Safety of psychotropic medications in pregnancy: an umbrella review.

Weighing risks and benefits of the use of psychotropic medications during pregnancy remains a challenge worldwide. We systematically assessed the strength of associations between psychotropic medication use in pregnant people with mental disorders and various adverse health outcomes in both pregnant people and foetuses. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses of observational studies investigating the association between exposure to psychotropic medication in pregnancy and any adverse health outcomes were included. Credibility was graded into convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, weak or not significant. Quality of the meta-analyses and of individual studies were assessed with A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2) the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), respectively. We considered 21 meta-analyses encompassing 17,290,755 participants (AMSTAR 2 high = 1, low = 12, or critically low = 8). Evidence was suggestive for: (1) preterm birth in pregnant people with either any mental disorder (equivalent odds ratio 1.62 (95% confidence interval 1.24-2.12) or depression (1.65 [1.34-2.02]) receiving antidepressants during any trimester of pregnancy; (2) small for gestational age for pregnant people with depression receiving a SSRI during any trimester of pregnancy (1.50 [1.19-1.90]); and (3) major congenital malformation (1.24 [1.09-1.40]) or cardiac malformations (1.28 [1.11-1.47]) in babies for pregnant people with depression or anxiety receiving paroxetine during first trimester of pregnancy. Additional associations were supported by weak evidence, or were not statistically significant. This umbrella review found no convincing or highly suggestive level of evidence of adverse health outcomes associated with psychotropic medication use in pregnant people with mental disorders.

Risk and timing of postpartum depression in parents of twins compared to parents of singletons.

BACKGROUND: Parents of twins appear to be at increased risk of postpartum depression (PPD), yet little is known about the magnitude and timing of onset in the postpartum period compared to singleton parents. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study using the Danish nationwide health registers. We defined a study population of parents that is, mothers and fathers of all twin and singleton livebirths between 1997 and 2019. Postpartum depression was defined as incident depression diagnosis or a redeemed antidepressant prescription from childbirth through 365 days postpartum. We performed a parametric time-to-event analysis based on Poisson regression. The time scale was time since birth, modeled using restricted cubic splines. From this we estimated the hazard ratio (HR) representing the momentary risk, and the cumulative risk ratio (RR) over the first year postpartum, in twin compared to singleton parents. RESULTS: The study population was based on 27,095 twin and 1,350,046 singleton births. In adjusted analyses, the HR of twins compared to singletons was highest around 2 months postpartum (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10-1.49) for mothers, and around 6 months (1.20, 95% CI 1.02-1.42) for fathers. The 6 months adjusted cumulative RR of PPD in twins compared to singletons was 1.24 (95% CI 1.10-1.40) for mothers and 1.11 (95% CI 0.95-1.30) for fathers. CONCLUSIONS: Twin mothers had increased risk of PPD compared to singleton mothers, which was driven by an immediate increase after childbirth. The risk among twin fathers was not increased immediately after childbirth, but we found slightly elevated risk around 6 months postpartum. This could suggest diverse patterns of PPD symptomatology in twin parents compared to singleton parents and between mothers and fathers. Our findings underline parents of twins as a potentially vulnerable group to PPD and emphasize the need for increased awareness of their mental health.

Patterns of multiple chronic conditions in pregnancy: Population-based study using latent class analysis.

BACKGROUND: Adults with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) are a heterogeneous population with elevated risk of future adverse health outcomes. Yet, despite the increasing prevalence of MCC globally, data about MCC in pregnancy are scarce. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the population prevalence of MCC in pregnancy and determine whether certain types of chronic conditions cluster together among pregnant women with MCC. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada, of all 15-55-year-old women with a recognised pregnancy, from 2007 to 2020. MCC was assessed from a list of 22 conditions, identified using validated algorithms. We estimated the prevalence of MCC. Next, we used latent class analysis to identify classes of co-occurring chronic conditions in women with MCC, with model selection based on parsimony, clinical interpretability and statistical fit. RESULTS: Among 2,014,508 pregnancies, 324,735 had MCC (161.2 per 1000, 95% confidence interval [CI] 160.6, 161.8). Latent class analysis resulted in a five-class solution. In four classes, mood and anxiety disorders were prominent and clustered with one additional condition, as follows: Class 1 (22.4% of women with MCC), osteoarthritis; Class 2 (23.7%), obesity; Class 3 (15.8%), substance use disorders; and Class 4 (22.1%), asthma. In Class 5 (16.1%), four physical conditions clustered together: obesity, asthma, chronic hypertension and diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS: MCC is common in pregnancy, with sub-types dominated by co-occurring mental and physical health conditions. These data show the importance of preconception and perinatal interventions, particularly integrated care strategies, to optimise treatment and stabilisation of chronic conditions in women with MCC.

