Formation of Disordered High-Entropy-Alloy Nanoparticles for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Electrocatalysis.

Nanoparticles composed of high-entropy alloys (HEA NPs) exhibit remarkable performance in electrocatalytic processes such as hydrogen evolution and oxidations. In this study, two types of quinary HEA NPs of PtRhPdIrRu, are synthesized, featuring disordered and crystallized nanostructures, both with and without a boiling mixture. The disordered HEA NPs (d-HEA NPs) with a size of 3.5 nm is synthesized under intense boiling conditions, attributed to improved heat and mass transfer during reduction of precursors and particle growth. The disordered HEA NPs displayed an exceptionally high turnover frequency of 33.1 s-1 at an overpotential of 50 mV, surpassing commercial Pt NPs in acidic electrolytes by 5.4 times. Additionally, d-HEA NPs exhibited superior stability at a constant electrolyzing current of 50 mA cm-2 compared to commercial Pt NPs. When employed as the anodic catalyst in an H2-O2 fuel cell, d-HEA NPs demonstrated a remarkable high current power density of 15.3 kW per gram of noble metal. Consequently, these findings highlight the potential of d-HEA NPs in electrochemical applications involving hydrogen.

DOMAS: a data management software framework for advanced light sources.

In recent years, China's advanced light sources have entered a period of rapid construction and development. As modern X-ray detectors and data acquisition technologies advance, these facilities are expected to generate massive volumes of data annually, presenting significant challenges in data management and utilization. These challenges encompass data storage, metadata handling, data transfer and user data access. In response, the Data Organization Management Access Software (DOMAS) has been designed as a framework to address these issues. DOMAS encapsulates four fundamental modules of data management software, including metadata catalogue, metadata acquisition, data transfer and data service. For light source facilities, building a data management system only requires parameter configuration and minimal code development within DOMAS. This paper firstly discusses the development of advanced light sources in China and the associated demands and challenges in data management, prompting a reconsideration of data management software framework design. It then outlines the architecture of the framework, detailing its components and functions. Lastly, it highlights the application progress and effectiveness of DOMAS when deployed for the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) and Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF).

Assessing the utility of MRI-based vertebral bone quality (VBQ) for predicting lumbar pedicle screw loosening.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to assess the potential of utilizing the MRI-based vertebral bone quality (VBQ) score as a predictive tool for pedicle screw loosening (PSL) in patients who have undergone pedicle screw fixation and to identify risk factors associated with VBQ scores. METHODS: One hundred and sixteen patients who had undergone pedicle screw fixation between December 2019 and January 2021 and had more than a year of follow-up were divided into two groups of PSL and non-PSL. The radiological and clinical parameters investigated were age, gender, body mass index, the VBQ score, length of fusion and the DXA T-score. RESULTS: Of the 116 patients included in the study, 22 patients developed pedicle screw loosening after surgery (18.97%). VBQ score of PSL group was higher than the non-PSL group (3.61 ± 0.63 vs. 2. 86 ± 0.43, p < 0.001). According to logistic regression, PSL was independently linked with a higher VBQ score (OR = 3.555, 95% confidence interval [1.620-7.802], p < 0.005). The AUC of predicting screw loosening was 0.774 (p < 0.001) for VBQ score, and the best threshold was 3.055 (sensitivity, 81.8%; specificity, 71.3%). High VBQ score was associated with age (r (114) = 0.29, p = 0.002), while it was not negatively correlated with T-scores of each part. CONCLUSION: VBQ score is an independent predictor of pedicle screw loosening, with higher scores indicating a greater risk. Our results showed that older patients and women had higher VBQ scores.

Investigation of Slagging Condition in a Zhundong Coal-Fired Boiler via In Situ Optical Measurement of Gaseous Sodium.

In this study, a portable spectral analysis instrument based on spontaneous emission spectroscopy (SES) was developed for the in situ, non-intrusive, and quantitative measurement of gaseous Na inside ZD coal-fired boilers, which is mainly applied for predicting slagging in furnaces. This technology is needed urgently because the problem of fouling and slagging caused by high alkali metals in ZD coal restricts the rational utilization of this coal. The relative extended uncertainty for the measurement of gaseous Na concentration is Urel = 10%, k = 2, which indicates that measurement data are reliable under working conditions. It was found that there is a clear linear relationship between the concentration of gaseous Na and fouling in high-alkali coal boilers. Therefore, a fast and efficient method for predicting the slagging and fouling of high-alkali coal boilers can be established by using this in situ online real-time optical measurement.

