MEK inhibition reprograms CD8+ T lymphocytes into memory stem cells with potent antitumor effects.

Regenerative stem cell-like memory (TSCM) CD8+ T cells persist longer and produce stronger effector functions. We found that MEK1/2 inhibition (MEKi) induces TSCM that have naive phenotype with self-renewability, enhanced multipotency and proliferative capacity. This is achieved by delaying cell division and enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, without affecting T cell receptor-mediated activation. DNA methylation profiling revealed that MEKi-induced TSCM cells exhibited plasticity and loci-specific profiles similar to bona fide TSCM isolated from healthy donors, with intermediate characteristics compared to naive and central memory T cells. Ex vivo, antigenic rechallenge of MEKi-treated CD8+ T cells showed stronger recall responses. This strategy generated T cells with higher efficacy for adoptive cell therapy. Moreover, MEKi treatment of tumor-bearing mice also showed strong immune-mediated antitumor effects. In conclusion, we show that MEKi leads to CD8+ T cell reprogramming into TSCM that acts as a reservoir for effector T cells with potent therapeutic characteristics.

PD-1 blockade in subprimed CD8 cells induces dysfunctional PD-1+CD38hi cells and anti-PD-1 resistance.

Understanding resistance to antibody to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1; anti-PD-1) is crucial for the development of reversal strategies. In anti-PD-1-resistant models, simultaneous anti-PD-1 and vaccine therapy reversed resistance, while PD-1 blockade before antigen priming abolished therapeutic outcomes. This was due to induction of dysfunctional PD-1+CD38hi CD8+ cells by PD-1 blockade in suboptimally primed CD8 cell conditions induced by tumors. This results in erroneous T cell receptor signaling and unresponsiveness to antigenic restimulation. On the other hand, PD-1 blockade of optimally primed CD8 cells prevented the induction of dysfunctional CD8 cells, reversing resistance. Depleting PD-1+CD38hi CD8+ cells enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, non-responding patients showed more PD-1+CD38+CD8+ cells in tumor and blood than responders. In conclusion, the status of CD8+ T cell priming is a major contributor to anti-PD-1 therapeutic resistance. PD-1 blockade in unprimed or suboptimally primed CD8 cells induces resistance through the induction of PD-1+CD38hi CD8+ cells that is reversed by optimal priming. PD-1+CD38hi CD8+ cells serve as a predictive and therapeutic biomarker for anti-PD-1 treatment. Sequencing of anti-PD-1 and vaccine is crucial for successful therapy.

Author Correction: PD-1 blockade in subprimed CD8 cells induces dysfunctional PD-1+CD38hi cells and anti-PD-1 resistance.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Myeloid-specific ferritin light chain deletion does not exacerbate sepsis-associated AKI.

Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is a key contributor to the life-threatening sequelae attributed to sepsis. Mechanistically, SA-AKI is a consequence of unabated myeloid cell activation and oxidative stress that induces tubular injury. Iron mediates inflammatory pathways directly and through regulating the expression of myeloid-derived ferritin, an iron storage protein comprising ferritin light (FtL) and ferritin heavy chain (FtH) subunits. Previous work revealed that myeloid FtH deletion leads to a compensatory increase in intracellular and circulating FtL and is associated with amelioration of SA-AKI. We designed this study to test the hypothesis that loss of myeloid FtL and subsequently, circulating FtL will exacerbate the sepsis-induced inflammatory response and worsen SA-AKI. We generated a novel myeloid-specific FtL knockout mouse (FtLLysM-/-) and induced sepsis via cecal ligation and puncture or lipopolysaccharide endotoxemia. As expected, serum ferritin levels were significantly lower in the knockout mice, suggesting that myeloid cells dominantly contribute to circulating ferritin. Interestingly, although sepsis induction led to a marked production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, there was no statistical difference between the genotypes. There was a similar loss of kidney function, as evidenced by a rise in serum creatinine and cystatin C and renal injury identified by expression of kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Finally, RNA sequencing revealed upregulation of pathways for cell cycle arrest and autophagy postsepsis, but no significant differences were observed between genotypes, including in key genes associated with ferroptosis, an iron-mediated form of cell death. The loss of FtL did not impact sepsis-mediated activation of NF-κB or HIF-1a signaling, key inflammatory pathways associated with dysregulated host response. Taken together, while FtL overexpression was shown to be protective against sepsis, the loss of FtL did not influence sepsis pathogenesis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hyperferritinemia in sepsis is often associated with a proinflammatory phenotype and poor prognosis. We previously showed the myeloid deletion of FtH results in a compensatory increase in FtL and is associated with reduced circulating cytokines and decreased rates of SA-AKI in animal sepsis models. Here, we show that myeloid deletion of FtL does not impact the severity of SA-AKI following CLP or LPS, suggesting that FtH plays the predominant role in propagating myeloid-induced proinflammatory pathways.