Risk of Repeat Psychiatric Emergency Department Visits in the Postpartum Period: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Approximately 1 in 100 postpartum individuals visit an emergency department (ED) for a psychiatric reason. Repeat visits can signify problems with the quality of care received during or after the initial visit; this study aimed to understand risk for repeat postpartum psychiatric ED visits. METHODS: This population-based cohort study used Ontario, Canada health administrative data available through ICES (formerly the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences) to identify all individuals discharged from postpartum psychiatric ED visits (2008 to 2021) and measured the proportion with one or more repeat psychiatric ED visit within 30 days. Using modified Poisson regression, we calculated the association between one or more repeat visits and sociodemographic, medical, obstetric, infant, continuity of care, past service use, and index ED visit characteristics both overall and stratified by psychiatric diagnosis. RESULTS: Of 14,100 individuals, 11.7% had one or more repeat psychiatric ED visits within 30 days. Repeat visit risk was highest for those with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (28.2%, adjusted risk ratio 2.41; 95% confidence interval 1.88 to 3.08, versus 9.5% anxiety referent). Low (versus no) psychiatric care continuity, prior psychiatric ED visits and admissions, and initial visits within 90 days postpartum were also associated with increased risk, whereas intentional self-injury was associated with reduced risk. In diagnosis-stratified analyses, the factors most consistently associated with repeat ED visits were past psychiatric ED visits and admissions, and initial visits within 90 days postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: Over 1 in 10 postpartum psychiatric ED visits are followed by a repeat visit within 30 days. Targeted approaches are needed across clinical populations to reduce repeat ED visits in this population with young infants.

Virtual Versus In-Person Follow-up After a Psychiatric Emergency Visit: A Population-Based Cohort Study: Suivi virtuel opposé à en personne après une visite à l'urgence psychiatrique : une étude de cohorte dans la population.

OBJECTIVE: With increased utilization of virtual care in mental health, examining its appropriateness in various clinical scenarios is warranted. This study aimed to compare the risk of adverse psychiatric outcomes following virtual versus in-person mental health follow-up care after a psychiatric emergency department (ED) visit. METHODS: Using population-based health administrative data in Ontario (2021), we identified 28,232 adults discharged from a psychiatric ED visit who had a follow-up mental health visit within 14 days postdischarge. We compared those whose first follow-up visit was virtual (telephone or video) versus in-person on their risk for experiencing either a repeat psychiatric ED visit, psychiatric hospitalization, intentional self-injury, or suicide in the 15-90 days post-ED visit. Cox proportional hazard models generated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for age, income quintile, psychiatric hospitalization, and intentional self-injury in the 2 years prior to ED visit. We stratified by sex and diagnosis at index ED visits based on the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, Canada (ICD-10-CA) coding. RESULTS: About 65% (n = 18,354) of first follow-up visits were virtual, while 35% (n = 9,878) were in-person. About 13.9% and 14.6% of the virtual and in-person groups, respectively, experienced the composite outcome, corresponding to incidence rates of 60.9 versus 74.2 per 1000 person-years (aHR 0.95, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.01). Results were similar for individual elements of the composite outcome, when stratifying by sex and index psychiatric diagnosis, when varying exposure (7 days) and outcome periods (60 and 30 days), and comparing "only" virtual versus "any" in-person follow-up during the 14-day follow-up. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These results support virtual care as a modality to increase access to follow-up after an acute care psychiatric encounter across a wide range of diagnoses. Prospective trials to discern whether this is due to the comparable efficacy of virtual and in-person care, or due solely to appropriate patient selection may be warranted.

