Arabidopsis SMO2 modulates ribosome biogenesis by maintaining the RID2 abundance during organ growth.

Ribosome biogenesis is a process of making ribosomes that is tightly linked with plant growth and development. Here, through a suppressor screen for the smo2 mutant, we found that lack of a ribosomal stress response mediator, ANAC082 partially restored growth defects of the smo2 mutant, indicating SMO2 is required for the repression of nucleolar stress. Consistently, the smo2 knock-out mutant exhibited typical phenotypes characteristic of ribosome biogenesis mutants, such as pointed leaves, aberrant leaf venation, disrupted nucleolar structure, abnormal distribution of rRNA precursors, and enhanced tolerance to aminoglycoside antibiotics that target ribosomes. SMO2 interacted with ROOT INITIATION DEFECTIVE 2 (RID2), a methyltransferase-like protein required for pre-rRNA processing. SMO2 enhanced RID2 solubility in Escherichia coli and the loss of function of SMO2 in plant cells reduced RID2 abundance, which may result in abnormal accumulation of FIBRILLARIN 1 (FIB1) and NOP56, two key nucleolar proteins, in high-molecular-weight protein complex. Taken together, our results characterized a novel plant ribosome biogenesis factor, SMO2 that maintains the abundance of RID2, thereby sustaining ribosome biogenesis during plant organ growth.

Self-Immolative Photosensitizers for Self-Reported Cancer Phototheranostics.

Photosensitizers to precise target and change fluorescence upon light illumination could accurately self-report where and when the photosensitizers work, enabling us to visualize the therapeutic process and precisely regulate treatment outcomes, which is the unremitting pursuit of precision and personalized medicine. Here, we report self-immolative photosensitizers by adopting a strategy of light-manipulated oxidative cleavage of C═C bonds that can generate a burst of reactive oxygen species, to cleave to release self-reported red-emitting products and trigger nonapoptotic cell oncosis. Strong electron-withdrawing groups are found to effectively suppress the C═C bond cleavage and phototoxicity via studying the structure-activity relationship, allowing us to elaborate NG1-NG5 that could temporarily inactivate the photosensitizer and quench the fluorescence by different glutathione (GSH)-responsive groups. Thereinto, NG2 with 2-cyano-4-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonyl group displays excellent GSH responsiveness than the other four. Surprisingly, NG2 shows better reactivity with GSH in weakly acidic condition, which inspires the application in weakly acidic tumor microenvironment where GSH elevates. To this end, we further synthesize NG-cRGD by anchoring integrin αvß3 binding cyclic pentapeptide (cRGD) for tumor targeting. In A549 xenografted tumor mice, NG-cRGD successfully deprotects to restore near-infrared fluorescence because of elevated GSH in tumor site, which is subsequently cleaved upon light irradiation releasing red-emitting products to report photosensitizer working, while effectively ablating tumors via triggered oncosis. The advanced self-immolative organic photosensitizer may accelerate the development of self-reported phototheranostics in future precision oncology.

Functional interplay of histone lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation and acetylation in Arabidopsis under dark-induced starvation.

Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) is a novel type of histone acylation whose prevalence and function in plants remain unclear. Here, we identified 41 Khib sites on histones in Arabidopsis thaliana, which did not overlap with frequently modified N-tail lysines (e.g. H3K4, H3K9 and H4K8). Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) assays revealed histone Khib in 35% of protein-coding genes. Most Khib peaks were located in genic regions, and they were highly enriched at the transcription start sites. Histone Khib is highly correlated with acetylation (ac), particularly H3K23ac, which it largely resembles in its genomic and genic distribution. Notably, co-enrichment of histone Khib and H3K23ac correlates with high gene expression levels. Metabolic profiling, transcriptome analyses, and ChIP-qPCR revealed that histone Khib and H3K23ac are co-enriched on genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and help fine-tune plant response to dark-induced starvation. These findings suggest that Khib and H3K23ac may act in concert to promote high levels of gene transcription and regulate cellular metabolism to facilitate plant adaption to stress. Finally, HDA6 and HDA9 are involved in removing histone Khib. Our findings reveal Khib as a conserved yet unique plant histone mark acting with lysine acetylation in transcription-associated epigenomic processes.

A comparative study of the disease burden attributable to asbestos in Brazil, China, Kazakhstan, and Russia between 1990 and 2019.