Selective Macrocyclization of Unprotected Peptides with an Ex Situ Gaseous Linchpin Reagent.

Peptide cyclization has dramatic effects on a variety of important properties, enhancing metabolic stability, limiting conformational flexibility, and altering cellular entry and intracellular localization. The hydrophilic, polyfunctional nature of peptides creates chemoselectivity challenges in macrocyclization, especially for natural sequences without biorthogonal handles. Herein, we describe a gaseous sulfonyl chloride-derived reagent that achieves amine-amine, amine-phenol, and amine-aniline crosslinking via a minimalist linchpin strategy that affords macrocyclic urea or carbamate products. The cyclization reaction is metal-mediated, and involves a novel application of sulfine species that remains unexplored in aqueous or biological contexts. The aqueous method delivers unique cyclic or bicyclic topologies directly from a variety of natural bioactive peptides without the need for protecting-group strategies.

Idarubicin versus epirubicin in drug-eluting beads-transarterial chemoembolization for treating hepatocellular carcinoma: A real-world retrospective study.

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of idarubicin-loaded drug-eluting beads-transarterial chemoembolization (IDA-TACE) and epirubicin-loaded drug-eluting beads-TACE (EPI-TACE) in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). All patients with HCC treated with TACE in our hospital between June 2020 and January 2022 were screened. The included patients were divided into the IDA-TACE group and EPI-TACE group to compare overall survival (OS), time to progression (TTP), objective response rate (ORR), and adverse events. There were 55 patients each in the IDA-TACE and EPI-TACE groups. Compared with the EPI-TACE group, the median TTP in the IDA-TACE group was not significantly different (10.50 vs. 9.23 months; HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.40-1.16; P = 0.154), whereas the survival status in the IDA-TACE group tended to be better (neither achieved; HR 0.47; 95% CI 0.22-1.02; P = 0.055). Based on the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system for subgroup analysis, considering stage C patients, the IDA-TACE group performed significantly better in terms of ORR (77.1% vs. 54.3%, P = 0.044), median TTP (10.93 vs. 5.20 months; HR 0.46; 95% CI 0.24-0.89; P = 0.021), and median OS (not achieved vs. 17.80 months; HR 0.41; 95% CI 0.18-0.93; P = 0.033). Considering stage B patients, there were no significant differences between the IDA-TACE and EPI-TACE groups in terms of ORR (80.0% vs. 80.0%, P = 1.000), median TTP (10.20 vs. 11.2 months; HR 1.41; 95% CI 0.54-3.65; P = 0.483), or median OS (neither achieved, HR 0.47; 95% CI 0.04-5.24; P = 0.543). Notably, leukopenia was more common in the IDA-TACE group (20.0%, P = 0.052), and fever was more common in the EPI-TACE group (49.1%, P = 0.010). IDA-TACE was more effective than EPI-TACE in treating advanced-stage HCC and comparable in treating intermediate-stage HCC.

Kinetic-enhanced carbon fiber for rechargeable zinc-air batteries.

Metal-free catalysts are made by the elements with infinite reserve in nature and, therefore, show the potential for large-scale applications in energy devices including metal-air batteries. The construction of metal-air batteries prefers using self-supporting catalysts with favorable activity as well as fast kinetics. However, it is challenging due to the limited electropositivity of metal-free catalysts for O-O bond formation in oxygen evolution reaction (OER), scaling relationship restrictions between OER and oxygen reduction reaction, and difficulty in porosity construction on the monolith electrode surface. In this contribution, through developing a facile methodology of quenching high-temperature carbon clothes in liquid nitrogen, a self-supported carbon cloth with bifunctional active graphene skin and fast kinetics is well constructed to serve as the air cathode in metal-air batteries. Regulated oxygen species and three-dimensionally hierarchical porosity are well constructed on the carbon fiber surfaces, contributing high intrinsic activity and prominently enhanced kinetics, which leads to favorable performances in aqueous as well as flexible rechargeable zinc-air batteries. The work proposed a promising strategy in the rational design and smart synthesis of fast-kinetic monolith electrodes, which refreshes concepts and strategies of advanced material fabrication, and also bridges material science and practical energy devices.