Mental Illness in the 2 Years Prior to Pregnancy in a Population With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study: La maladie mentale dans les deux ans précédant une grossesse dans une population souffrant de lésion cérébrale traumatique : une étude transversale.

OBJECTIVE: Existing studies, in mostly male samples such as veterans and athletes, show a strong association between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and mental illness. Yet, while an understanding of mental health before pregnancy is critical for informing preconception and perinatal supports, there are no data on the prevalence of active mental illness before pregnancy in females with TBI. We examined the prevalence of active mental illness ≤2 years before pregnancy (1) in a population with TBI, and (2) in subgroups defined by sociodemographic, health, and injury-related characteristics, all compared to those without TBI. METHOD: This population-based cross-sectional study was completed in Ontario, Canada, from 2012 to 2020. Modified Poisson regression generated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) of active mental illness ≤2 years before pregnancy in 15,585 females with TBI versus 846,686 without TBI. We then used latent class analysis to identify subgroups with TBI according to sociodemographic, health, and injury-related characteristics and subsequently compared them to females without TBI on their outcome prevalence. RESULTS: Females with TBI had a higher prevalence of active mental illness ≤2 years before pregnancy than those without TBI (44.1% vs. 25.9%; aPR 1.46, 95% confidence interval, 1.43 to 1.49). There were 3 TBI subgroups, with Class 1 (low-income, past assault, recent TBI described as intentional and due to being struck by/against) having the highest outcome prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Females with TBI, and especially those with a recent intentional TBI, have a high prevalence of mental illness before pregnancy. They may benefit from mental health screening and support in the post-injury, preconception, and perinatal periods. PLAIN LANGUAGE TITLE: Mental illness in the 2 years before pregnancy in a population with traumatic brain injury.

Research has shown a strong association between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and mental illness. Most previous studies have been conducted in primarily male samples, like veterans and professional athletes. Understanding mental health before pregnancy is important for deciding what supports people need before and during pregnancy. However, there are no studies on the frequency of mental illness in females with TBI before a pregnancy. We examined the frequency of mental illness 2 years before pregnancy in a population with TBI, and in subgroups defined by different social, health, and injury-related characteristics, compared to those without TBI. We undertook a population-wide study of all females with and without TBI in Ontario, Canada, with a birth in 2012­2020. We used statistical models to compare these groups on the presence of mental illness in the 2 years before pregnancy, before and after accounting for social and health characteristics. We also identified subgroups with TBI according to their social (e.g., poverty), health (e.g., chronic conditions), and injury-related characteristics (e.g., cause of injury) and subsequently compared them to females without TBI on their frequency of mental illness in the 2 years before pregnancy. Forty-four percent of females with TBI had mental illness in the 2 years before pregnancy compared to 25% of those without TBI. There were 3 TBI subgroups. Females with low-income, past assault, and injuries that were described as being intentional had the highest frequency of mental illness in the 2 years before pregnancy. Females with TBI may benefit from mental health screening and support post-injury and around the time of pregnancy.

Experiences of Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Access for Women and Nonbinary People With Early Psychosis: Towards an Integrated Perspective of Service Users and Clinicians.

OBJECTIVE: Individuals with psychosis are at elevated risk of adverse sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes, and not receiving adequate SRH care. SRH is important for youth, yet little is known about SRH care access and experiences among those with early psychosis. This study explored SRH care experiences among women and nonbinary individuals with early psychosis. METHOD: We conducted semistructured qualitative interviews with 19 service users (cisgender and transgender women, nonbinary individuals) receiving care in 2 early psychosis programs in Ontario, Canada. We also conducted semistructured interviews and focus groups with 36 clinicians providing SRH or mental health care to this population. Participants were asked about SRH care access/provision experiences and the interplay with psychosis. Using a social interactionist orientation, a thematic analysis described and explained service user and clinician perspectives regarding SRH care. RESULTS: Amongst both service users and clinician groups, common themes developed: (a) diversity of settings: SRH services are accessed in a large range of spaces across the health care system, (b) barriers in nonpsychiatric SRH care settings: psychosis impacts the ability to engage with existing SRH services, (c) invisibility of SRH in psychiatric settings: SRH is rarely addressed in psychiatric care, (d) variability of informal SRH-related conversations and supports, and cutting across all of the above themes, (e) intersecting social and cultural factors impacted SRH services access. CONCLUSIONS: SRH is important for health and wellbeing; improvements are urgently needed across the healthcare system and within early psychosis programs to meet this population's multifaceted SRH needs.