BACKGROUND: Brazil, China, Kazakhstan, and Russia are the main asbestos-producing countries, and all forms of asbestos are carcinogenic to humans. The objective of this study was to estimate the disease burden attributable to asbestos between 1990 and 2019 in major producing countries, including Brazil, China, Kazakhstan, and Russia. METHODS: Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates (ASDR) of disease burden attributable to asbestos by country, age, and sex were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019. Percentage change and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were used to assess the trends of ASDR and ASMR of disease burden attributable to asbestos between 1990 and 2019. RESULTS: Asbestos-related diseases were highly heterogeneous across Global, Brazil, China, Kazakhstan, and Russia. There was a downward trend in ASMR and ASDR of diseases burden related to asbestos globally. The age-specific mortality rate of disease attributable to asbestos increased in men and women, although it decreased in women aged 85-89, the highest age-specific mortality rate were observed in age 95 + group in men [162.14 (95% UI: 103.76-215.45)] and women [30.58 (95% UI: 14.83-44.33)] per 100 000 population, respectively. Tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer was the leading cause of death and DALYS attributable to asbestos between 1990 and 2019 globally and in Brazil, China, Kazakhstan, and Russia. China had the highest percentage change (73.31%) and EAPC [3.41 (95% CI: 2.75-4.08)] in ASMR related to exposure to asbestos in men, with the highest percentage change (73.31%) and EAPC [3.41 (95% CI: 2.75-4.08)] in ASDR in men. CONCLUSIONS: The ASMR and ASDR of disease burden attributable to asbestos decreased between 1990 and 2019 globally. TBL cancer was the leading cause of death and DALYs attributable to asbestos between 1990 and 2019. There has been an increasing trend in mortality and DALYs globally, especially in older men. The burden of disease attributable to asbestos is increasing in China, especially in men.

Tailorable Membrane-Penetrating Nanoplatform for Highly Efficient Organelle-Specific Localization.

Given the breadth of currently arising opportunities and concerns associated with nanoparticles for biomedical imaging, various types of nanoparticles have been widely exploited, especially for cellular/subcellular level probing. However, most currently reported nanoparticles either have inefficient delivery into cells or lack specificity for intracellular destinations. The absence of well-defined nanoplatforms remains a critical challenge hindering practical nano-based bio-imaging. Herein, the authors elaborate on a tailorable membrane-penetrating nanoplatform as a carrier with encapsulated actives and decorated surfaces to tackle the above-mentioned issues. The tunable contents in such a versatile nanoplatform offer huge flexibility to reach the expected properties and functions. Aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) is applied to achieve sought-after photophysical properties, specific targeting moieties are installed to give high affinity towards different desired organelles, and critical grafting of cell-penetrating cyclic disulfides (CPCDs) to promote cellular uptake efficiency without sacrificing the specificity. Hereafter, to validate its practicability, the tailored nano products are successfully applied to track the dynamic correlation between mitochondria and lysosomes during autophagy. The authors believe that the strategy and described materials can facilitate the development of functional nanomaterials for various life science applications.

Ratiometric pH sensing by fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based hybrid semiconducting polymer dots in living cells.

Intracellular pH plays a significant role in all cell activities. Due to their precise imaging capabilities, fluorescent probes have attracted much attention for the investigation of pH-regulated processes. Detecting intracellular pH values with high throughput is critical for cell research and applications. In this work, hybrid semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) were developed and characterized and were applied for cell imaging and exclusive ratiometric sensing of intracellular pH values. The reported Pdots were prepared by blending a synthesized block polymer (POMF) and a semiconducting polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEHPPV) to construct a fluorescence resonance energy transfer system for ratiometric sensing. Pdots showed many advantages, including high brightness, excellent photostability and biocompatibility, giving the pH probe high sensitivity and good stability. Our results proved the capability of POMF-MEHPPV Pdots for the detection of pH in living cells.

CircKIAA0907 Retards Cell Growth, Cell Cycle, and Autophagy of Gastric Cancer In Vitro and Inhibits Tumorigenesis In Vivo via the miR-452-5p/KAT6B Axis.