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy with or without immunotherapy for early-stage or isolated lung parenchymal recurrent node-negative non-small-cell lung cancer: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) is the standard treatment for medically inoperable early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but regional or distant relapses, or both, are common. Immunotherapy reduces recurrence and improves survival in people with stage III NSCLC after chemoradiotherapy, but its utility in stage I and II cases is unclear. We therefore conducted a randomised phase 2 trial of SABR alone compared with SABR with immunotherapy (I-SABR) for people with early-stage NSCLC. METHODS: We did an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial comparing SABR to I-SABR, conducted at three different hospitals in TX, USA. People aged 18 years or older with histologically proven treatment-naive stage IA-IB (tumour size ≤4 cm, N0M0), stage IIA (tumour size ≤5 cm, N0M0), or stage IIB (tumour size >5 cm and ≤7 cm, N0M0) as per the American Joint Committee on Cancer version 8 staging system or isolated parenchymal recurrences (tumour size ≤7 cm) NSCLC (TanyNanyM0 before definitive surgery or chemoradiotherapy) were included in this trial. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1; using the Pocock & Simon method) to receive SABR with or without four cycles of nivolumab (480 mg, once every 4 weeks, with the first dose on the same day as, or within 36 h after, the first SABR fraction). This trial was unmasked. The primary endpoint was 4-year event-free survival (local, regional, or distant recurrence; second primary lung cancer; or death). Analyses were both intention to treat (ITT) and per protocol. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03110978) and is closed to enrolment. FINDINGS: From June 30, 2017, to March 22, 2022, 156 participants were randomly assigned, and 141 participants received assigned therapy. At a median 33 months' follow-up, I-SABR significantly improved 4-year event-free survival from 53% (95% CI 42-67%) with SABR to 77% (66-91%; per-protocol population, hazard ratio [HR] 0·38; 95% CI 0·19-0·75; p=0·0056; ITT population, HR 0·42; 95% CI 0·22-0·80; p=0·0080). There were no grade 3 or higher adverse events associated with SABR. In the I-SABR group, ten participants (15%) had grade 3 immunologial adverse events related to nivolumab; none had grade 3 pneumonitis or grade 4 or higher toxicity. INTERPRETATION: Compared with SABR alone, I-SABR significantly improved event-free survival at 4 years in people with early-stage treatment-naive or lung parenchymal recurrent node-negative NSCLC, with tolerable toxicity. I-SABR could be a treatment option in these participants, but further confirmation from a number of currently accruing phase 3 trials is required. FUNDING: Bristol-Myers Squibb and MD Anderson Cancer Center Alliance, National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health through Cancer Center Core Support Grant and Clinical and Translational Science Award to The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Post-Translational Modifications Control The Signal At The Crossroads Of Plant-Pathogen Interaction.

The co-evolution of plants and pathogens has enabled them to 'outsmart' each other by promoting their own defense responses and suppressing that of the other. While plants are reliant on their sophisticated immune signalling pathways, pathogens make use of effector proteins to achieve the objective. This entails rapid regulation of the underlying molecular mechanisms for prompt induction of the associated signalling events in both plants as well as pathogens. The last decade has witnessed the emergence of post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins as key players in modulating cellular responses. Their ability to expand the functional diversity of the proteome and induce rapid changes at the appropriate time enables them to play crucial roles in the regulation of plant-pathogen interactions. Therefore, this review will delve into the intricate interplay of five major PTMs in plant defense and pathogen countermeasures. The review discusses how plants employ PTMs to fortify their immune networks, and how pathogen effectors utilize/target host modification systems to gain entry into the plant and cause disease. The review also underscores the need for identification of newer PTMs and proposes to use PTM machineries as potential targets for genome editing approaches.