DNA N6-methyladenine involvement and regulation of hepatocellular carcinoma development.

DNA N6-methyladenine (6 mA) is a new type of DNA methylation identified in various eukaryotic cells. However, its alteration and genomic distribution features in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain elusive. In this study, we found that N6AMT1 overexpression increased HCC cell viability, suppressed apoptosis, and enhanced migration and invasion, whereas ALKBH1 overexpression induced the opposite effects. Further, 23,779 gain-of-6 mA regions and 11,240 loss-of-6 mA regions were differentially identified in HCC tissues. The differential gain and loss of 6 mA regions were considerably enriched in intergenic regions. Moreover, 7% of the differential 6 mA modifications were associated with tumors, with 60 associated with oncogenes and 57 with tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), and 17 were common to oncogenes and TSGs. The candidate genes affected by 6 mA were filtered by gene ontology (GO) and RNA-seq. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), BCL2 and PARTICL were found to be correlated with DNA 6 mA in certain HCC processes.

Defect Engineered Metal-Organic Framework with Accelerated Structural Transformation for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been increasingly applied in oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and the surface of MOFs usually undergoes structural transformation to form metal oxyhydroxides to serve as catalytically active sites. However, the controllable regulation of the reconstruction process of MOFs remains as a great challenge. Here we report a defect engineering strategy to facilitate the structural transformation of MOFs to metal oxyhydroxides during OER with enhanced activity. Defective MOFs (denoted as NiFc'x Fc1-x ) with abundant unsaturated metal sites are constructed by mixing ligands of 1,1'-ferrocene dicarboxylic acid (Fc') and defective ferrocene carboxylic acid (Fc). NiFc'x Fc1-x series are more prone to be transformed to metal oxyhydroxides compared with the non-defective MOFs (NiFc'). Moreover, the as-formed metal oxyhydroxides derived from defective MOFs contain more oxygen vacancies. NiFc'Fc grown on nickel foam exhibits excellent OER catalytic activity with an overpotential of 213 mV at the current density of 100 mA cm-2 , superior to that of undefective NiFc'. Experimental results and theoretical calculations suggest that the abundant oxygen vacancies in the derived metal oxyhydroxides facilitate the adsorption of oxygen-containing intermediates on active centers, thus significantly improving the OER activity.

Main-Group Metal Single-Atomic Regulators in Dual-Metal Catalysts for Enhanced Electrochemical CO2 Reduction.

Single-atom sites can not only act as active centers, but also serve as promising catalyst regulators and/or promoters. However, in many complex reaction systems such as electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR), the introduction of single-atom regulators may inevitably induce the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and thus reduce the selectivity. Here, the authors demonstrate that introducing HER-inert main-group metal single atoms adjacent to transition-metal single atoms can modify their electronic structure to enhance the CO2 RR to CO without inducing the HER side reaction. Dual-metal Cu and In single-site atoms anchored on mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbon (denoted as Cu-In-NC) are prepared by the pyrolysis of a multimetallic metal-organic framework. Cu-In-NC shows a high faradic efficiency of 96% toward CO formation at -0.7 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, superior to that of its monometallic single-atom counterparts. Density functional theory studies reveal that the HER-inert In sites can activate the adjacent Cu sites through electronic modifications, strengthening the binding of *COOH intermediate and thus boosting the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO.