Incidence and relative risk of delirium after major surgery for patients with pre-operative depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Delirium is a common and potentially serious complication after major surgery. A previous history of depression is a known risk factor for experiencing delirium in patients admitted to the hospital, but the generalised risk has not been estimated in surgical patients. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting the incidence or relative risk (or relative odds) of delirium in the immediate postoperative period for adults with pre-operative depression. We included studies that defined depression as either a formal pre-existing diagnosis or having clinically important depressive symptoms measured using a patient-reported instrument before surgery. Multilevel random effects meta-analyses were used to estimate the pooled incidences and pooled relative risks. We also conducted subgroup analyses by various study-level characteristics to identify important moderators of pooled estimates. RESULTS: Forty-two studies (n = 4,664,051) from five continents were included. The pooled incidence of postoperative delirium for patients with pre-operative depression was 29% (95%CI 17-43%, I2 = 99.0%), compared with 15% (95%CI 6-28%, I2 = 99.8%) in patients without pre-operative depression and 21% (95% CI 11-33%, I2 = 99.8%) in the cohorts overall. For patients with pre-operative depression, the risk of delirium was 1.91 times greater (95%CI 1.68-2.17, I2 = 42.0%) compared with patients without pre-operative depression. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a previous diagnosis of depression or clinically important depressive symptoms before surgery have substantially greater risk of experiencing delirium after surgery. Clinicians and patients should be informed of these increased risks. Robust screening and other risk mitigation strategies for postoperative delirium are warranted, especially for patients with pre-operative depression.

Maternal Deaths Using Coroner's Data: A Latent Class Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Knowledge regarding the antecedent clinical and social factors associated with maternal death around the time of pregnancy is limited. This study identified distinct subgroups of maternal deaths using population-based coroner's data, and that may inform ongoing preventative initiatives. METHODS: A detailed review of coroner's death files was performed for all of Ontario, Canada, where there is a single reporting mechanism for maternal deaths. Deaths in pregnancy, or within 365 days thereafter, were identified within the Office of the Chief Coroner for Ontario database, 2004-2020. Variables related to the social and clinical circumstances surrounding the deaths were abstracted in a standardized manner from each death file, including demographics, forensic information, nature and cause of death, and antecedent health and health care factors. These variables were then entered into a latent class analysis (LCA) to identify distinct types of deaths. RESULTS: Among 273 deaths identified in the study period, LCA optimally identified three distinct subgroups, namely, (1) in-hospital deaths arising during birth or soon thereafter (52.7% of the sample); (2) accidents and unforeseen obstetric complications also resulting in infant demise (26.3%); and (3) out-of-hospital suicides occurring postpartum (21.0%). Physical injury (22.0%) was the leading cause of death, followed by hemorrhage (16.8%) and overdose (13.3%). CONCLUSION: Peri-pregnancy maternal deaths can be classified into three distinct sub-types, with somewhat differing causes. These findings may enhance clinical and policy development aimed at reducing pregnancy mortality.

The Role of Social Support in Perinatal Mental Health and Psychosocial Stimulation.