A sex-specific homologue of waprin is essential for embryonic development in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.

Waprin, a WAP (Whey acidic protein) domain-containing extracellular secretory protein, is widely known for its antibacterial properties. In this study, a waprin homologue (Tc_wapF) expressing in a female-specific manner was identified in Tribolium castaneum, through the analysis of sex-specific transcriptomes. Developmental- and tissue-specific profiling revealed the widespread expression of Tc_wapF in adult female tissues, particularly in the ovary, gut and fatbody. This female-specific expression of Tc_wapF is not regulated by the classical sex-determination cascade of T. castaneum, as we fail to get any attenuation in Tc_wapF transcript levels in Tcdsx and Tctra (key players of sex determination cascade of T. castaneum) knockdown females. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Tc_wapF in females led to the non-hatching of eggs laid by these females, suggesting the crucial role of Tc_wapF in the embryonic development in T. castaneum. This is the first report on the identification of a sex-specific waprin homologue in an insect and its involvement in embryonic development. Future investigations on the functional conservation of insect waprins and their mechanistic role in embryonic development can be exploited for improving pest management strategies.

Insights into the role of SUMO in regulating drought stress responses in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan).

KEY MESSAGE: We have identified and analyzed 28 SUMO-pathway proteins from pigeonpea. Enhanced transcripts of pathway genes and increased SUMO conjugation under drought signifies the role of SUMO in regulating stress. Being a protein-rich and nutrient-dense legume crop, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) holds a vital position in a vegetarian meal. It is a resilient crop capable of striving in harsh climates and provides a means of subsistence to small-holding farmers. Nevertheless, extremes of water scarcity and drought conditions, especially during seedling and reproductive stages, remains a major issue severely impacting the growth and overall productivity of pigeonpea. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), a post-translational modification system, plays a pivotal role in fortifying plants against stressful conditions by rapid reprogramming of molecular events. In this study, we have scanned the entire pigeonpea genome and identified 28 candidates corresponding to SUMO machinery components of pigeonpea. qRT-PCR analysis of different SUMO machinery genes validated their presence under natural conditions. The analysis of the promoters of identified SUMO machinery genes revealed the presence of abiotic stress-related cis-regulatory elements highlighting the potential involvement of the genes in abiotic stress responses. The transcript level analysis of selected SUMO machinery genes and global SUMO status of pigeonpea proteins in response to drought stress suggests an integral role of SUMO in regulating drought stress conditions in pigeonpea. Collectively, the work puts forward a detailed in silico analysis of pigeonpea SUMO machinery candidates and highlights the essential role of SUMOylation in drought stress responses. Being the first report on a pulse crop, the study will serve as a resource for devising strategies for counteracting drought stress in pigeonpea that can be further extended to other pulse crops.

SUMO enables substrate selectivity by mitogen-activated protein kinases to regulate immunity in plants.

The versatility of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in translating exogenous and endogenous stimuli into appropriate cellular responses depends on its substrate specificity. In animals, several mechanisms have been proposed about how MAPKs maintain specificity to regulate distinct functional pathways. However, little is known of mechanisms that enable substrate selectivity in plant MAPKs. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), a posttranslational modification system, plays an important role in plant development and defense by rapid reprogramming of cellular events. In this study we identified a functional SUMO interaction motif (SIM) in Arabidopsis MPK3 and MPK6 that reveals a mechanism for selective interaction of MPK3/6 with SUMO-conjugated WRKY33, during defense. We show that WRKY33 is rapidly SUMOylated in response to Botrytis cinerea infection and flg22 elicitor treatment. SUMOylation mediates WRKY33 phosphorylation by MPKs and consequent transcription factor activity. Disruption of either WRKY33 SUMO or MPK3/6 SIM sites attenuates their interaction and inactivates WRKY33-mediated defense. However, MPK3/6 SIM mutants show normal interaction with a non-SUMOylated form of another transcription factor, SPEECHLESS, unraveling a role for SUMOylation in differential substrate selectivity by MPKs. We reveal that the SUMO proteases, SUMO PROTEASE RELATED TO FERTILITY1 (SPF1) and SPF2 control WRKY33 SUMOylation and demonstrate a role for these SUMO proteases in defense. Our data reveal a mechanism by which MPK3/6 prioritize molecular pathways by differentially selecting substrates using the SUMO-SIM module during defense responses.