BACKGROUND The significant roles of circular ribonucleic acids (RNAs) in cancers have been discussed in many studies. This report aimed to investigate the biological functions of circKIAA0907 and its action mechanism in gastric cancer (GC). MATERIAL AND METHODS Relative RNA expression levels were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The examination of cell proliferation was performed via 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the apoptosis rate and cell cycle. Protein levels were quantified using western blot. Biotinylated RNA pull-down assay was used to find the microRNA target of circKIAA0907; target binding was validated through dual-luciferase reporter assay. The assay in vivo was executed via a xenograft tumor model to explore the role of circKIAA0907 in GC. RESULTS CircKIAA0907 was downregulated in GC and had higher stability than its linear isoform. Functionally, circKIAA0907 upregulation resulted in the repression of proliferation, cell cycle, and autophagy and promotion of apoptosis in GC cells. Mechanistically, circKIAA0907 bound to miR-452-5p as a specific sponge for it; lysine acetyltransferase 6B (KAT6B) was a target gene of miR-452-5p, so circKIAA0907 elevated KAT6B levels via sponging miR-452-5p. Reversion assays indicated that circKIAA0907 served as a tumor inhibitor by inhibiting miR-452-5p and increasing KAT6B; miR-452-5p inhibition impeded GC development by upregulating KAT6B. The miR-452-5p/KAT6B axis was also accountable for circKIAA0907-induced tumorigenesis suppression in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrated that circKIAA0907 has diagnostic and therapeutic value in GC by acting as an oncogenic molecule via the miR-452-5p/KAT6B axis.

Ectopic expression of wheat aquaglyceroporin TaNIP2;1 alters arsenic accumulation and tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Arsenic (As) is one of the most toxic contaminants to food crops, and as such, decreasing crops uptake and accumulation of As cannot be overemphasized. Here, we characterized a functional wheat NIP2;1 homolog of the As transporter, TaNIP2;1. TaNIP2;1 expression was suppressed by arsenite (As(III)) in wheat. Ectopic expression of TaNIP2;1 in the Δfps1 yeast mutant enhanced yeast sensitivity towards As(III). Conversely, the elevated expression of TaNIP2;1 in Δacr3 mutants decreased yeast sensitivity to arsenate (As(V)), demonstrating that TaNIP2;1 showed both influx and efflux transport activities for As(III) in yeasts. This is further supported by increased As concentration in the yeast cells that overproduce TaNIP2;1 in Δfps1, while As concentration decreased in Δacr3. Furthermore, ectopic expression of TaNIP2;1 in Arabidopsis confirmed that TaNIP2;1 can transport As into plants, as supported by increased sensitivity to and uptake of As(III). No change in plant sensitivity was found to Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) or Ni(II), indicating that transport activity of TaNIP2;1 is specific for As(III). Taken together, our data show that TaNIP2;1 may be involved in As(III) transportation in plants. This finding reveals a functional gene that can be manipulated to reduce As content in wheat.

Light-harvesting metal-organic framework nanoprobes for ratiometric fluorescence energy transfer-based determination of pH values and temperature.

Light-harvesting nanoprobes were developed by self-assembly of nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) and stimuli-responsive polymers for fluorometric sensing of pH values and temperature. Two kinds of fluorescent NMOFs (acting as the energy donor) and stimuli-responsive polymers conjugated to fluorophores (acting as energy acceptors) were prepared and characterized. The NMOFs include zirconium(IV) and π-conjugated dicarboxylate ligands. The fluorophores inclued cyaine dyes and a Bodipy dye. The energy donor and energy acceptor form a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) nanosystem. In the light-harvesting system, the chain lengths of the stimuli-responsive polymers vary when the local pH value or temperature change. Ratiometric sensing of pH and temperature was accomplished by monitoring fluorescence. pH values were can be sensed between 3.0 and 8.0 under 420 nm excitation and by ratioing the emission peaks at 645 and 530 nm. Temperature can be sensed in the range from 25 to 50 °C under 550 nm excitation and by ratioing the emission peaks at 810 and 695 nm. The nanoprobes display excellent water dispersibility and cell membrane permeability. They were applied to image pH values and temperature in HeLa cells. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of an effective strategy to fabricate light-harvesting nanoprobes by self-assembly of MOFs and stimuli-responsive polymers for ratiometric pH and temperature sensing. The distance as the polymer length between energy donor and acceptor is crucial for energy transfer efficiency.

Ratiometric Polymer Probe for Detection of Peroxynitrite and the Application for Live-Cell Imaging.