Social support refers to the help someone receives emotionally or instrumentally from their social network. Poor social support in the perinatal period has been associated with increased risk for symptoms of common mental disorders, including depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS), which may impact parenting behavior. Whether social support impacts parenting behaviors, independent of mental health symptomatology, remains unclear. Among N=309 participants of the Scaling Up Maternal Mental healthcare by Increasing access to Treatment (SUMMIT Trial), a large perinatal depression and anxiety treatment trial, we explored the relations between perceived social support, perinatal depressive and PTS symptoms, and psychosocial stimulation provided by the parent in their home environment. Social support was measured at baseline using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Perinatal depressive symptoms were measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and PTS symptoms were measured by the Abbreviated PTSD Checklist (PCL-6) at baseline, 3-, and 6-months post-randomization. Psychosocial stimulation was assessed by the Home Observation Measurement of the Environment (HOME) when the infant was between 6 to 24 months. Using stepwise hierarchical regressions, we found: (1) perceived social support at baseline significantly predicted both depressive and PTS symptoms at 3-months post-randomization, even when controlling for baseline depressive and PTS symptoms; and (2) while neither depressive nor PTS symptoms were significantly associated with psychosocial stimulation, perceived social support at baseline was a significant predictor. Clinical implications regarding treatment of perinatal patients are discussed.

Clinical index to quantify the 1-year risk for common postpartum mental disorders at the time of delivery (PMH CAREPLAN): development and internal validation.

BACKGROUND: Common postpartum mental health (PMH) disorders such as depression and anxiety are preventable, but determining individual-level risk is difficult. AIMS: To create and internally validate a clinical risk index for common PMH disorders. METHOD: Using population-based health administrative data in Ontario, Canada, comprising sociodemographic, clinical and health service variables easily collectible from hospital birth records, we developed and internally validated a predictive model for common PMH disorders and converted the final model into a risk index. We developed the model in 75% of the cohort (n = 152 362), validating it in the remaining 25% (n = 75 772). RESULTS: The 1-year prevalence of common PMH disorders was 6.0%. Independently associated variables (forming the mnemonic PMH CAREPLAN) that made up the risk index were: (P) prenatal care provider; (M) mental health diagnosis history and medications during pregnancy; (H) psychiatric hospital admissions or emergency department visits; (C) conception type and complications; (A) apprehension of newborn by child services (newborn taken into care); (R) region of maternal origin; (E) extremes of gestational age at birth; (P) primary maternal language; (L) lactation intention; (A) maternal age; (N) number of prenatal visits. In the index (scored 0-39), 1-year common PMH disorder risk ranged from 1.5 to 40.5%. Discrimination (C-statistic) was 0.69 in development and validation samples; the 95% confidence interval of expected risk encompassed observed risk for all scores in development and validation samples, indicating adequate risk index calibration. CONCLUSIONS: Individual-level risk of developing a common postpartum mental health disorder can be estimated with data feasibly collectable from birth records. Next steps are external validation and evaluation of various cut-off scores for their utility in guiding postpartum individuals to interventions that reduce their risk of illness.

Access to symptom screening and severe symptom risk among cancer patients with major mental illness.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer symptom screening has the potential to improve cancer outcomes, including reducing symptom burden among patients with major mental illness (MMI). We determined rates of symptom screening with the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS-r) and risk of severe symptoms in cancer patients with MMI. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used linked administrative health databases of adults diagnosed with cancer between 2007 and 2020. An MMI was measured in the 5 years prior to cancer diagnosis and categorized as inpatient, outpatient, or no MMI. Outcomes were defined as time to first ESAS-r screening and time to first moderate-to-severe symptom score. Cause-specific and Fine and Gray competing events models were used for both outcomes, controlling for age, sex, rural residence, year of diagnosis and cancer site. RESULTS: Of 389,870 cancer patients, 4049 (1.0%) had an inpatient MMI and 9775 (2.5%) had an outpatient MMI. Individuals with inpatient MMI were least likely to complete an ESAS-r (67.5%) compared to those with outpatient MMI (72.3%) and without MMI (74.8%). Compared to those without MMI, individuals with an inpatient or outpatient MMI had a lower incidence of symptom screening records after accounting for the competing risk of death (subdistribution Hazard Ratio 0.77 (95% CI 0.74-0.80) and 0.88 (95% CI 0.86-0.90) respectively). Individuals with inpatient and outpatient MMI status consistently had a significantly higher risk of reporting high symptom scores across all symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the disparity in ESAS-r screening and management for cancer patients with MMI is a vital step toward providing equitable cancer care.

Morbidity and mortality of newborns born to immigrant and nonimmigrant females residing in low-income neighbourhoods.