Determination of Sample Size for Different Clinical Study Designs.

AIM: This study illustrates parameters, procedures, and calculations for the statistical determination of sample size for different clinical study designs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In any research process, the sample size is an important consideration for the implementation of the planned study. From time to time, literature on sample size has been documented in the medical literature. However, the situations covered under them lack comprehensiveness in terms of different study designs, demonstration of calculations, and overreliance on statistical software. RESULTS: The present study provides various facets of sample size determination, such as prerequisite parameters, mathematical formulation, and calculations for clinical study designs [descriptive studies, randomized controlled trials (RCT), correlational studies, comparison of multiple outcomes, survival analysis, sensitivity, and specificity], which will be quite useful. CONCLUSION: This communication will be a good education and learning source for medical professionals to pick and choose a specific scenario and estimate the sample size.

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy for advanced, resectable non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant immunotherapy (nIT) is a rapidly emerging paradigm for advanced resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The objectives of this PRISMA/MOOSE/PICOD-guided systematic review and meta-analysis were (1) to assess the safety and efficacy of nIT, (2) to compare the safety and efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (nCIT) versus chemotherapy alone (nCT), and (3) to explore predictors of pathologic response with nIT and their association with outcomes. METHODS: Eligibility was resectable stage I-III NSCLC and the receipt of programmed death-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1)/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 inhibitors before resection; other forms and modalities of neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant therapies were allowed. For statistical analysis, the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect or random-effect model was used, depending on the heterogeneity (I2 ). RESULTS: Sixty-six articles met the criteria (eight randomized studies, 39 prospective nonrandomized studies, and 19 retrospective studies). The pooled pathologic complete response (pCR) rate was 28.1%. The estimated grade ≥3 toxicity rate was 18.0%. Compared with nCT, nCIT achieved higher rates of pCR (odds ratio [OR], 7.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.49-12.97; p < .001), progression-free survival (PFS) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.51; 95% CI, 0.38-0.67; p < .001), and overall survival (OS) (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.36-0.74; p = .0003) but yielded similar toxicity rates (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.67-1.52; p = .97). The results remained robust on sensitivity analysis when all retrospective publications were removed. pCR was associated with improved PFS (HR, 0.25; 0.15-0.43; p < .001) and OS (HR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.10-0.67; p = .005). PD-L1 expressors (≥1%) were more likely to achieve a pCR (OR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.22-7.03; p = .02). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with advanced resectable NSCLC, neoadjuvant immunotherapy was safe and efficacious. nCIT improved pathologic response rates and PFS/OS over nCT, particularly in patients who had tumors that expressed PD-L1, without increasing toxicities. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: This meta-analysis of 66 studies showed that neoadjuvant immunotherapy for advanced resectable non-small cell lung cancer is safe and efficacious. Compared with chemotherapy alone, chemoimmunotherapy improved pathologic response rates and survival, particularly for patients who had tumors that expressed programmed cell death ligand-1, without increasing toxicities.

Hybrid Electrolyte Design for High-Performance Zinc-Sulfur Battery.