DEM-TACE as the initial treatment could improve the clinical efficacy of the hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a retrospective controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Conventional-transarterial chemoembolization (C-TACE) was proven to improve overall survival (OS) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT), drug-eluting microsphere-TACE (DEM-TACE) was supposed to provide more benefit than C-TACE in this respect. PURPOSE: To compare the safety and efficacy between DEM-TACE and C-TACE as the initial treatment in HCC patients with PVTT and to identify prognostic factors of OS. METHODS: The medical records of advanced HCC patients with PVTT who underwent DEM-TACE or C-TACE as the initial thearpy from September 2015 with mean follow-up time 14.9 ± 1.2 (95% CI 12.6-17.2) months were retrospectively evaluated. A total of 97 patients were included, 49 patients in the DEM-TACE group and 48 in the C-TACE group. Adverse events (AEs) related to TACE were compared. Tumor and PVTT radiologic response, time to tumor progression (TTP) and OS were calculated and compared in both groups. RESULTS: Patients in DEM-TACE group had a better radiologic response (Tumr response: 89.8% vs. 75.0%; PVTT response: 85.7% vs. 70.8%; overall response: 79.6% vs. 58.3%, P = 0.024) and longer TTP (7.0 months vs. 4.0 months, P = 0.040) than patients in C-TACE group. A lower incidence of abdominal pain was found in the DEM-TACE group than in C-TACE group (21 vs. 31, P = 0.032), but there were no significant differences between DEM-TACE and C-TACE patients in any other AEs reported. When compared to C-TACE, DEM-TACE also showed significant OS benefits (12.0 months vs. 9.0 months, P = 0.027). DEM-TACE treatment, the absence of arterioportal shunt (APS), lower AFP value and better PVTT radiologic response were the independent prognostic factors for OS in univariate/multivariate analyses, which provided us with a guide for better patient selection. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our retrospective study, DEM-TACE can be performed safely and might be superior to C-TACE as the initial treatment for HCC patients with PVTT. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered.

Hollow Spherical Superstructure of Carbon Nanosheets for Bifunctional Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Electrocatalysis.

The pyrolysis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is an ingenious way to synthesize carbon-based materials with unique morphology for various applications including electrocatalysis. In this work, we reported a facile morphology regulation strategy for the synthesis of a spherical superstructure of MOF nanosheets. The use of metal hydroxide nanosheets on Zn particles as precursors/templates allowed MOFs with general polyhedron shape to form nanosheets and assemble into a spherical superstructure in the ligand solution. Further, a hollow spherical superstructure of carbon nanosheets decorated with metal-based nanoparticles was fabricated through the pyrolysis of MOF nanosheet superstructures at 950 °C, where the substrate/template Zn particle cores were evaporated away. The obtained composites possess carbon-based superstructures with abundant mesopores and metal-based nanoparticles with rich alloy/oxide interfaces. These features endow this MOF-derived carbon-based material with outstanding bifunctional activity for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions and great performances in Zn-air batteries.

OSCC cell-secreted exosomal CMTM6 induced M2-like macrophages polarization via ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 6 (CMTM6) is a critical regulator of tumor immunology among various cancers. However, the role and underlying molecular mechanism of CMTM6 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression remains unclear. METHODS: The expression of CMTM6, PD-L1 and CD163 in OSCC tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray. The effect of CMTM6 knockdown on OSCC cells and macrophage polarization were analyzed by CCK-8 assay, apoptotic assay, would-healing assay, transwell assay and qPCR. OSCC cell derived exosomes were obtained by ultracentrifugation and the mechanistic studies were conducted by qPCR and Western Blot. 4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide (4NQO) induced OSCC mice were used for verifying the effect of CMTM6 downregulation on M2 macrophage infiltration and tumor growth. RESULTS: In OSCC samples, higher CMTM6 expression has been obviously associated with higher pathological stage of OSCC patients, CD163 + macrophages infiltration and PD-L1 expression. CMTM6 knockdown of OSCC cells inhibited proliferative, migrative and invasive abilities of OSCC cells, as well as inhibited M2 macrophage polarization in vitro with downregulating PD-L1 expression. Importantly, exosomes from OSCC cells shuttled CMTM6 to macrophages and promoted M2-like macrophage polarization through activating ERK1/2 signaling. In addition, in 4NQO-induced OSCC mice, CMTM6 level was positively associated with CD163, CD206 and PD-L1 as well as M2-like macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSION: OSCC cell-secreted exosomal CMTM6 induces M2-like macrophages polarization to promote malignant progression via ERK1/2 signaling pathway, revealing a novel crosstalk between cancer cells and immune cells in OSCC microenvironment.

Determination of selenium and copper in water and food by hierarchical dendritic nano-gold modified glassy carbon electrodes.