BACKGROUND: Living in low-income neighbourhoods and being an immigrant are each independently associated with adverse neonatal outcomes, but it is unknown if disparities exist in the neonatal period for children of immigrant and nonimmigrant females living in low-income areas. We sought to compare the risk of severe neonatal morbidity and mortality (SNMM) between newborns of immigrant and nonimmigrant mothers who resided in low-income neighbourhoods. METHODS: This population-based cohort study used administrative data for females residing in low-income urban neighbourhoods in Ontario, who had an in-hospital, singleton live birth at 20-42 weeks' gestation, from 2002 to 2019. We defined immigrant status as nonrefugee immigrant or nonimmigrant, further detailed by country of birth and duration of residence in Ontario. The primary outcome was a SNMM composite (with 16 diagnoses, including neonatal death and 7 neonatal procedures as indicators), arising within 0-27 days after birth. We estimated relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using modified Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: Our cohort included 148 050 and 266 191 live births among immigrant and nonimmigrant mothers, respectively. Compared with newborns of non-immigrant females, SNMM was less frequent among newborns of immigrant females (49.7 v. 65.6 per 1000 live births), with an adjusted RR of 0.76 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.79). The most frequent SNMM indicator was receipt of ventilatory support. Relative to neonates of nonimmigrant females, the risk of SNMM was highest among those of immigrants from Jamaica (adjusted RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.23) and Ghana (adjusted RR 1.20, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.38), and lowest among those of immigrants from China (adjusted RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.48). Among immigrants, the risk of SNMM declined with shorter duration of residence before the index birth. INTERPRETATION: Within low-income urban areas, newborns of immigrant females had an overall lower risk of SNMM than those of nonimmigrant females, with considerable variation by maternal birthplace and duration of residence. Initiatives should focus on improving preconception health and perinatal care within subgroups of females residing in low-income neighbourhoods.

Self-harm among youth during the first 28 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Youth have reported worsening mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to evaluate rates of pediatric acute care visits for self-harm during the pandemic according to age, sex and mental health service use. METHODS: We conducted a population-based, repeated cross-sectional study using linked health administrative data sets to measure monthly rates of emergency department visits and hospital admissions for self-harm among youth aged 10-17 years between Jan. 1, 2017, and June 30, 2022, in Ontario, Canada. We modelled expected rates of acute care visits for self-harm after the pandemic onset based on prepandemic rates. We reported relative differences between observed and expected monthly rates overall and by age group (10-13 yr and 14-17 yr), sex and mental health service use (new and continuing). RESULTS: In this population of about 1.3 million children and adolescents, rates of acute care visits for self-harm during the pandemic were higher than expected for emergency department visits (0.27/1000 population v. 0.21/1000 population; adjusted rate ratio [RR] 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19-1.39) and hospital admissions (0.74/10 000 population v. 0.43/10 000 population, adjusted RR 1.72, 95% CI 1.46-2.03). This increase was primarily observed among females. Rates of emergency department visits and hospital admissions for self-harm were higher than expected for both those aged 10-13 years and those aged 14-17 years, as well as for both those new to the mental health system and those already engaged in care. INTERPRETATION: Rates of acute care visits for self-harm among children and adolescents were higher than expected during the first 2 and a half years of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among females. These findings support the need for accessible and intensive prevention efforts and mental health supports in this population.

Reproductive Health Among Those with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: An Overview of Considerations Related to the Premenopausal Period, Pregnancy and Postpartum, and the Menopausal Transition, with a Focus on Recent Findings.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) impact many aspects of reproductive health for women and non-binary and transgender individuals assigned female at birth. In this narrative review, we highlight considerations and recent research related to (1) the premenopausal period, (2) pregnancy and postpartum, and (3) the menopausal transition. RECENT FINDINGS: Most recent research has focused on pregnancy and the postpartum period, and specifically on elucidating perinatal risk factors, adverse obstetrical and neonatal outcomes (and modifiable contributors such as smoking), long-term child health, and psychotropic medications (with reassuring results related antipsychotic-associated gestational diabetes mellitus and neurodevelopmental outcomes). Much less recent focus has been on menstruation and menopause, although some research has highlighted the relative worsening of illness peri-menstrually and peri-menopausally. Despite the many important reproductive considerations for those with SSD, many aspects including menstruation and menopause have received very little attention. Further research is needed on how to best support women, non-binary, and transgender people assigned female at birth with SSD throughout the lifespan.