Rechargeable aqueous Zn/S batteries exhibit high capacity and energy density. However, the long-term battery performance is bottlenecked by the sulfur side reactions and serious Zn anode dendritic growth in the aqueous electrolyte medium. This work addresses the problem of sulfur side reactions and zinc dendrite growth simultaneously by developing a unique hybrid aqueous electrolyte using ethylene glycol as a co-solvent. The designed hybrid electrolyte enables the fabricated Zn/S battery to deliver an unprecedented capacity of 1435 mAh g-1 and an excellent energy density of 730 Wh kg-1 at 0.1 Ag-1 . In addition, the battery exhibits capacity retention of 70% after 250 cycles even at 3 Ag-1 . Moreover, the cathode charge-discharge mechanism studies demonstrate a multi-step conversion reaction. During discharge, the elemental sulfur is sequentially reduced by Zn to S2- ( S 8 → S x 2 - → S 2 2 - + S 2 - ) ${{\rm{S}}_8}{\bm{ \to }}{\rm{S}}_{\rm{x}}^{2{\bm{ - }}}{\bm{ \to }}{\rm{S}}_2^{2{\bm{ - }}}{\bm{ + }}{{\rm{S}}^{2{\bm{ - }}}})$ , forming ZnS. On charging, the ZnS and short-chain polysulfides will oxidize back to elemental sulfur. This electrolyte design strategy and unique multi-step electrochemistry of the Zn/S system provide a new pathway in tackling both key issues of Zn dendritic growth and sulfur side reactions, and also in designing better Zn/S batteries in the future.

PI3K Isoforms in CD8+ T Cell Development and Function.

CD8+ T cells are an essential part of the immune system and play a vital role in defending against tumors and infections. The phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), especially class I, is involved in numerous interrelated signaling pathways which control CD8+ T cell development, maturation, migration, activation, and differentiation. While CD8+ T lymphocytes express all class I PI3K isoforms (PI3Kα, PI3Kß, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kγ), isoform-specific functions, especially for PI3Kα and PI3Kß have not been fully elucidated. A few studies suggest the important role of p110δ and p110γ in CD8+ T cell activation, signaling, chemotaxis and function and several clinical trials are currently testing the effect of isoform-specific inhibitors in various types of cancers, including Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Peripheral T cell Lymphoma, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), head & neck cancer, and breast cancer. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the roles of various PI3K isoforms and downstream signaling pathways in regulating CD8+ T cell fate, including cell proliferation, migration, and memory generation. We also discuss certain clinical trials employing PI3K inhibitors for cancer therapy, their limitations, and future perspectives.

Deep inspiration breath-hold radiation therapy in left-sided breast cancer patients: a single-institution retrospective dosimetric analysis of organs at risk doses.

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy can induce cardiac injury in left-sided breast cancer cases. Cardiac-sparing irradiation using the deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) technique can achieve substantial dose reduction to vulnerable cardiac substructures compared with free breathing (FB). This study evaluated the dosimetric differences between both techniques at a single institution. METHODS: From 2017 to 2019, 130 patients with left-sided breast cancer underwent breast-conserving surgery (BCS; n = 121, 93.1%) or mastectomy (ME; n = 9, 6.9%) along with axillary lymph node staging (n = 105, 80.8%), followed by adjuvant irradiation in DIBH technique; adjuvant systemic therapy was included if applicable. 106 (81.5%) patients received conventional and 24 (18.5%) hypofractionated irradiation. Additionally, 12 patients received regional nodal irradiation. Computed tomography (CT) scans in FB and DIBH position were performed for all patients. Intrafractional 3D position monitoring of the patient surface in deep inspiration and breath gating was performed using Sentinel and Catalyst HD 3D surface scanning systems (C-RAD, Catalyst, C­RAD AB, Uppsala, Sweden). Individual coaching and determination of breathing amplitude during the radiation planning CT was performed. Three-dimensional treatment planning was performed using standard tangential treatment portals (6 or 18 MV). The delineation of cardiac structures and both lungs was done in both the FB and the DIBH scan. RESULTS: All dosimetric parameters for cardiac structures were significantly reduced (p < 0.01 for all). The mean heart dose (Dmean) in the DIBH group was 1.3 Gy (range 0.5-3.6) vs. 2.2 Gy (range 0.9-8.8) in the FB group (p < 0.001). The Dmean for the left ventricle (LV) in DIBH was 1.5 Gy (range 0.6-4.5), as compared to 2.8 Gy (1.1-9.5) with FB (p < 0.001). The parameters for LV (V10 Gy, V15 Gy, V20 Gy, V23 Gy, V25 Gy, V30 Gy) were reduced by about 100% (p < 0.001). The LAD Dmean in the DIBH group was 4.1 Gy (range 1.2-33.3) and 14.3 Gy (range 2.4-37.5) in the FB group (p < 0.001). The median values for LAD such as V15 Gy, V20 Gy, V25 Gy, V30 Gy, and V40 Gy decreased by roughly 100% (p < 0.001). An increasing volume of left lung in the DIBH position resulted in dose sparing of cardiac structures. CONCLUSION: For all ascertained dosimetric parameters, a significant dose reduction could be achieved in DIBH technique.

Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (cIMT) and Cognitive Performance: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study From North India.

INTRODUCTION: Atherosclerosis has been shown to impact cognitive impairment, with most of the evidence originating from European, African, or East Asian populations that have employed carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) as a biomarker for atherosclerosis. Vascular disease is related to dementia/cognitive decline. There is no community-based study from India that has looked at the association of cIMT with cognitive performance. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study between December 2014 and 2019, we recruited 7505 persons [(mean age 64.6 (9.2) y) and 50.9% women] from a community-dwelling population in New Delhi. These persons underwent carotid ultrasound to quantify cIMT and a cognitive test battery that tapped into memory, processing speed, and executive function. We also computed the general cognitive factor (g-factor), which was identified as the first unrotated component of the principal component analysis and explained 37.4% of all variances in the cognitive tests. We constructed multivariate linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, and cardiovascular risk factors. Additional adjustment was made for depression, anxiety, and psychosocial support in the final model. RESULTS: We found a significant association of higher cIMT with worse performance in general cognition (ß=-0. 01(95% CI: -0.01; -0.01); P<0.001), processing speed (ß=-0.20; 95% CI: -0.34; -0.07); P=0.003), memory (ß=-0.29; 95% CI: -0.53; -0.05); P=0.016), and executive function (ß=-0.54; 95% CI: -0.75; -0.33); P=<0.001). There was no statistically significant association of cIMT with Mini-Mental Status Examination score (ß=0.02; 95% CI: -0.34; 0.40; 0.89). CONCLUSION: The cross-sectional study found significant associations of increased cIMT with worse performance in global cognition, information processing, memory, and executive function.

Assessing the impact of global initiatives on current and future land restoration scenarios in India.

Land degradation across the world has resulted in an unprecedented decline of ecosystem services, affecting the livelihood of 3.2 billion people globally. Sustainable land management is essential to protect our finite land resources from over-exploitation and degradation. Therefore, the present article was aimed to analyze the impacts of various national and international policies on current and future land restoration scenarios in India. A spatially explicit model (CLUMondo) was employed to predict scenarios, i.e., the 'business as usual' (BU) and 'sustainable restoration' (SR) by 2030. Though the results showed an increasing trend in land degradation , i.e., from 44.28 to 49.74 Mha during the period of 2005-15, a slight decrease was observed in 2019 (49.24 Mha), suggesting a net increase of 11.21% during the 2005-19 period. However, an increase in forest cover by 5.08% under existing policy targets overtook the degradation rate by restoration initiatives. The net decline in degraded land area by 1% with an increased forest cover by 1.83% observed during the 2015-19 periods reflected the positive impact of various national and global policies on existing restoration ventures in India. Our modeled results (weighted AUC = 0.87) also suggested an increase in forest cover by 6.9% and 9.9% under BU and SR scenarios, respectively. Under the BU scenario, degraded land will be restored up to 12.1 Mha; however, 6.27 Mha of these lands will be converted to cropland for food production. Importantly, a decrease in grasslands by 35.1% under the BU scenario warrants the urgency to maintain the integrity of such ecological systems. However, the SR scenario showed an increase in grasslands by 8.9%, with an overall restoration of degraded land up to 18.31 Mha. Moreover, a reduced cropland expansion rate of 1% suggested an effective land management response. While our results may have some uncertainties due to the model limitations, they can still be used for framing suitable land management policies to facilitate sustainable land restoration programs in India.