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is one of the sources of oxidation stress involved in many biological signaling pathways. The role of ONOO- being a double-edged sword in biological systems drives the development of effective detection tools. In this work, a boronate-based polymeric fluorescent probe PB-PVA was synthesized and the probe performance was evaluated. The probe exhibits ratiometric sensing of ONOO- in a range of 0-6 µM. There is good linear relationship between the probe fluorescence intensity ratio and ONOO- concentration. The probe also displays moderate selectivity towards ONOO- over other ROS. Moreover, it is water-soluble and possesses good biocompatibility which aids the imaging of ONOO- in living cells. These properties could make the probe a promising tool in in vitro study related to ONOO-.

[Research on algorithms for identifying the severity of acute respiratory distress syndrome patients based on noninvasive parameters].

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious threat to human life and health disease, with acute onset and high mortality. The current diagnosis of the disease depends on blood gas analysis results, while calculating the oxygenation index. However, blood gas analysis is an invasive operation, and can't continuously monitor the development of the disease. In response to the above problems, in this study, we proposed a new algorithm for identifying the severity of ARDS disease. Based on a variety of non-invasive physiological parameters of patients, combined with feature selection techniques, this paper sorts the importance of various physiological parameters. The cross-validation technique was used to evaluate the identification performance. The classification results of four supervised learning algorithms using neural network, logistic regression, AdaBoost and Bagging were compared under different feature subsets. The optimal feature subset and classification algorithm are comprehensively selected by the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under curve (AUC) of different algorithms under different feature subsets. We use four supervised learning algorithms to distinguish the severity of ARDS (P/F ≤ 300). The performance of the algorithm is evaluated according to AUC. When AdaBoost uses 20 features, AUC = 0.832 1, the accuracy is 74.82%, and the optimal AUC is obtained. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated according to the number of features. When using 2 features, Bagging has AUC = 0.819 4 and the accuracy is 73.01%. Compared with traditional methods, this method has the advantage of continuously monitoring the development of patients with ARDS and providing medical staff with auxiliary diagnosis suggestions.

Beneficial Effects of a Flavonoid Fraction of Herba Epimedii on Bone Metabolism in Ovariectomized Rats.

A flavonoid fraction of Herba Epimedii, including eight flavonoid glycoside compounds, epimedoside A, ikarisoside F, baohuoside II, sagittatoside A, sagittatoside B, 7-O-rhamnosyl icariside II, 2"-O-rhamnosyl icariside II, and baohuoside I, was isolated and prepared from the leaves of Herba Epimedii. This study was conducted to assess the potential effect of the flavonoid fraction of Herba Epimedii on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. Rats received repeated administration of a vehicle (ovariectomized), the flavonoid fraction of Herba Epimedii (7.5, 15, 30 mg/kg/d), and ipriflavone (200 mg/kg/d) once a day for 8 weeks, beginning 4 weeks after ovariectomization. Then, the bone turnover markers, bone biomechanical properties, trabecular architecture, and related protein expressions were evaluated by biochemical assay kits, mechanical testing, microcomputed tomography, immunohistochemical evaluation, and Western blot analysis. Treatment with the flavonoid fraction of Herba Epimedii (15, 30 mg/kg/d) and ipriflavone (200 mg/kg/d) significantly increased bone strength while dramatically inhibiting the serum alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels in ovariectomized rats. Furthermore, the flavonoid fraction of Herba Epimedii also increased osteoprotegerin protein expression and reduced the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand protein expression compared with ovariectomized rats. In addition, the microcomputed tomography results showed that the flavonoid fraction of Herba Epimedii treatment significantly improved trabecular bone mineral density and restored the bone microarchitecture in ovariectomized rats. Therefore, our results indicated that the flavonoid fraction of Herba Epimedii might be beneficial for improving postmenopausal osteoporosis and should be considered as a promising candidate for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis.

[Study on nephrotoxicity of ethanol extract from Alismatis Rhizoma in rats and its molecular mechanism].