The sensitive determination of selenium and copper is of importance for environmental monitoring and food safety. A stripping voltammetric determination of selenium and copper in water and selenium-rich foods was developed using hierarchical dendritic gold nanostructure (AuHD) modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). The AuHD thin films were electrodeposited potentiostatically onto the GCE from a solution containing 25 mM HAuCl4 and 0.1 M Na2SO4 at -0.6 V for 20 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) studies showed that the electrodeposited gold thin film shows a nanoforest-like morphology with a thickness of about 30-40 µm and a hierarchical dendritic structure with primary-, secondary-, and higher-order branches. Se(iv) and Cu(ii) in a 0.1 M H2SO4 solution were determined by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry using the AuHDs/GCE as the working electrode. Prior to anodic stripping, Se(iv) and Cu(ii) were accumulated onto the working electrode surface at -0.2 V for 300 s. The stripping peak currents of Se(iv) at 0.81 V and Cu(ii) at 0.31 V were positively correlated with the concentrations of Se(iv) and Cu(ii) in a range of 50-700 nM. The limits of detection (3σ) for Se(iv) and Cu(ii) were 1.4 nM and 3.7 nM, respectively. The accuracy of the method was verified by analysing certified water standard reference materials, and the results showed that the method has good accuracy and high precision. The method was used to determine selenium and copper in tap water, selenium-rich rice and selenium-rich eggs. The results were compared with those obtained by using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and found to be consistent with those of ICP-MS. The proposed method had the advantages of simplicity, rapidity, good reproducibility, and high sensitivity and it can be used for the analysis of real samples.

MOF-derived electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions.

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are three key reactions for the development of green and sustainable energy systems. Efficient electrocatalysts for these reactions are highly desired to lower their overpotentials and promote practical applications of related energy devices. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently emerged as precursors to fabricate carbon-based electrocatalysts with high electrical conductivity and uniformly distributed active sites. In this review, the current progress of MOF-derived carbon-based materials for ORR/OER/HER electrocatalysis is presented. Materials design strategies of MOF-derived carbon-based materials are firstly summarized to show the rich possibilities of the morphology and composition of MOF-derived carbon-based materials. A wide range of applications based on these materials for ORR, OER, HER and multifunctional electrocatalysis are discussed, with an emphasis on the required features of MOF-derived carbon-based materials for the electrocatalysis of corresponding reactions. Finally, perspectives on the development of MOF-derived carbon-based materials for ORR, OER and HER electrocatalysis are provided.

High-Power Microbial Fuel Cells Based on a Carbon-Carbon Composite Air Cathode.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can convert organics in wastewater directly to electricity, and improving oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance is critical to their development and future applications. Electrocatalytic ORR performance is determined by the intrinsic activity and accessible amounts of active sites. A surface nitrogen-enriched carbon coaxial nanocable (NCCN) is applied as an ORR electrocatalyst and combined with activated carbon (AC) with 80 wt% addition as a carbon-carbon composite air cathode in MFCs. The fully exposed nitrogen active sites of NCCN contribute to the enhanced ORR activity, while the graphitized core affords a rapid pathway for electron transportation. AC serves as a spacer to construct a porous framework with interconnected ion diffusion channels. This cathode thus exhibits a maximum power density of 2090 mW m-2 , 120% higher than commercial Pt/C electrocatalysts, and also 6% higher than the pure NCCN, indicating a synergistic effect between NCCN and AC. A high-performance NCCN-AC air cathode with a great promise for future MFC applications is reported and an effective strategy to bridge the electrocatalytic performance from nanomaterials to practical devices is presented.

Who is who in oral cancer?

Great attention has been attached to explore the association between oral bacteria and oral cancer. Recently, four common inhabitants of oral cavity, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Treponema denticola and Streptococcus anginosus, have been identified as potential etiologic bacterial agents for oral carcinogenesis. They might promote the oncogenesis and progression of oral cancer by induction of chronic inflammation, enhancement of migration and invasiveness, inhibition of cell apoptosis, augment of cell proliferation, suppression of immune system and production of carcinogenic substances. Thus, this review will focus on the possible mechanisms of these oral bacteria contributing to occurrence and development of oral cancer, and the potential clinical implications of utilizing oral bacteria on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of oral cancer will be discussed.

EZH2 promotes invasion and tumour glycolysis by regulating STAT3 and FoxO1 signalling in human OSCC cells.