'Waterproofing layers' for urethrocutaneous fistula repair after hypospadias surgery: evidence synthesis with systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the available evidence and to quantitatively evaluate the global results of different waterproofing layers in substantiating the UCF repair. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After defining the study protocol, the review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines by a team comprising experts in hypospadiology, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, epidemiology, biostatistics and data science. Studies published from 2000 onwards, reporting on the results of UCF closure after hypospadias repair were searched for on PUBMED, Embase and Google Scholar. Study quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Checklist (JBI) critical appraisal tool. The results with different techniques were compared with the two samples independent proportions test with the help of Microsoft Excel, MedCalc software and an online calculator. RESULTS: Seventy-three studies were shortlisted for the synthesis; the final analysis included 2886 patients (71 studies) with UCF repair failure in 539. A summary of various dimensions involved with the UCF repair has been generated including time gap after last surgery, stent-vs-no stent, supra-pubic catheterization, suture material, suturing technique, associated anomalies, complications, etc. The success rates associated with different techniques were calculated and compared: simple catheterization (100%), simple primary closure (73.2%), dartos (78.8%), double dartos flaps (81%), scrotal flaps (94.6%), tunica vaginalis (94.3%), PATIO repair (93.5%), biomaterials or dermal substitutes (92%), biocompatible adhesives (56.5%) and skin-based flaps (54.5%). Several techniques were identified as solitary publications and discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Tunica vaginalis and scrotal flaps offer the best results after UCF closure in the synthesis. However, it is not possible to label any technique as ideal or perfect. Almost all popular waterproofing layers have depicted absolute (100%) success sometimes. There are a vast number of other factors (patient's local anatomy, surgeon's expertise and technical perspectives) which influence the final outcome.

Unjumbling the TWIST score for testicular torsion: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies evaluating the utility of the Testicular Work-up for Ischemia and Suspected Torsion (TWIST) score in establishing or excluding the diagnosis of testicular torsion (TT) is herewith presented in an attempt to quantify the available evidence. METHODS: The study protocol was outlined in advance. The review has been conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). The PubMed, PUBMED Central, PMC databases & Scopus followed by Google (Scholar & search engine) were systematically interrogated with the keywords TWIST score, testis and testicular torsion. Fourteen sets of data (n = 1940) from 13 studies were included; data from 7 studies (giving a detailed score-wise break-up) (n = 1285) were dis-integrated and re-integrated to tweak the cut-offs for low and high risk. RESULTS: For every 4 patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with acute scrotum, one patient will eventually be diagnosed with TT. The mean TWIST score was higher in patients with testicular torsion (5.13 ± 1.53 vs 1.50 ± 1.40 for those without TT). TWIST score can be used to predict testicular torsion at cut-off of 5 with a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of 0.71 (0.66, 0.75; 95%CI), 0.97 (0.97, 0.98; 95%CI), 90.2%, 91.0%, and 90.9% respectively. While the slider for cut-off was shifted from 4 to 7, there was a rise in specificity and PPV of the test with a corresponding decline in sensitivity, NPV, and accuracy. The sensitivity witnessed a sharp decline from 0.86 (0.81-0.90; 95%CI) @ cut-off 4 to 0.18 (0.14-0.23; 95%CI) @ cut-off 7. The area under the SROC curve for cut-off 5 was more than that for cut-offs 4, 6 & 7. TWIST cut-off of 2 may be used to predict the absence of testicular torsion with a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of 0.76 (0.74, 0.78; 95%CI), 0.95 (0.93, 0.97; 95%CI), 97.9%, 56.5%, and 80.7%, respectively. While the cut-off is lowered from 3 to 0, there is a corresponding rise in the specificity and PPV, while the sensitivity, NPV, and accuracy are compromised. The sensitivity witnesses a sharp decline from 91 to 35%. The area under the SROC curve for cut-off 2 was more than that for cut-off @ 0, 1 or 3. The sum of sensitivity and specificity of TWIST scoring system to ascertain the diagnosis of TT is more than 1.5 for cut-off values 4 & 5 only. The sum of sensitivity and specificity of TWIST scoring system to confirm the absence of TT is more than 1.5 for cut-off values 3 & 2 only. CONCLUSION: TWIST is a relatively simple, flexible, and objective tool which may be swiftly administered even by the para-medical personnel in the ED. The overlapping clinical presentation of diseases originating from the same organ may prevent TWIST from absolutely establishing or refuting the diagnosis of TT in all the patients with acute scrotum. The proposed cut-offs are a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity. Yet, the TWIST scoring system is immensely helpful in the clinical decision-making process and saves time-lag associated with investigations in a significant majority of patients.