The Role of Peer Providers to Scale Up Psychological Treatments for Perinatal Populations Worldwide.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Psychological treatments remain largely inaccessible to perinatal populations despite their robust effectiveness. This gap is partly due to the limited number of available treatment providers. In this review, we critically evaluate recent literature on task-sharing to peer providers and propose future directions. RECENT FINDINGS: There is a growing evidence base demonstrating that peer providers can effectively deliver psychological treatments for perinatal populations, as well as engage in processes critical to quality assurance, such as measurement-based peer supervision. Findings have also highlighted some benefits of peers over licensed healthcare providers, such as enhanced collaborative relationships, reduced stigma, provision of social comparisons, and increased accessibility. Peer providers may be one solution to improve access to psychological treatments for perinatal populations. However, there is a need to address clinical, professional, and health-system level barriers to effectively leverage this cadre of treatment providers.

A virtual mother-infant postpartum psychotherapy group for mothers with a history of adverse childhood experiences: open-label feasibility study.

OBJECTIVES: Mothers with a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are at elevated risk for postpartum mental illness and impairment in the mother-infant relationship. Interventions attending to maternal-infant interactions may improve outcomes for these parents and their children, but barriers to accessing in-person postpartum care limit uptake. We adapted a postpartum psychotherapy group for mothers with mental illness (e.g., mood, anxiety, trauma-related disorders) and ACE for live video-based delivery, and evaluated feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy in an open-label pilot study. METHODS: We recruited adults with children (6-18 months) from a perinatal psychiatry program in Toronto, Canada. The intervention was a live video-based 12-week interactive psychotherapy group focused on maternal symptoms and maternal-infant relationships. The primary outcome was feasibility, including feasibility of recruitment and retention, fidelity of the intervention, and acceptability to patients and group providers. Maternal clinical outcomes were compared pre- to post-intervention, as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: We recruited 31 participants (mean age 36.5 years (SD 3.9)) into 6 groups; 93.6% (n = 29) completed post-group questionnaires, and n = 20 completed an optional post-group acceptability interview. Mean weekly group attendance was 83% (IQR 80-87); one participant (3.2%) dropped out. All group components were implemented as planned, except for dyadic exercises where facilitator observation of dyads was replaced with unobserved mother-infant exercises followed by in-group reflection. Participant acceptability was high (100% indicated the virtual group was easy to access, beneficial, and reduced barriers to care). Mean maternal depressive [Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: 14.6 (SD 4.2) vs. 11.8 (SD 4.2), paired t, p = 0.005] and post-traumatic stress [Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5: 35.5 (SD 19.0) vs. 27.1 (SD 16.7)], paired t, p = 0.01] symptoms were significantly lower post vs. pre-group. No differences were observed on mean measures of anxiety, emotion regulation or parenting stress. CONCLUSIONS: Recruitment and retention met a priori feasibility criteria. There were significant pre- to post-group reductions in maternal depressive and post-traumatic symptoms, supporting proceeding to larger-scale implementation and evaluation of the intervention, with adaptation of dyadic exercises.

Protocol for an economic evaluation of scalable strategies to improve mental health among perinatal women: non-specialist care delivered via telemedicine vs. specialist care delivered in-person.