The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), known as a member of the polycomb group (PcG) proteins, is an oncogene overexpressed in a variety of human cancers. Here, we found that EZH2 correlated with poor survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients using immunohistochemistry staining. EZH2 overexpression led to a significant induction in tumour glycolysis, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration and invasion of OSCC cells. Conversely, silencing of EZH2 inhibited tumour glycolysis, EMT, migration and invasion in OSCC cells. Ectopic overexpression of EZH2 increased phosphorylation of STAT3 at pY705 and decreased FoxO1 expression, and FoxO1 expression was enhanced when inhibiting STAT3. In addition, EZH2 overexpression led to a significant decrease in FoxO1 mRNA levels in nude mice xenograft. These results indicated that regulation of EZH2 might have the potential to be targeted for OSCC treatment.

MIF promotes perineural invasion through EMT in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a prominent orchestrator during the onset and progression of cancer. Recently, MIF was detected in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). However, its functional effect in perineural invasion (PNI) of SACC remained unknown. To illuminate the effect of MIF in genesis of PNI in SACC, we examined the expression of MIF, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers, and Schwann cell markers by immunohistochemical analysis in 158 cases of SACC samples. Meanwhile, the correlation between MIF and PNI of SACC species was analyzed. Our data indicated that MIF expression was associated with PNI of SACC significantly. In vitro, the silence and overexpression experiments of MIF were performed in SACC cell lines. The ability of migration, invasion and PNI could be inhibited significantly by siRNA-mediated MIF silence, and the occurrence of EMT and Schwann-like cell differentiation was also inhibited by MIF silence in SACC-LM cells. Overexpression of MIF in SACC-83 cells using expressive plasmid showed the opposite effects. Our findings identified that an association between PNI and MIF expression existed. MIF may promote PNI of SACC by participating in cytoskeletal reorganization and pseudo foot formation induced by EMT and the Schwann-like cell differentiation of SACC cells.

Multiscale Principles To Boost Reactivity in Gas-Involving Energy Electrocatalysis.

Various gas-involving energy electrocatalysis, including oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), has witnessed increasing concerns recently for the sake of clean, renewable, and efficient energy technologies. However, these heterogeneous reactions exhibit sluggish kinetics due to multistep electron transfer and only occur at triple-phase boundary regions. Up to now, tremendous attention has been attracted to develop cost-effective and high-performance electrocatalysts to boost the electrocatalytic activities as promising alternatives to noble metal counterparts. In addition to the prolific achievements in materials science, the advances in interface chemistry are also very critical in consideration of the complex phenomena proceeded at triple-phase boundary regions, such as mass diffusion, electron transfer, and surface reaction. Therefore, insightful principles and effective strategies for a comprehensive optimization, ranging from active sites to electrochemical interface, are necessary to fully enhance the electrocatalytic performance aiming at practical device applications. In this Account, we give an overview of our recent attempts toward efficient gas-involving electrocatalysis with multiscale principles from the respect of electronic structure, hierarchical morphology, and electrode interface step by step. It is widely accepted that the intrinsic activity of individual active sites is directly influenced by their electronic structure. Heteroatom doping and topological defects are demonstrated to be the most effective strategies for metal-free nanocarbon materials, while the cationic (e.g., Ni, Fe, Co, Sn) and anionic (e.g., O, S, OH) regulation is revealed to be a promising method for transition metal compounds, to alter the electronic structure and generate high activity. Additionally, the apparent activity of the whole electrocatalyst is significantly impacted by its hierarchical morphology. The active sites of nanocarbon materials are expected to be enriched on the surface for a full exposure and utilization; the hybridization of other active components with nanocarbon materials should achieve a uniform dispersion in nanoscale and a strongly coupled interface, thereby ensuring the electron transfer and boosting the activity. Furthermore, steady and favorable electrochemical interfaces are strongly anticipated in working electrodes for optimal reaction conditions. The powdery electrocatalysts are suggested to be constructed into self-supported electrodes for more efficient and stable catalysis integrally, while the local microenvironment can be versatilely modified by ionic liquids with more beneficial gas solubility and hydrophobicity. Collectively, with the all-round regulation of the electronic structure, hierarchical morphology, and electrode interface, the electrocatalytic performances are demonstrated to be comprehensively facilitated. Such multiscale principles stemmed from the in-depth insights on the structure-activity relationship and heterogeneous reaction characteristics will no doubt pave the way for the future development of gas-involving energy electrocatalysis, and also afford constructive inspirations in a broad range of research including CO2 reduction reaction, hydrogen peroxide production, nitrogen reduction reaction, and other important electrocatalytic activation of small molecules.