Female rats were fed with ethanol extraction of Alismatis Rhizoma for 6 months to study its nephrotoxicity and molecular mechanism. HPLC was used to determine the components in ethanol extraction of Alismatis Rhizoma. An assessment of renal pathology was determined by HE staining. Meanwhile Western blot, immunohistochemical assay and q-PCR were used to assess the protein expression and mRNA level of Kim-1, clusterin, LCN2, osteopontin, ceruloplasmin and TIMP1 in rat kidney. Eight components were identified in ethanol extraction of Alismatis Rhizoma. Tubule-interstitial inflammation, renal tubular epithelial cell exfoliation and morphological changes of cell were observed in rat kidney. Comparing with control blank group, the protein expression of clusterin, Kim-1, LCN2, osteopontin and TIMP1 in rat kidney was significantly increased while the protein expression of ceruloplasmin was significantly decreased. The mRNA level of Kim-1, TIMP1, osteopontin, clusterin and LCN2 was significantly increased while the mRNA level of ceruloplasmin was significantly decreased. In this study, it was inferred that there is chronic toxicity in kidney by using high dosage of ethanol extraction of Alismatis Rhizoma for a long time. And the underlying molecular mechanism was related to regulate the protein expression of ceruloplasmin, clusterin, Kim-1, LCN2, osteopontin and TIMP1.

[Comparison of chemical compositions in Moutan Cortex, Paeoniae Rubra Radix and Paeoniae Alba Radix based on "component structure" theory].

To analyze and compare the chemical compositions of Moutan Cortex, Paeoniae Rubra Radix and Paeoniae Alba Radix based on "component structure" theory. Thirteen batches of Moutan Cortex, 14 batches of Paeoniae Rubra Radix from different origins and 10 batches of Paeoniae Alba Radix from different origins were analyzed by HPLC-DAD method. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used for analysis. The significant differences of principal component from Moutan Cortex, Paeoniae Rubra Radix and Paeoniae Alba Radix were investigated by using F test. HPLC fingerprints were established for 13 batches of Moutan Cortex, 14 batches of Paeoniae Rubra Radix and 10 batches of Paeoniae Alba Radix, and 7 glycosides and phenolic acids components were identified. Comparative study of Moutan Coetex, Paeoniae Rubra Radix and Paeoniae Alba Radix was conducted according to the results of hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis and "component structure" theory. Moutan Cortex, Paeoniae Rubra Radix and Paeoniae Alba Radix have significant differences in mass fraction of major chemical components and their ratios, leading to different curative effects.

[Evaluation of nephrotoxicity induced by total terpenoids from Alismatis Rhizoma on HK-2 cells in vitro and its induction of apoptosis].

To evaluate the nephrotoxicity of total terpenoids from Alismatis Rhizoma on human kidney proximal tubular cells (HK-2), explore the iraction in inducing apoptosis of HK-2 cells, and provide reference for the research of controversial nephrotoxicity of total terpenoids from Alismatis Rhizoma, HK-2 cells were used and cells viability was measured by MTT colorimetric method. An assessment of cells apoptosis was also conducted by using flow cytometry. Meanwhile western blot assay was used to detect the protein expressions of caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Kim-1, clusterin and TFF-3. At last, q-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expressions of caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Kim-1, clusterin and TFF-3. The flow cytometry results showed that cells apoptosis rate was (37.48±1.76)%, (26.91±1.91)% and (25.61±2.05)% respectively after treating with total terpenoids (6.25×10-5, 3.125×10-5, 1.562 5×10-5 g•mL⁻¹). Western blot results showed that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl protein levels were significantly decreased after treating with total terpenoids (6.25×10-5, 3.125×10-5, 1.562 5×10-5 g•mL⁻¹), while the protein expression of caspase-3 was significantly increased. q-PCR results were the same with western blot results, that mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl were significantly decreased while mRNA expression of caspase-3 was significantly increased after treating with total terpenoids (6.25×10-5, 3.125×10-5, 1.562 5×10-5 g•mL⁻¹). Western blot results and q-PCR results showed that both mRNA and protein expressions of Kim-1, clusterin and TFF-3 were significantly increased after treating with total terpenoids from Alismatis Rhizoma (6.25×10-5, 3.125×10-5, 1.562 5×10-5 g•mL⁻¹). HK-2 cells in vitro evaluation results showed that, total terpenoids from Alismatis Rhizoma may have nephrotoxicity effect, but further study is still needed for verification; meanwhile, they could induce HK-2 cells apoptosis, providing basis for nephrotoxicity study and safe application of Alismatis Rhizoma.

[Effect of Epimedii Herba alcohol extract on inhibition of lung tumor growth and immunomodulatory].