BACKGROUND: Perinatal depression affects an estimated 1 in 5 women in North America during the perinatal period, with annualized lifetime costs estimated at $20.6 billion CAD in Canada and over $45.9 billion USD in the US. Access to psychological treatments remains limited for most perinatal women suffering from depression and anxiety. Some barriers to effective care can be addressed through task-sharing to non-specialist providers and through telemedicine platforms. The cost-effectiveness of these strategies compared to traditional specialist and in-person models remains unknown. This protocol describes an economic evaluation of non-specialist providers and telemedicine, in comparison to specialist providers and in-person sessions within the ongoing Scaling Up Maternal Mental healthcare by Increasing access to Treatment (SUMMIT) trial. METHODS: The economic evaluation will be undertaken alongside the SUMMIT trial. SUMMIT is a pragmatic, randomized, non-inferiority trial across five North American study sites (N = 1,226) of the comparable effectiveness of two types of providers (specialist vs. non-specialist) and delivery modes (telemedicine vs. in-person) of a behavioural activation treatment for perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms. The primary economic evaluation will be a cost-utility analysis. The outcome will be the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, which will be expressed as the additional cost required to achieve an additional quality-adjusted life-year, as assessed by the EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level instrument. A secondary cost-effectiveness analysis will use participants' depressive symptom scores. A micro-costing analysis will be conducted to estimate the resources/costs required to implement and sustain the interventions; healthcare resource utilization will be captured via self-report. Data will be pooled and analysed using uniform price and utility weights to determine cost-utility across all trial sites. Secondary country-specific cost-utility and cost-effectiveness analyses will also be completed. Sensitivity analyses will be conducted, and cost-effectiveness acceptability-curves will be generated, in all instances. DISCUSSION: Results of this study are expected to inform key decisions related to dissemination and scale up of evidence-based psychological interventions in Canada, the US, and possibly worldwide. There is potential impact on real-world practice by informing decision makers of the long-term savings to the larger healthcare setting in services to support perinatal women with common mental health conditions.

Twin pregnancy and severe maternal mental illness: a Canadian population-based cohort study.

Twin pregnancy is a risk factor for postpartum depression and anxiety. Whether this translates into a higher risk of severe maternal mental illness in the short-term or long-term is unknown. This study was a population-based retrospective cohort study, using linked health administrative databases for the entire province of Ontario, Canada. Included were primiparas aged 15-50 years with a twin vs. singleton hospital livebirth, between January 1, 2003, and March 31, 2019. Propensity-score inverse probability of treatment weights accounted for potential confounding. The primary outcome of severe mental illness comprised a composite of an emergency department visit or hospitalization for mental illness or self-injury, or death by suicide, assessed in the first year after birth, and in long-term follow-up, up to 17 years thereafter. Fifteen thousand twenty-four twin and 796,804 (15,022 weighted) singleton births were included, with a mean (IQR) duration of follow-up of 9 (5-13) years. After weighting, the mean (SD) maternal age was 31.3 (5.5) years. In the first 365 days postpartum, severe mental illness occurred at rates of 10.5 and 8.7 per 1000 person-years in twin and singleton mothers, respectively, corresponding to a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.21 (95% CI 1.07-1.47). From 366 days onward, the corresponding figures were 5.9 and 6.1 per 1000 person-years (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.89-1.04). Individuals with a twin birth appear to experience an increased risk for severe mental illness in the first year postpartum, but not thereafter. This suggests a potential need for targeted counselling and mental health services for mothers within the first year after birth.

Perinatal mental health and COVID-19: Navigating a way forward.

The COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath have increased pre-existing inequalities and risk factors for mental disorders in general, but perinatal mental disorders are of particular concern. They are already underdiagnosed and undertreated, and this has been magnified by the pandemic. Access to services (both psychiatric and obstetric) has been reduced, and in-person contact has been restricted because of the increased risks. Rates of perinatal anxiety and depressive symptoms have increased. In the face of these challenges, clear guidance in perinatal mental health is needed for patients and clinicians. However, a systematic search of the available resources showed only a small amount of guidance from a few countries, with a focus on the acute phase of the pandemic rather than the challenges of new variants and variable rates of infection. Telepsychiatry offers advantages during times of restricted social contact and also as an additional route for accessing a wide range of digital technologies. While there is a strong evidence base for general telepsychiatry, the particular issues in perinatal mental health need further examination. Clinicians will need expertise and training to navigate a hybrid model, flexibly combining in person and remote assessments according to risk, clinical need and individual patient preferences. There are also wider issues of care planning in the context of varying infection rates, restrictions and vaccination access in different countries. Clinicians will need to focus on prevention, treatment, risk assessment and symptom monitoring, but there will also need to be an urgent and coordinated focus on guidance and planning across all organisations involved in perinatal mental health care.