry and regulation of V-type ATPase assembly. We also find that CMTR1, a human mRNA cap methyltransferase, is required for efficient viral cap snatching and regulation of a cell autonomous immune response, and provides synergistic protection with the influenza endonuclease inhibitor Xofluza.
Assuntos
Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Vírus da Influenza A/patogenicidade , Influenza Humana/genética , Influenza Humana/patologia , Células A549 , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Antivirais/farmacologia , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Linhagem Celular , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas/genética , Dibenzotiepinas , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Morfolinas , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Oxazinas/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Piridonas , Tiepinas/farmacologia , Triazinas/farmacologia , ATPases Vacuolares Próton-Translocadoras/metabolismo , Internalização do VírusRESUMO
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are shed into the bloodstream from primary tumors, but only a small subset of these cells generates metastases. We conducted an in vivo genome-wide CRISPR activation screen in CTCs from breast cancer patients to identify genes that promote distant metastasis in mice. Genes coding for ribosomal proteins and regulators of translation were enriched in this screen. Overexpression of RPL15, which encodes a component of the large ribosomal subunit, increased metastatic growth in multiple organs and selectively enhanced translation of other ribosomal proteins and cell cycle regulators. RNA sequencing of freshly isolated CTCs from breast cancer patients revealed a subset with strong ribosome and protein synthesis signatures; these CTCs expressed proliferation and epithelial markers and correlated with poor clinical outcome. Therapies targeting this aggressive subset of CTCs may merit exploration as potential suppressors of metastatic progression.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Metástase Neoplásica , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patologia , Proteínas Ribossômicas/genética , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Camundongos , Transplante de Neoplasias , Análise de Sequência de RNARESUMO
BACKGROUND: Quiescence (G0) is a transient, cell cycle-arrested state. By entering G0, cancer cells survive unfavorable conditions such as chemotherapy and cause relapse. While G0 cells have been studied at the transcriptome level, how post-transcriptional regulation contributes to their chemoresistance remains unknown. RESULTS: We induce chemoresistant and G0 leukemic cells by serum starvation or chemotherapy treatment. To study post-transcriptional regulation in G0 leukemic cells, we systematically analyzed their transcriptome, translatome, and proteome. We find that our resistant G0 cells recapitulate gene expression profiles of in vivo chemoresistant leukemic and G0 models. In G0 cells, canonical translation initiation is inhibited; yet we find that inflammatory genes are highly translated, indicating alternative post-transcriptional regulation. Importantly, AU-rich elements (AREs) are significantly enriched in the upregulated G0 translatome and transcriptome. Mechanistically, we find the stress-responsive p38 MAPK-MK2 signaling pathway stabilizes ARE mRNAs by phosphorylation and inactivation of mRNA decay factor, Tristetraprolin (TTP) in G0. This permits expression of ARE mRNAs that promote chemoresistance. Conversely, inhibition of TTP phosphorylation by p38 MAPK inhibitors and non-phosphorylatable TTP mutant decreases ARE-bearing TNFα and DUSP1 mRNAs and sensitizes leukemic cells to chemotherapy. Furthermore, co-inhibiting p38 MAPK and TNFα prior to or along with chemotherapy substantially reduces chemoresistance in primary leukemic cells ex vivo and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: These studies uncover post-transcriptional regulation underlying chemoresistance in leukemia. Our data reveal the p38 MAPK-MK2-TTP axis as a key regulator of expression of ARE-bearing mRNAs that promote chemoresistance. By disrupting this pathway, we develop an effective combination therapy against chemosurvival.
Assuntos
Elementos Ricos em Adenilato e Uridilato , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Processamento Pós-Transcricional do RNA , Tristetraprolina/metabolismo , Animais , Ciclo Celular , Células Cultivadas , Fosfatase 1 de Especificidade Dupla/genética , Fosfatase 1 de Especificidade Dupla/metabolismo , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Células K562 , Células MCF-7 , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteoma/genética , Proteoma/metabolismo , Células THP-1 , Transcriptoma , Tristetraprolina/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismoRESUMO
TNFalpha (tumour necrosis factor alpha) mRNA bears in its 3'-UTR (untranslated region) a conserved ARE (AU-rich element), a signal that exerts tight post-transcriptional control over the expression of TNFalpha and other cytokines. We found that the TNFalpha ARE increases translational efficiency when cell growth is arrested, a physiologically relevant state occurring during inflammation, angiogenesis and monocyte differentiation. Under these conditions, called quiescence, the miRNP (microribonucleoprotein)-associated proteins FXR1 (Fragile X mental retardation-related protein 1) and AGO2 (Argonaute 2), which are usually considered negative regulators, are transformed into effector molecules that bind the ARE to activate translation. We then identified a specific miRNA (microRNA) that directs the association of AGO2 and FXR1 with the ARE during translational up-regulation. Two other well-characterized miRNAs likewise promote translation activation in quiescent or in contact-inhibited cells; yet, they repress translation in proliferating cells in the late S/G(2)-phase. We conclude that translational regulation by miRNPs oscillates between repression and activation as a function of the cell cycle. The activating role of miRNAs is now being confirmed in the immature Xenopus oocyte, which mimics the quiescent state.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Ribonucleoproteínas/metabolismo , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas , Animais , Proteínas Argonautas , Ciclo Celular/fisiologia , Células Cultivadas , Fator de Iniciação 2 em Eucariotos/genética , Fator de Iniciação 2 em Eucariotos/metabolismo , Humanos , MicroRNAs/genética , Biossíntese de Proteínas , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Ribonucleoproteínas/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
AU-rich-element (ARE)-mediated mRNA regulation occurs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to external and internal stimuli through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/Hog1p pathway. We demonstrate that the ARE-bearing MFA2 3' untranslated region (UTR) controls translation efficiency in a p38 MAPK/Hog1p-dependent manner in response to carbon source growth conditions. The carbon source-regulated effect on MFA2 3'-UTR-controlled translation involves the role of conserved ARE binding proteins, the ELAV/TIA-1-like Pub1p, which can interact with the cap/eIF4G complex, and the translation/mRNA stability factor poly(A) binding protein (Pab1p). Pub1p binds the MFA2 3'-UTR in a p38 MAPK/Hog1p-regulated manner in response to carbon source growth conditions. Significantly, the p38 MAPK/Hog1p is also required to modulate Pab1p in response to carbon source. We find that Pab1p can bind the MFA2 3'-UTR in a regulated manner to control MFA2 3'-UTR reporter translation. Binding of full-length Pab1p to the MFA2 3'-UTR correlates with translation repression. Importantly, Pab1p binds the MFA2 3'-UTR only in a PUB1 strain, and correlating with this requirement, Pub1p controls translation repression of MFA2 in a carbon source/Hog1p-regulated manner. These results suggest that the p38 MAPK/Hog1p pathway regulates 3'-UTR-mediated translation by modulating recruitment of Pab1p and Pub1p, which can interact with the translation machinery.