To observe the effect of Epimedii Herba alcohol extract (HE) on tumor growth of lung cancer by establishing the model of Lewis tumor-bearing mice, ELISA method was used to detect the levels of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-17, IL-2 in serum. Ki67 and P53 protein expression was detected in lung cancer tissues by using Western blot assay method and immunohistochemical assay method. The experimental results showed that HE has certain inhibitory effect on Lewis lung cancer tumor growth, and it can reduce the levels of TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-17 in serum, improve the level of IL-2,significantly decrease the expression of Ki67, and significantly increase P53 expression. HE has obvious inhibitory effect against lung cancer, and has the ability to improve immune regulating effect. This study reveals the anti-lung cancer effect of HE may be related to its ability of improving immunity, thus provides the basis for further research on anti-lung cancer effect of HE.

[A Fuzzy Logic Model-based Advisory System for Mechanical Ventilation].

In the clinical practice,the mechanical ventilation is a very important assisting method to improve the patients' breath.Whether or not the parameters set for the ventilator are correct would affect the pulmonary gas exchange.In this study,we try to build an advisory system based on the gas exchange model for mechanical ventilation using fuzzy logic.The gas exchange mathematic model can simulate the individual patient's pulmonary gas exchange,and can help doctors to learn the patient's exact situation.With the fuzzy logic algorithm,the system can generate ventilator settings respond to individual patient,and provide advice to the doctors.It was evaluated in 10 intensive care patient cases,with mathematic models fitted to the retrospective data and then used to simulate patient response to changes in therapy.Compared to the ventilator set only as part of routine clinical care,the present system could reduce the inspired oxygen fraction,reduce the respiratory work,and improve gas exchange with the model simulated outcome.

Development of innovative structural components of Chinese medicine by multidisciplinary crossing.

"Prescription embodied in Preparation", Chinese medicine preparation, aims to study the specific form of Chinese medicine from raw materials to preparation for acting on patients directly. Its development has gone through three stages according to the characteristics of raw materials pretreatment, including "direct smash and initial extraction for Chinese materia medica", "Extensive extraction and preliminarily impurity for Chinese materia medica" and "Refining and purification for Chinese materia medica". With the development of new technologies and new theories, Chinese medicine preparation emerged in a new stage: structural components of Chinese medicine, with the characteristics of definited material basis, clear mechanisms, determined ADME/T properties, reasonable drug release system designs and scientific productions quality controls. This requires multidisciplinary to solve systemly the problems of Chinese medicine preparation. In this article, we reviewed the development of Chinese medicine preparation in different times, and analyzed the development and the characteristics of Chinese medicine preparation; and mainly focused on a fact that multidisciplinary promoted the study and development of Chinese medicine preparation, especially in structural components of Chinese medicine. It provides development direction and theoretical basis for Chinese medicine preparation.

[Research development of the chemical material basis of Alisma orientalis and its toxicity].

Alisma orientalis is a traditional herb medicine commonly used in clinical. With the increasing report of its toxicity in clinical, the renal toxicity of Alisma orientalis has got gradually attention. This paper systematically reviews the research on the chemical material basis of Alisma orientalis including its chemical composition and toxicity of ingredients; and also declares its toxic ingredients and targets according to Network toxicology. Based on the controversy on renal toxicity of Alisma orientalis, we analyzed the possible reasons that may be associated with renal toxicity. It might be associated with the differences of the material basis composition and regulatory toxicology network, differences in employed processing technology, the metabolic function leading to accumulation of compounds, dosage and duration of the experiment and compatibility. The review provides possible reference and ideas for the quality control and rational use of Alisma orientalis.

[Structural components of Chinese medicine and pharmacology network: systematical overall regulation on pathological network].

Development of the disease is the result of several factors involved in biological network changes. The nature of drug intervention is to regulate these pathological changes to the normal range. Advantages of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are to integrally and systematically regulate this biological networks and systematic pathology through multi-targets, multi-levels, multi-channels. Structural components TCM provides the controlled and precise basis "substance" for this regulation and also to clarify the "truth" of the nature of the regulation by the network pharmacology. Network pharmacology provides new strategy for the research on mechanism of structural components TCM. This study not only reflects the overall characteristics of the development of the disease, but also fully embodies the essence of TCM for preventing and treating diseases through changing traditional model on "one drug, one gene, one disease". This paper explores systematically the integration essence, features and research strategies of structural components TCM and the network pharmacology, understand the interaction of structural components TCM and body from the perspective of the overall concept of improving or restoring the balance of.biological networks. It is effective measure to reveal the structure of a multi-component for regulating biological networks mechanisms, and also provide new ideas and methods for further scientific research and innovation of structural component TCM.