Inclusion Complex of Ibuprofen-ß-Cyclodextrin Incorporated in Gel for Mucosal Delivery: Optimization Using an Experimental Design.

ß-Cyclodextrin/ibuprofen inclusion complex was synthesized by freeze-drying method and characterized for phase solubility profiles, infrared spectra, thermal analysis, and X-ray powder diffractograms. The inclusion complex with HP-ß-CD, as confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations, enhanced the aqueous solubility of ibuprofen by almost 30-fold compared to ibuprofen alone. Different grades of Carbopol (Carbopol 934P/Carbopol 974P/Carbopol 980 NF/Carbopol Ultrez 10 NF) and cellulose derivatives (HPMC K100M/HPMC K15M/HPMC K4M/HPMC E15LV/HPC) were evaluated for mucoadhesive gels incorporating the inclusion complex. The central composite design generated by Design-Expert was employed to optimize the mucoadhesive gel using two independent variables (a varying combination of two gelling agents) on three dependent variables (drug content and in vitro drug release at 6 h and 12 h). Except for the methylcellulose-based gels, most of the gels (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% alone or as a mixture thereof) exhibited an extended-release of ibuprofen, ranging from 40 to 74% over 24 h and followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics model. Using this test design, 0.95% Carbopol 934P and 0.55% HPC-L formulations were optimized to increase ibuprofen release, enhance mucoadhesion, and be non-irritating in ex vivo chorioallantoic membrane studies. The present study successfully developed a mucoadhesive gel containing the ibuprofen-ß-cyclodextrin inclusion complex with sustained release.

Defining the Indications of PATIO Technique for Urethrocutaneous Fistula Repair.

Introduction: Despite the advancements in technique and technology, urethrocutaneous fistula (UCF) formation continues to be the most common complication after hypospadias repair. Objective: The objective of the current synthesis is to define the indications of PATIO technique for UCF repair. Materials and Methods: The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were interrogated for studies presenting primary data upon UCF repair by the PATIO technique. Data analysis was performed on MedCalc and R software. Results: Eighteen studies were identified relevant to the current context: inversion of UCF tract has been described in 13 and ligation in 5. There were 2 duplications (abstract and manuscript). The overall success for PATIO is 88.2% (314/356). The success rate was variable between classic PATIO (inversion at 87.2%), ligation-inversion at 86.9%, and ligation alone at 88.9%. The success rate was not improvised upon by supplementing inversion of UCF tract with ligation (p = 0.957) or addition of a waterproofing layer (p = 0.622). PATIO has been used for single or multiple UCFs post hypospadias repair, genital piercing, and genitoplasty in cis- or transgender population for UCF up to 5 mm in size. The success rates were best for UCF <2 mm and worst for those approaching 5 mm. The results were, however, unaffected by the location of UCF along the penile shaft. Besides, the use of urethral catheter is optional and may be eliminated with shorter hospitalization. Conclusions: PATIO repair may be considered for repair of UCFs (a) with diverse etiologies, (b) located anywhere along the penile shaft included coronal UCF, (c) preferably <4 mm in size, (d) single or multiple in number; multiple PATIOs may be done in the same setting, (e) in patients unwilling for prolonged hospitalization, (f) in patients unwilling for a urethral catheter, and (g) in hypospadias cripples wherein mobilization of distant tissues such as tunica vaginalis flap or a buccal mucosal graft may be required for supplementing the UCF repair.